Omulongo Ogutawalirizibwa era n’Enkomerero y’Enjogera

Ekitongole ekifuga Amereka kigoberera enkola y'amateeka agafuga Amereka. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa gavumenti obutateeka birowoozo byayo mu nkola emitindo gy'ennukuta, era nga kikakasa nti tesobola kuziyiza ndowooza z'abantu. Ekiragiro kyayo ekikulu((""""Conrer tekijja kukola tteeka lyonna... erikugira eddembe ly'okwogera".[1] ge maanyi era ag'amaanyi erikugira ennyo gavumenti. Wadde nga ebigambo bino bisobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri enkyamu, enkola y'omukono gwa gavumenti ekoleddwa olw'entalo, enkyukakyuka mu n'ennyinnyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola z'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola bulungi enzivumbo ez'enjawulo ez'ekika kya gavumenti z'eggwanga era n'okugikuuma okunnyonnyola mu ngeri enziro.

Mu kusooka, olukalala lw'empewo olusooka lwali lukwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Kyokka, nga bayisawo enjigiriza y'ebiwandiiko 14 eby'oku Amereka, kkooti enkulu mu kifo ekimu yakomyawo obukuumi buno ne kisobozesa gavumenti ne gavumenti z'omu Amerika okuzikkiriza, okuva ku Gitrow v. New York [1925]. Ekikolwa kino eky'ensonga yaleetera abantu okumanyibwa nga tewali muntu yenna asobola kukkirizibwa kwogera bulungi, nga gavumenti mu Amerika teyinza kumalawo mangu kugiwakanya. Olugendo oluva ku lugendo olufunda okugenda ku mateeka g'ensi yonna.

Ensibuko y’Okwogera n’Obuteefu

Abakulu b’Ekkereziya baakolera ku ebyo ab’obuyinza mu Bungereza bye baali balabye mu kiseera ekyo.

Endowooza z’Abagezi n’Amateeka g’Ekingereza

Ebiwandiiko bya John Locke, eyakalambira ku nzikiriza z'obutonde era n'ensonga lwaki gavumenti esaanidde okukkirizibwa, byateekawo omusingi ogw'obufirosoofo ogw'okuguwa. Enjigiriza za John Milton [FL:0] Aspogitica[, ezikontana n'obusobozi bw'okubunfuga mu bannamawulire, zaawakanya obukyamu obwali mu mateeka mu Bungereza olw'okuwakanya obukyayi n'okubusaasaanya.

Obuwagguzi n’Enkaayana ez’Okutwala Obuwangwa ng’Eby’Obuwaŋŋanguse

Okunoonyereza kwa bannabyabufuzi okwamangu mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza kwalaga nti gavumenti za bannaakyemalira ez'enkalakkalira zaali ziteekeddwawo okusobola okumanyisa nti gavumenti za gavumenti za gavumenti za bannaakyemalira era n'okunnyinyoola abakuba ebitabo nga John Peter Zenger, eyavumirira ab'obuyinza ba Bungereza, yaggumiza enkolagana ey'oku lusegere wakati w'eddembe ery'eby'obufuzi n'obusobozi bw'okwogera n'eddembe. Mu kiseera eky'okukaakulanya okukkirizibwa kw'amateeka, antinti y'ensi enfunja z'ensi n'ebitundu ebinene byayongerwa mu buyinza, baagamba nti gavumenti empya ejja kuziyiza okuwakanya enkyungi obutuufu singa etteeka ery'eddembe eryo teryongerwako.

Okugezesa okw’Okusooka: Omusango Ogwakolebwa mu 1798

Kumpi oluvannyuma lw'okugikomyako, olukalala lw'amateeka olusooka lwagezesebwa nnyo nga wayiseewo akakwakkulizo akaawerera ddala 1798. Etteeka lino eryali lireeseewo okuyisa obukyamu mu nsi ya Lexappenti ne mu mpandiika y'eby'obufuzi. Etteeka lino eryalimu enkaayana nnyo lyaviirako okusaasaanya "obulimba, obuswavu, era n'ebiwandiiko eby'akabi ku gavumenti. Etteeka eryo lyakozesebwa okusibawo bannamawulire ne bannamawulire abaali bawagira Jefferson Democratic Republicans. Wadde nga K'asooka ku nsonga z'ebyobufuzi zikyaliwombekesa oluvannyuma, Prezidenti Jefferson Jefferson yazison yazikireetera abantu okuwakanya ekigendererwa kyayo n'okusingizaamu.

Ebika Ebiraga Enkuumi

Enjigiriza y’Omulembe guno esobola okuweerera ddala omuntu eddembe ly’okwogera, era etegeeza ekisingawo ku kigambo ekyogerwa.

Okwogera mu by’obufuzi: Olugero Olukwata ku by’Obu Ndeete

Okwogera kw'eby'obufuzi, nga mw'otwalidde okuwakana ku abo abagenda okuwerebwa, enkola, ensonga za gavumenti, n'enneeyisa y'abakungu ba gavumenti, biweebwa obukuumi obwa waggulu. Ekika kino kitera okunnyonnyolwa nga kiri ku "ekifo ekya waggulu ennyo eky'ebbeeyi y'ebiwandiiko ebifuga okutereeza ebifuga. Embaga y'ebizingirwamu New York Times Co. v. Sullivansion[[FLD:1] [1964]) yassaawo enkunkumbula ez'amaanyi eri okuziyiza essuti za gavumenti, nga balaga nti omusingi gwa ggwanga gulina okujjuzibwa, okugatikkuta, n'okugaziwaza. Kko abakulembeze ba gavumenti okusobola okulaga nti "Kweekiso" okuwangula obwenyazesemba olw'okunoonyereza mu gavumenti.

Okwogera n’Engeri ey’Ekisa n’Empisa Ennungi

Ebikolwa ebirina ekigendererwa eky'okutegeeza obubaka obuba bukwasiddwa mu bigambo eby'akabonero. Kkooti yamanya omusingi guno mu Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (11969], nga yakwata nti abayizi baayambadde engalo ezidduga okukaluza Vietnam babaddenga bagugguunyiziganya n'olulimi olulongoofu. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu , texas v. Johnson[FLT:] (19), kkooti yakkiriza nti omukutu gwa Amerika gulimu ng'engeri ey'okwekajjalasaamu olw'okwesamba olw'ensonga ez'ebyobufuzi, kiyamba okumanyibwa mu ngeri ey'okulagamusibwamu mu ku kuteenjo. Okutegeera kuno kuyinza okumanyisa okw'amateeka ag'omukibwa.

Okusuubula n’Enkolagana Ennungi n’Abalala

Olugambo olw'eby'obusuubuzi, nga lugamba okulanga ebisuubuzi, luweebwa obukuumi mu kigero ekitono okusinga engeri y'ebyobufuzi oba ey'obukugu. Central Hudson & Gealic Corp. v. Public Service Service Commission[[FL:1] (180]) era okugezesa okusobola okusobozesa gavumenti okutegeka ebiba bizingirwamu oba ebikyamu. Ate era, olukalala olwo terukukkiriza kukugira ddembe ly'abantu okukolagana n'abalala mu ngeri eyoleka bigendererwa byabwe. NACP [58] (19]), Kkooti, kkooti yakitegeera nti gavumenti ekubiriza okumanyisa oba ebimenyamu ebiwayitibwa mu bukyamu. Era, enyweza okukolagana wakati w'enkolagana wakati w'enkolagana ennungi.

Emirimu egy’Eddembe ly’Okwogera

Kkooti eyo yalonda okwogera okutonotono okutali kwa maanyi kubanga tekuganyula bantu oba okukosa gavumenti.

  • [[NKUMBO]] Ekikolwa ekitagoberera Mateeka: Ekigezo eky'omu kiseera kino kiva ku [[FLT]][[FLT]]Branburg v. Ohio[[[FLT]]] [[1969]]. Ebigambo ebikubiriza okukozesa amaanyi kikuumibwa okuggyako nga kikubirizibwa oba nga kikozesebwa ekikolwa eky'omumenyi w'amateeka ekisembyena okuseeseeseeseesezza oba okukimu.
  • [[NKULA]] Ebigambo eby'obulimba n'eby'obulimba: Obuwayiro obugamba nti erinnya ly'omuntu teribaamu bukuumi. Kyokka abakungu ba bulimu balaga nti "Ky'okuba n'empandika ey'amaanyi" (okumanyibwa nti wazzeewo obufiiri oba obutafaayo ku mazima) wansi wa [FLT][3] New York Times Co. Sullivan [1964]
  • Ebifaananyi ebiba byereere mu by'obwannannyini bitegekebwa nga ssekinnomenti: nga ebiwerebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo biraga obukaba okuva ku Miller v. California[ (1973]) tekikuumibwa. Kino kyetaagisa nti omulimu gukolebwa nga gwetaze, nga gusikiriza abantu okwegwanyiza amakanda, nga balaga okwetaba mu ngeri ey'esese, era nga tewagirwa bulungi mu ngeri ey'okuyisa obubi, era nga tewali magezi, eby'ennyinyo, eby'enkugunja oba omuwendo gwa sayansi.
  • [[NKULULA] Ebigambo ebitandika okukozesebwa: mu Caplinsky v. New Hampshire [1942]), kkooti yannyonnyola "ebigambo ebilwana" nga ebyo ebyaleetera emirembe okuleetawo ekiwuubaalo oba okuleetawo enkalu. Ekiragiro kino kikomyawo mu makumi g'emyaka egyaddako okulemesa endowooza ezit'abasokebwa.
  • [[NKULULA] Obusobozi obw'amazima:[[NKULU] Kkooti mu Ekiragiro ekifuga engeri gye kikozesaamu ebigambo eby'ekika kya shrinia n'ebirala.[2003] Kino kitegeeza nti obusobozi obw'amazima buba bigambo omwogezi w'ategeeza nti ayagala okuyisa obubi mu ngeri emenya amateeka. Kino kigaana obufuufu obufuufu n'okujeenya obujeeyisa.
  • [[AGUMENTI] Ebifaananyi eby'obuseegu n'okugonza abaana:[[FUM:1] Gavumenti efaayo nnyo okukuuma abaana abato era enjogera esobozesa obutereevu okuyisa abaana mu ngeri ey'okuyisa obubi teweebwa bukuumi mu kukyusakyusa mu mateeka.

Kkooti Esinga Obukulu y’Eraga nti Omuntu Alina Eddembe ly’Okwogera

Kkooti eno ekakasa nti omuntu alina eddembe ly'okwogera ku nsonga ezikontana n'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa gavumenti, ez'obutebenkevu, era ez'obwenkanya.

Mu matandika g'omwaka gwa Twentieth Century, kkooti yawaayirizibwa okunnyonnyola emitindo gy'ennimi gye giyinza okukoma mu biseera ebizibu. Scheck v'omu United States (1919), Omulamuzi Holmes yannyonnyola bulungi "buzibu obwajjawo" nga yeetegereza nti Omutemeesi w'olukiiko olwasooka tewandikuumye muntu ayogerera mu maaso mu kiseera ky'obuzibu. Kyokka, okugezesa kuno kwasooka kwakozesebwa okukuuma enzikiriza z'abantu mu kiseera kya Ssema I. Kkooti eyo teyakola mu 1960 nga bwe yabanga tennaba na bukuumibwawo nnyo.

'FLT' -' - 'bagle ne k'ebanga n'akabi" kiba kya maanyi okukebera era kiraga nti gavumenti ya demokulase erina okuleka okubutyoza ennyo okusobola okusigaza okubuggya mu birowoozo. New York Times. v] United States[FLT][P] [kampala, Court Papers], kyeyamat'egaana okusooka, kiviirako gavumenti obutakkiriza kuwerezebwa kwa biwandiiko ebiba bisalibwawo mu bwangu. Kino kiragira nti gavumenti teyinza kugaana kuwandibwa kwa giwandiiko biragibwa butereevu, ne kireetawo obukyasinze mu ggwanga. Bino bikyogera ku nsonga zino ezikwata ku nsonga enkulu efuga amateeka.

Obuzibu mu Kiseera eky’Okuti obw’Omu Maaso

Ekyasa ekya 21 kitaddewo okusoomooza okutali kumu mu mateeka agayitibwa Okuteekawo Olukiiko olw’enjawulo, nga gakubirizibwa nnyo Internet era n’engeri abantu gye bafugamu emirimu gyabwe.

Kkooti enkulu yakitegeera nti Intaneeti ya njawulo nnyo ku kifo eky'okufuniramu abantu olulimi olw'obukuumi. Packingham v. North Carolina[FL:1] (2017), kkooti ewamba etteeka erigaana abamenyi b'amateeka okuyingira mu nviro z'eby'empuliziganya, nga eraga nti ennyimba ez'okussawo n'eby'okussawo ebitongole bya bantu ba bulijjo "ebifo ebya bulijjo ebya bulijjo" ne'amakulu mu ku kukubaganya ebirowoozo. Kyokka, waliwo okweyawula okw'amaanyi wakati w'obulabirizi n'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Ekisobyo kikuuma abantu okuva ku [ Kikolwa eky'okutuuka ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya.[FLT:][FLD][5][5] Era, ebibiina ebigo byo bibaamu enkola eyabyo ebigobeegobeetaa, ebigobeetaako: [FF.'[5][5]][5][5]][3][3][3][3][3][3]

Kino kifuula ekifo ekitegekebwa obulungi ennyo mu ngeri gye kikubirizibwa ennyo empagi z'emboozi ya bonna. Enjigiriza ezikwata ku kugatta awamu zizingiramu obukuumi bw'ebintu ebyakolebwako, ebiragiro ebya bannabyabufuzi, n'obukwasiro obuva mu kuwandiika ebigambo mu nnukuta ebweru. Kkooti zijja kweyongera okutereeza engobera ez'obwannanyini nga tekinologiya bw'eba kyeyongera mu kuvaawo.

Obukulu bw’Enjigiriza y’Okutayogera

Obukuumi obuva mu Kitongole Ekyeyambisibwa Okusooka bukola ebintu bingi ebikwatagana mu bantu abagoberera demokulase.

[[Act:0] Abatuuze tebasobola kwefuga bokka okuggyako nga balina eddembe okubuulira abalala obubaka, nga bavunaanibwa ku nsonga za gavumenti, era nga bavunaanibwa abakulembeze baabwe. Omuntu okusobola okukyogera mu ngeri ekkirizibwa, aba alina okukyogera. Obusobozi bw'okuvumirira gavumenti businziira ku mpisa embi ezifuga enfunze n'obuyinza.

Okuyamba mu katale: Omulamuzi Holme] obutakkiriziganya n' mu [[FLT]] Amms v. United States (1919) yawa obukakafu nti ekintu ekisinga okugezesa amazima ge maanyi g'omuntu okukkirizibwa mu mpaka z'amatalendo. Okukkutamya okugootaanya enkola ya gavumenti tekulemesa gavumenti kuziyiza katale kano nga yeegaana endowooza ezikyamu. Ekiteesiteesi eky'okwogera obubi tekikireetera kwekereza bintu bya mutakkiriza kukyogera oba obutakkenneenya bya buyigirize.

Ekiragiro ekifuga enkyuka n'ekitongole ekikile obunene: Okukuuma olulimi lwa bajawukana, n'abalina endowooza ez'enjawulo kya mugaso nnyo mu bantu abawakanya eby'enjawulo. Biwaliriza abasinga obungi okugonjoola endowooza ezikontana n'enzikiriza zaabwe ne kiba nga kizibu nnyo okukyusiza ddala enzikiriza z'eddiini. Ebibiina ebikkiriziddwa ku nkyukakyuka mu byafaayo byesigama ku bukuumi bw'okukulembedde mu ku kutegeka okwasooka okutegeka ebiwandibwa okusobola okukomya ensonga zaabwe okuva ku ddembe lya Civil Rights eridden'ekitongole ky'abakazi. Eddembe ke kakkirizo k'okuwakanya entegeka y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola.

Empeera: Obweyamo Obubeerera Emirembe Gyonna mu Mateeka

Ekiruubirirwa kya Amereka eky'eddembe ery'okwogera si kwe kwagala kwefunira bugasi; kwe kuteekawo omusingi ogwako demokulase eya Amerika. Kusobozesa abantu okunoonyereza ku bikwata ku by'obukugu n'obukugu bwa sayansi, era kusobozesa abantu okugonjoola obutakkaanya. Ebyafaayo ku ddembe ery'okwogera mu Amerika bwe bukuumi obweyongera, obuyamba eggwanga okuvvuunuka okutya era n'okuteekawo omusingi gwa mateeka okusobozesa enkyukakyuka mu ntegeka z'abantu ne mu by'obufuzi.

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa buli mutuuze okutegeera engeri gye kikuumamu eddembe ly'okwogera. N'olwekyo, buli omu bw'ategeera enjogera ennywevu eziri wano, era n'ensonga enkulu ezikolebwa okusala emisango ku bukuumi obwo, olwo n'obukulu bw'amalambe agagifuula kizibu okumanya amaanyi g'ebigambo bye boogera n'amateeka agabayamba. Omulimu ogw'okulwanirira eddembe ly'obwannannyini teguli mu kkooti zokka naye guli gwa buli mutuuze akkiriza nti abantu abawakanya eddembe eryo baliko libakkakka. Okuyiga ebisingawo ebikwata ku mpandiika y'obusobozi , kiyinza okubuuza [[FL:] Etterekero eriri mu nzijuvu eri mu lukalala lwoto olwo. [FLD:]]