Entegeka y’Akakiiko k’Etteeka: Okuva mu Bulombolombo obw’Endowooza Okutuuka mu Mateeka

Okukolebwa kw'amateeka kutandika nga kalonda yenna ow'entegekedde. Etteeka eriggya liyinza okuva ku nsibuko ez'enjawulo: omu ku kibiina kya Congress, aquateur, ekitongole kya gavumenti, oba omutuuze owabweru. Kyokka, enkola etandika ng'omuteesi w'akkiriza amateeka nga atandikawo olukalala lw'amateeka era n'agiyingiza mu kimu ku bisenge bibiri eby'ettabi lya Legini. Mu United States ku mutikko, lino litegeeza Nnyumba y'abasigirezza obubaka oba Sekamenti. Ekiragiro kiwandikibwa, ne kiwandikibwa, ne kiweebwa akakiiko akavunaanyizibwa ak'okugakolera.

Okwejjukanya: Obukulembeze

Akakiiko kajja kubaamu obukiiko obunene obunene obukola ssente eziba zimaze okulongoosebwa oba okuttibwa. Akakiiko ke kakola ng'ebibinja ebikola ku nkola z'amateeka ezigobererwa, gamba ng'okulima, okufumba oba okukolagana n'abantu ab'amawanga. Akakiiko kajja kuwuliriza abakugu, abawagizi, abawagizi ne bakungu ba gavumenti gye bawa obujulizi ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukwata ku ssente. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira, akakiiko keenyigira mu "maketifomu" ekitundu, gye kasalawo okutereeza, enkyukakyuka mu by'enkyukakyuka, era oluvannyuma kalonda obanga ebbaasaze oba nga kasindika ebbaasasiro eri mu kisenge eky'empala kyonna. Akatundu kano kalina ensonga enkulu ennyo kubanga kakebeekola ku mateeka era kagobereddwamu mu lulimi olusembayo. Okusinziira ku lukalala lw'olulimi lw'olupapula lwokka olw'olupapula lwokka olw'ebitundu ebisabinjabiddwamu.

Okukaayana n’Ebisanyufu

Singa ebbaasa y'ebiwandiiko ebiba biteekeddwa ku kakiiko, egenda wansi mu kisenge ekisookerwako okuwa emboozi. Mu nnyumba, okukubaganya ebirowoozo kuyinza okufugibwa nnyo akakiiko akafuzi akayitibwa Rul, akassaawo ebbali era ke kasalawo ddi eyinza okumalirizibwa. Mu kkooti, okuteesa kuyinza okuba okukkirizibwa, era abakuba akasawo basobola okukomyawo bye basalawo nga bayitira mu kakiiko akanoonya 60. Oluvannyuma, ekitongole ekikuba obululu kimala, ne kisalawo nti obululu obwa buli kiwandikiro bwetandiddwawo mu bitundu bingi. Empakasa okusobola okusiikiriza obujulizi obw'ebisinga obungi, obusinga obungi bw'akasaze busobola okubutwala mu kisenge ekirala, omulimu ogwo ne gugenda mu nkola eyo gye gutaatandikira nate.

Okugonjoola Obutakkaanya: Obukiiko Obutuula ku Kibiina

K'kasangika nti ennyumba n'Olukiiko olukulu bituukiriza ebiwandiiko bye bimu eby'omusango. Ekiragiro bwe wajjawo obutakkaanya, ssente ezisabibwa zitwalibwa ku kakiiko akatuula ku lukiiko olwo zombi. Akakiiko kano kakola enkyusa ekkirizibwa enfuze era enfuumuulo ekkirizibwa ab'ennyumba ne Sekamenti mu kalulu, nga tewali nzikkiriza nzivuunula za nukusu. Akatundu kano bwe kabaako, kiba nga n'ebyo ebisookerwako, abakwateesiteesi b'amateeka balina okukubawo n'ebisoomere ebizingirwamu ebisobola okukomebwa abantu abasinga obungi mu bisenge byombi.

Omulimu ogubindabinda: okusayina oba okulagira kutandika nnyunzi

Ebisenge byombi bwe bikkiriziganya ku nkyusa ey'ebbanga erisembayo, ebbaasa eweebwa Pulezidenti (oba, ku mulembe gwa guvana). Omukulu w'ebitongole alina by'ayinza okukola ebitali bimu: okuteeka omukono ku mateeka, okugateekako, oba okubaako ky'akola. Singa Prezidenti alaga, etteeka lifuuka mateeka. Singa Prezidenti ateeka ebbaaasa erigenda mu lukiiko, olusobola okuddukanya ne emirundi ebiri. Omuteeba ng'alonda ebisenge byombi. Singa Pulezidenti tabaako ky'akolawo mu nnaku kkumi nga Congresssion, ebbanga amateeka gafuuka nga tewali siginaako. Kyokka, singa Congress Congressmes , ebbaasawo eyinza okuziikibwa mu ngeri emanyiddwa nga "ppet" Kino kiragibwa mu nkola eya bulijjo. Ekiragiro kino kye nkola eyogerwako mu Lukiiko lwa . Ekiragiro kya Masitikitiki 7.

Obukugu: Okuleeta Amateeka mu Bulamu

Okussaawo etteeka si kitundu kyokka eky'olutalo. Etteeka eryo bigambo ebifuga olukalala lw'ebitongole okutuusa nga bigobererwa era nga biteekeddwawo ofiisi y'ettabi. Prezidenti, ng'omukulu w'ekitongole, avunaanibwa mu mateeka okulaba nti amateeka gatuukiriza bulungi omulimu gwe. Obuvunaanyizibwa buno buweebwa ebibiina by'eggwanga bingi, ebitongole ebikola enteekateeka ez'okuteeka amateeka mu nkola.

Okuddukanya Enteekateeka n’Okufuga

Amateeka mangi gawandiikiddwa mu lulimi olugazi, nga galeka kalonda yenna ageetebwawo ebitongole ebifuga enfuga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ekya Ceocratic Air Act tekimenya buli namba ekkirizibwa okufuluma; mu kifo ky'ekyo, kikkiriza enklondawondawo zigireetebwawo okuteekawo emitindo egibagikwatako. Kino kitwaliramu okuteekawo ebiragiro ebiteetegekebwa, okubikola mu Federal Register, okukiwaanyirizaamu buli kya kuwandika. Amateeka gano galina amateeka gonna era gaddamu okugateeka mu nkola y'empandika y'amateeka. Regacrego.[[FLD:1]] Kino kisobozesa abatuuze okussaawo ebiragiro n'okuteekawo olukalala lw'amateeka, nga gawandikidwa mu nkola y'empagiro, era nga gawandiika ekkuutikirira ddala mu nkola y'okugo.

Amateeka Gatukkiriza Okuteekebwa mu Buwandiike n’Obukuumi Obuweebwa Abantu Bonna

Mu bifo ebya bulijjo, mulimu ebitongole ebikuuma amateeka, gamba nga FBI, enzijanjaba ey'amateeka, era n'eb'okukwata abamenyi b'amateeka, nga drugaali z'amateeka. Abapoliisi bakebera ebitongole ebirengo ebyo nga banoonya obujulizi, era ne bakwata abantu abamenya amateeka. Abapoliisi bafuba okulaba obanga bawabula oba bakwatibwa oba bakulembedde omusango. Obutemu obwo bukubirizibwa bannaago, oba baakakaatidde okugunjawo.

Amagezi n’Ebyo Ebyakolebwanga mu Kkooti

Omuntu bw'aba avunaanibwa omusango, abawaabirwa bagenda mu kifo ekimu mu kkooti. Abakoza b'amatabi era abafuga ettabi, basalawo ddi lwe bavunaanibwa, oba bawa obusabibwa obwa bulijjo, oba nga bawaayo ssente ezitamala, era oba nga bawaayo eby'okukozesa ebitonotono. Obuwaabi obwo buyamba nnyo okumanya amateeka gye gakola. Omuwaabi w'amateeka ayinza okusalawo okuteeka mu kifo eky'okwegatta ku nkola ebikolwa eby'ettemu ku bulogo mu bibi ebitonotono, era ne bwe kiba nti amateeka tegaawula ku nsonga ezo.

ettabi Erisalira Abalamuzi Omusango: Okutegeera n’Okwejjukanya Amateeka

ettabi ly'ekkaanya likola ng'eryasembayo okukomyawo amateeka kye gategeeza era oba nga gatuukana ne tteeka ekkulu. Amaanyi gano ag'okulambulaamu , agaateekebwa mu kkooti enkulu egoberera amateeka. Marbury v. Madison [183]), gasobozesa kkooti okumenya amateeka agamenya amateeka agasookebwawo mu nsi. Singa tegakebejja, amatabi ga gavumenti n'omukungu obwewandimu gayinza okusukka etteeka lyago nga tegabonereddwa.

Ebitundu by’Ekizimbe mu Kkooti Erifuga Obunene

Kkooti za disiturikiti zitegekebwa mu mikutu esatu: kkooti za disitulikiti, kkooti z'ekitundu ez'okujulira, ne kkooti enkulu. Kkooti za disiturikiti ze zikomyawo obujulizi, enziga z'ewa, era n'ebiwandiiko ebisooka okusalibwawo. Ebiwandiiko bya disiturikiti bisobola okujulira mu kkooti z'ekitundu, era nga bye byongera okwekenneenya lipoota z'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu y'eba nga ejuliddeko, era nga ku buli mwaka ejulirwako, obutundutundu butonotono ku nsonga ezijulirwamu. Kkooti esalawo nti ensonga eziba mu kkooti z'ebitundu biwalibwa oba essibwamu, era nga zijulira kooti z'amateeka ga gavumenti.

Okunnyonnyola Ebifa ku Musingi n’Ebigambo

Kkooti bw'ennyonnyola etteeka erikwata ku kigendererwa kya sikaali emu. Abalamuzi bakozesa ebintu ebitali bimu, nga mw'otwalidde n'amakulu g'empandiika y'ebyawandiikibwa, embali ez'amateeka, n'eby'okussaawo ebitabo ebitegekebwa. Enjigiriza ya stass deciss[ [e] (ekyawuluubirizirwa ekiba kikwata ku nsalako) kiragira kkooti okugoberera enkola ez'eddawo okuggyako nga waliwo ensonga eziziggukako. Omusingi guno gukusobozesa obutebenkeze n'okutuukiriza amateeka, okukkiriza abatuuze n'amakolero okuteekawo amateeka agatajjulukuka. Kyokka, kkooti era zirina obuyinza okugoosa embeera mu nsonga eziyinza okukolebwa nga [FLD:2] Browrow. Ekitongole ky'enjigiriza kya 'Ft'empagiromenti'.[194]

Ekiwandiiko ku Maanyi g’Omulamuzi Omusaze

ettabi erikola ng'etteeka lisobola okuyisa etteeka eriggya okunnyonnyola oba okusumulula etteeka eriteekeddwa mu kkooti, era liyinza okutegeeza okusiguukulula amateeka okusiguukulula enkola ya kkooti. Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna, era Akakiiko akakakasa, okuteekawo okukomya obukiiko bwa ba judicata mu mikono gy'amatabi. Ate era, kkooti zeesigama ku ttabi ly'omukulu okusobola okulaba nti ebiwandiiko byazo biteekebwa mu nkola, obwesige obwanafu obwakebwa mu kaseera nga Prezidenti Andrew Jackson bwe yavunagibwa okumenya amateeka mu kkooti enkulu mu [FLT:]. Georgia v[FOLD1:][1][202]).

Okussaawo amateeka mu gavumenti: System

United States ekolera wansi wa siteegi erwulwawo gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyawulamu mu mateeka, era nga kino kiraga obufuzi obwa nnamba bwa gavumenti, gamba ng'okufuga ebikolerwako, embalirira, n'okulangirira entalo. Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'etereka obufuzi bwonna esobola okugattirwa gavumenti oba abantu. N'ekivuddemu, gavumenti zirina obuyinza obw'amaanyi okusala amateeka mu bifo ng'eby'enjigiriza, amateeka g'eby'eby'amatwale, n'eby'amaka.

Obukuubagano n’Obuzibu Ebibaawo

Mu bifo bingi, gavumenti z'ensi ne gavumenti zirina obuyinza okusala ekkulu. Bino bimanyiddwa ng'obuyinza obukolaganira awamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, byombi bisobola okusiiga emisolo, okuyisa amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka, era ne kufuga ebitongole. Amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gakontana, Supremacy Claus ku mateeka ga gavumenti galagira nti ewandikibwe, singa gabeera mu buyinza obwa gavumenti. Omusingi guno guyinza okukozesebwa mu bitundu ebisangibwa okuva ku ku kusindika ababunnansi okutuuka ku mateeka aw'obutonde bwonna. Kkooti zitera okukalambira ku mateeka agafuga oba nga gateesiteesi oba nga gaago. Ekiragiro kino kiragibwa mu mateeka nga Azoka. . United States

Abalabirizi ne Gavana mu Gavumenti

Buli kibiina kiba n'akakiiko ka ky'enkola ya mateeka, nga ke kakola entebe y'abasindikiddwa era nga kakiiko akafuga ka gavana. Okussaawo amateeka mu sirmenti y'eggwanga kyoleka engeri ez'enjawulo: amasawo gatandika, gaweebwa obukiiko, gakubamu ebirowoozo, era gaweerezebwa eri ga ga ga gannaalukalala okukkirizibwa. Kyokka, gavumenti ezimu zikkiriza abatuuze okusuzanga kampani okuddukanya olukiiko olukalala okuyitira mu nkola y'okuteekateeka, amateeka gye gayinza okuteekebwa ku kko nga bakkirizisa era nga gateekebwawo n'amateeka g'abantu mu California. Okutongoza obutongole 13 ne ssigala ebiva mu by'omuze kika kya ssigala b'ensimbi.

Engeri Abatuuze gye Bakolamu mu Kiwandiiko ky’Amateeka

Wadde nga gavumenti zikola enteekateeka ez'okussaawo amateeka, abatuuze balina kinene kye bakola mu kukyusa n'okukuuma enkola y'amateeka. Amateeka agateekebwawo si ga njawulo; gakwata ku bantu be gafuga.

Okukolagana Obulungi n’Obufuzi

Ng'abakola olukalala ku mateeka, abantu basobola okulonda oba okulonda obululu oba okulonda ebibakwatako nga boogera ku mateeka. Bwe balonda abawaabuzi n'abakulu b'ebitongole abalina endowooza ze zifaanagana, basalawo engeri y'okukwatamu amateeka ga gavumenti. Wadde nga waliwo okulonda, abantu basobola okutuukirira ababakiikirira, okuwa obujulizi ku bantu okuwa obuwagizi, okwegatta ku bibiina ebiwandiikiddwawo, era nga beenyigira mu kwenyigira mu bikolwa eby'okwegatta ku bantu. Omuteesi w'amateeka gukakasa nti gavumenti esaanidde okwegayirira gavumenti okuzzaawo ensonga, ekintu eky'amaanyi ekiviiriddeko enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okuva ku ntegeka abantu basobole okuteekawo eddembe ery'okwenkanya mu bufumbo.

Okuweereza mu Kkomera n’Okuvunaanibwa mu Mateeka

Obuweereza bwa Jury bulaga butereevu obutuuze mu kukuuma amateeka. Ekirabo eky'enkomeredde eky'omukaaga kikakasa nti abalamuzi bwe basala omusango mu kkooti z'abalamuzi tebaako lukunkumuli lw'ensonga, era nga balonda abatuuze aba bulijjo okubeera abalabirizi, nga basalawo omusango oba obutabaako musango. Ate era nga basala ekibonerezo. Abalamuzi ab'ensonga endala, abatuuze ab'ekika ekirala, basala olukusa oba olukusa okutongoza omusango. Bino bikakasa nti okuteekebwa kw'amateeka kulaga emitindo gy'ekibiina era nti tekuteeka mu nkola y'etteeka erikwata ku munnaabalamuzi.

Addamu mu Bulungi era Agabana

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, okussaawo amateeka kitera okutwaliramu ekiseera eky'okwatula ebiwandiikizo mu bantu, okuwa abatuuze, bizineesi, n'ebibinja eby'abantu abeetaaga obuyambi obulagirizi. Obukodyo buno busobozesa gavumenti okukuŋŋaanya ebiteeso ebiba bitegekeddwa, okulabira ddala ebiba tebitegekeddwa, era n'okukebera enneewulira z'abantu nga amateeka tegannaba kukolebwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, enkuŋŋaana za gavumenti, okugatuulamu abatuuze, era n'ebitongole ebituula ku masomero g'essomero biwa abatuuze b'obuwagizi obulagirizi basobole okugooleka amateeka n'enkola mu bitundu byabwe.

fundikira

Mu nkola ey'okussaawo n'okugoberera amateeka, ekolera wamu mu matabi ga gavumenti gasatu, buli ttabi nga likola omulimu gwa njawulo naye nga lissa kimu. Amatabi ga gavumenti gakola amateeka mu kugateeka ku kabuuliziganya era ne geeyisa, ofiisi y'ettabi esobozesa etteeka okugobererwa mu nkola y'okukwata n'okuddukanya, era ekakasa nti amateeka gassibwa mu ngeri ennungi era nti tegajjulukuka n'emisingi gya mateeka. Enkola eno ey'okukebera n'okulirimba ekolebwa okuziyiza ettabi ly'omulala okufunira amaanyi amangi, okukuuma eddembe n'eddembe abantu. Ku buli mu kipimo okuva ku ku kuteeka mukolo, okuteeka amateeka okuteeka mu nkola enzijiro, enkola ey'amateeka eyoleka okufuba okutegeka obulungi, n'enkyukakyuka mu nsonga z'enkola.