Ekifo kya Gavumenti Egifuga Obutuuze mu Kukuuma Eddembe ly’Omulimu: Ekintu Ekikakafu

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti ya Amerika ne gavumenti ya Amerika era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika, y'emu ku nkulaakulana ey'amaanyi, era n'ebiruubirirwa by'eggwanga eby'enkyukakyuka. Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko ebyateekebwawo biwandiika emisingi egikwata ku ddembe n'obwenkanankana, ekyo kye kibadde kituufu eri abantu ab'omu Amerika nga mw'otwalidde n'abantu ab'amawanga ag'omulembe guno. Okunoonyereza kuno okugazi n'enkola za LGBTQ, kyali kimu ku nsosola y'enkola y'enkola, enjawukana mu mateeka. Gavumenti, okuyitira mu kussaawo amateeka, obutongole, obutongole, obutongole, obutongole bw'omu mateeka, n'amatabi, bye bisinze okugoba enteekateeka z'obukkirizisa mu mateeka, era n'okulwanirira eddembe eriwo.

Enjigiriza Ezaasooka: Okuva ku Kuzza Buggya Okutuuka ku Kibiina Ekikola ku Ddembe ly’Eddembe

K'ab'obuyinza okweyingiza mu ntegeka z'abantu kiyinza okuzuulibwa okuva ku kiseera eky'okuzzaawo obuwagizi obwali bugoberera olutalo lwa Cinvil. 13th, 14 era ne 15 'Plainments okutuuka ku lukalala lwa Constitution, olwatongodde wakati wa 1865 ne 1870, obuddu obwalekezebwa mu mateeka, obwalekebwawo obukuumi obw'enyongezi okusobola okulondebwa. Bino bitegeeza obutongole obwa gavumenti obwa gavumenti okukkiririza eddembe ly'obutuuze n'eddembe lya bantu. Kyokka, enkomerero y'obuddu obwa Constanton mu 1877, yaleetawo emirembe egya bulijjo mu kyasa ekikumi eky'okubiri. Okuva mu mateeka ga Kimrow[FLD[F:3] Amateeka agakkukkiriza okuggya mu ggwanga erimu eddembe ery'eggwanga, n'okugoba eddembe eriva mu ggwanga eri'eggwanga. procedt, obukko okirset, obukkulembe obw'ensonga eyokubiri. Gavume. Gavume okutwalira mu kiresesesesesesesese

Ekibiina ky'eby'eddembe ly'abantu eky'omu kiseera kino, ekyakulaakulanyizibwa mu myaka gya 1950 ne 1960, kyali kizibu kya maanyi mu mbeera eno. Ekibiina kino tekiri kisindikiddwawo emirundi mingi wabula kyali kikolwa eky'amaanyi, eky'okwekalakaasa, eky'amateeka, n'ebyobufuzi. Gavumenti ya gavumenti yasooka kubaako kyeyamat'okubaako kyeyava era n'okutabula. Kyokka, Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Dwight Denhower D. Eisencher, kyali kikolwa kya bulijjo ekimanyiddwa nga kisindika abasirikale ba gavumenti eri Rock, Arkas, mu 1957 okukakaatiriza okusokko obuva ku ssomero ery'obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu ggwanga. Kyokka, kyali kikolwa eky'okupikirizibwa okuwakanya abavumu (okuwakanya obuvumu mu Bumetho (196364), nga ku kaweefube w'obukulembeze mu buyinza bwa Kabaka Martinnernernernernernernernerali akasinga okukiikirira eby'okuva mu mateeka okuva mu mateeka.

Omusango Ogugwa mu Nsi Gulinga Olwazi Olukuumi

Amateeka ga Bumeedi era agafuga obutongole gakyakola enkola eya bulijjo esobola okukuuma eddembe ly’abantu.

Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964

Etteeka ek'enkomeredde lirabiddwa ng'etteeka ek'enkomeredde okuva ku lukalala lw'ekitongole ekikola ku ddembe ly'abantu mu kifo ekirala, ekitegeeza ekiba kitendekeddwa ' era nga kikyusa ekitongole kya Amerika. Kitongole kya mateeka mu bujjuvu ekirina emitwe egitali gimu. Kigaana okusosola okw' II[[[FLT:] mu bifo ebya lukalu, ng'amakoleeddwa, oba ebitebeerwa mu maduuka, okusinziira ku langi, eddiini, oba enzivvuunuzi. [[FLT:] Kiteesiteesi kya mu kifo kya eddiini ekitongole ekireetebwa okutongoola omulimu, oba eky'okuteekamu enzivvumbo, ekitongole ekiwanduuliddemu, oba ekitongole ekiwanduuliddemu ekiwanyisiddwa mu ggwanga. [[5][5][3]

Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryayisibwa mu 1965

Wadde ekitongole kino kyayogera ku ngeri nnyingi ez'okusosolaamu, eddembe ery'okulonda lyasigala nga lizingiziddwa mu bitundu bingi eby'ensi. .Votting Rights Act mu 1965 kye kyakola mu kugobererwa kwa ba Blackvvunsi okuyitira mu kunoonyereza okusomera, okulonda omusolo, n'okutiisatiisa. K'aw'obuyinza obunene, [[FLT]] era n'eb'ensonga ez'amaanyi, [[FLT]] era n'eb'eb'ensonga ez'enjawulo, byetaagisa ebiteebiwandiiko bya kirowo okubaamu ebitaano ebibereberye, oluvannyuma lw'emyaka egisooka, nga bimaze okulondebwa mu nsonga z'amateeka ez'omu South South South . Ek'omulembe gwa Bulawumbi obutongole mu nsonga z'eby’obufuzi ebya waggulu, obugazi walembedde mu Nfu, obugazi w'envubiriraano mu nsonga z'ebitongole bya Banna mu Amerika. [F] Kino era ne mu kyeyongera okunoonyereza ebitongole ebi

Enteekateeka y’Okusulamu mu 1968

Nga yakiikiddwa mu mateeka, Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson oluvannyuma lw'okutemulwa kwa Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Fair Howation ya 1968[FL:1]] Akakwakkulizo ak'eby'obutuuze kaawerezebwa ku butaka. Akakiiko akaagaana obusosoze olw'eggwanga, enkula, eddiini, oba ensibuko y'obukaba. Era kaawera n'ebikolwa eby'okugoba obululu mu ggwanga nga "rentiling" ne "sterering'ementant, gye baayiiragibwa (oba okukwewagirwa) olw'eggwanga oba okuzibyawuzibwa. Ekitongole ky'eggwanga (HUD) kivunaanibwa mu ku K'ewanjula, n'okunoonyereza n'okumenya amateeka agakwata ku nsonga z'amateeka aw'okumenya amateeka. Era, ebitongole ebitongole ebikola ebitongole ebirala eby'omululu ebirala eby'omululu byeyongera okumanyisa obutuufu mu bulabibwa mu bulabibwa mu bulabibwa, era ne mu kifo eky'enkola enva mu kifo eky'

  • [[NT:0]Americans Act (ADA) eya 1990: Ekiragiro kino kiregaana okusosola abantu abalina obuntu mu mbeera zonna ez'obulamu nga mw'otwalidde n'emirimu, amasomero, entambula, n'ebifo ebirala ebya buli muntu ebikkirizibwa mu bantu bonna.
  • [[NTANDIKA:0] Buli omuwagizi Ledull Fair Pay Act eya 2009: Ekikolwa kino kyazzaawo obukuumi obw'enkukunala obuva ku kusasula obusosoze okusinziira ku kwegatta, langi, eggwanga, emyaka, oba eddiini. Kyalaga nti buli musaala oguweebwa mu lukalala lw'eby'enkola egoberedde etteeka ek'obunafu eya 180, n'eteeka ku nkola eya Kkooti Ekulu okusinga obukulu.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Omuntu

Wadde kiri kityo, ofiisi y’ettabi ereeseewo ebiragiro n’enkola ya ba pulezidenti okusobola okutumbula eddembe ly’abantu mu kiseera Consell we yabeerera awo okulwawo okubaako ky’ekola oba nga gavumenti emaze okubaako ky’ekolawo mu bwangu.

Olukalala lw'abaakulira ebibiina 9981 (11948) – Okugaba agabuutikiro g'abajaasi

Mukulembeze wa gavumenti Harry S. 'Truman''' 'FULT'' 'Ntegeka 9981' kye kifuula ekiseera eky'enkyukakyuka ey'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kino kyatuuka ku kiseera ssematalo ow'omulembe era ne kiba nga kyetaagisa okuwa oludda olumu olukumbo lwa demokulase, ekiragiro ekyalangirira nti wajja kubaawo okukolebwa mu ngeri y'enkola ez'enkola ez'enjawulo eri abantu bonna awatali ku langi, langi, eddiini oba enzivvuunuzi. Ekiragiro kino kyasoomooza enkola y'enjawukana ey'enjawukana mu ggwanga mu U.S. amagye, agabadde gabadde gakola mu ngeri eya bulijjo okuva ku Ssematalo I. Entalo ezo zaakulaakulaakulanye era nga zikola bulungi mu kiseera kya lutalo olw'oku Korea, era nga zirwanyinyira bulungi mu bika bya langi, era nga tebyanguyira bulungi okuleetawo n'obukungu mu ggwanga. Enkola y'enkola y'enkola ey'omuyaga nyingi mu Amereka ez'enkola ey'enkola ey'enkola eya waggulu.

Olukalala olw'obwannakyewa 11246 (1965) – Ekikolwa eky'Okukakasa mu Kuteesa kwa Federal

Johnson, Exectutive Order 11246 yassaawo omusingi ogusinziirwako okusobola okuwangula okweyambisa enkola eno. Yagaana abatunzi ba gavumenti okutongoza eb'enkula y'eggwanga, langi, eddiini, oba enzikiriza, era ne kibalagira okukola nga "kakwa eriko ekitongole ekinyweza" okusobola okukakasa nti abawagizi bakozesebwa ate n'abakozi bayisibwa awatali nsonga zino. Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo obukiiko bwa Federal Conctive Compliances Sy Programs (OFCC) mu kitongole kya gavumenti y'omulimu, ekisobozesa ebibiina ebikola emirimu gy'eby'obusuubuzi okumanyibwa mu nsi yonna. Ekiragiro kino kireesembe eky'eby'eby'enfuna eby'enjawulo mu U. obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'obukadde bw'obukadde bw'abantu okusobola okusaawula ku nkola ey'eby'eby'eby'ebyaweeyambibwa mu bifo eby'ebyebbula ebitongole eby'ebyago mu magyulo mu magye.[F

'Kirtucument' - 'Kill' - Development LGBTQ+ookitar' ne Bannabyabuzi abaawererawo ebitongole bya 'Federally'

Mu kugaziwa okw'enkwaso z'abantu mu maaso ga Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ku kkooti ey'amaanyi ekola eby'okwetaba, Prezidenti Back Obama yafulumya Exec Tractive OrGNT[[[FLL:3]]. Ekiragiro kino kyakyusa EO 11246 okugaana obusosoze obw'ekikula mu ngeri esinziirwako nga kiwandikiro ku magye oba obukabaka. Era kyayongera nkuumi eri abakoza b'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Wadde nga si buli bakozi bonna, omulimu guno gwakolebwa okukakasa nti gavumenti tegusobola kuwagira n'obusosoze mu ku LGBT+. Yateekawo ekitongole ekikolera mu macamu amakolero ge gamu, ate nga mu ku nkola ey'okugabana ey'okugabanyanyisa ebitongole ebitongole ebikola mu mulimu. K'ekitongole ekitongole ekitegeka ebitongole ekitongole ekyo kiragira obulagirizi ku nkola ebitongole ekitegekebwa mu n'ekitongole ekitongole ekyo: [FFF: [F4][FF]

Okusala Omusango ng’Ebigambo Birina Amakulu mu Mateeka

Kkooti ya gavumenti ekola kinene nnyo mu kunnyonnyola amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’abantu mu mateeka ga gavumenti, era emirundi mingi ereetera amateeka g’eggwanga okuggibwawo n’okuteekawo emisingi emippya mu mateeka.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ekiragiro mu rown v. Ekiragiro ekifuga essomero kye kisalawo mu ngeri emu oba endala. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyasazesezza enjigiriza eya "'ogassawo naye kyenkana" ekyatongodde emyaka 58 emabega mu . Ferguson. Okuwandiika ku kkooti, Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yagamba nti ebizingirwamu by'enjigiriza tebituukiridde. Ekiragiro kyasalawo eky'ensonga nti, ennyinyonyi za gavumenti za gavumenti zaatemagana. [Foll][5]

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Mu [[NT:0] mu Virginia, kkooti enkulu yasattulula amateeka agaawera obufumbo. Omusango gwalimu Richard Loving, omuzungu, ne Mildred Jeter, omukyala Omuddugavu, eyafumbirwa mu Washington, D.C., mu 1958, okukwatibwa oluvannyuma lw'okuddayo mu Virginia. Kkooti yakkiriza okumenya amateeka ga Virginia agaamenyebwa ne Clausce ne Ekirangiramenti ya Claus Claus e 14 Amereka. Omulamuzi omukulu Earl Warner yawandiika nti "Eddember, oba obutawasa, omuntu ow'eggwanga eddala ali mu ggwanga lyabweru, era tayinza kuvumizibwa ggwanga lya gavumenti." Ekiragiro kino tekikola ku mateeka amangi agaanyiikiriza oba okugattululwa mu ngeri enziro 16 kyokka nga kikakasa nti ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole kiragiramu mu mateeka kiragiramu nti kigattiddwa.[2] Ensonga eya waggulu: F3]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu lukalala lw'ebiragiro 5-4, Obergefell v. Hodges yawandisa obufumbo bw'omu nnukuta ez'enjawulo. Kkooti yagamba nti okugattidwa kw'ekkumi n'enamba ku KGrast Claus kukuuma eddembe ekkulu ery'okufumbirwa era nti obuvunaanyizibwa obwa Claus obw'okutongoza obwa Claus bukkirizibwa mu bitundu ebirala. Ekiragiro kyasalawo nti okusobola okumanyisa obufumbo obw'enkalakkalira y'omu n'obusimbanannyini. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy yateekawo eddembe okuwasa oba okugattuluzibwa mu ngeri y'emu mu mateeka agaagibwa, era n'okutongozaamu amateeka agaawerebwa. Enkola y'emu mu mateeka gamu ekkiriza okugattirwawo. Kkommenti y'emu ennyonnyola eddembe ly'okufuga enfumo y'omu mateeka gonna.

Emirimu Egigobererwa mu Kibiina n’Emikungu Emippya

Obukuumi ku ddembe ly'obwannakyewa si busing'enkola ya bulijjo; busibe obucaase ennyo mu mulimu gwa gavumenti. Ekitongole ekya bulijjo ekikola ku bugolokofu (DOJ) kye kisinga okukakasa abakwasi n'okukulembeza obuwangwa bwa poliisi. Mu myaka egyakayita, ekitongole kya DOJ kikoze okunoonyereza ku budde obwa poliisi obwa bulijjo okusobola okuzuula entegeka z'amateeka era n'ebiragiro ebirengo ebireetera okuzza obutereevu omulimu.

Okugobererwa kw'abakwasisa [[NT:0] Title ku by'empeereza z'enjigiriza za 1972 nakalu n'ekyafuuka ekitundu ekikulu eky'okwenyigidde mu by'enjigiriza. Okukakaatika obusosoze mu by'enjigiriza nga mw'otwalidde n'abaddusi, obukwasiro bwabwo bugazisiddwa okuyitira mu bukwasisa ebitongole ebikubiriza okutulumya n'okutuluguza obukaba n'obukaba ku ttendekero bwa yunisite. Gavumenti, okuyitira mu Office for Civil Rights in the Education, esobola okulamya ebiwoobeewaazo era n'okugaana ssente eziweebwa gavumenti ezitakwatagana. Kino kifuula omutwe IX okuba eky'amaanyi, nga n'obukugunjula bw'obuyigirize bw'obuyigirize obwa waggulu.

Ensalo empya eziraga nti eddembe ly'obuntu lirina okukuumibwa zizingiramu okusiiga obusosoze mu nkola ey'okukwata ku nkola ey'okusiigebwa mu nkola ey'obuntu, ku data, ne ku ddembe ly'abantu abaliko obulemu mu kiseera kino. DOJ ewandisizza obulagirizi obukwata ku kuteeka n'okuteeka mu mikutu gya webuyungo n'enkola ez'oku kompyuta, era e EEOC enoonyereza ku ngeri akawayiro aka AIF-ralivvua n'okuwandiisa kwa bannaazo gye kayinza okusosolamu obubiina obwa bankani mu ku ttuluguwa eza kiwandikiro. Okusobola okunnyonnyola obulungi ensonga ezisookerwako, osobola okukebera ekifo ekitongole ekiyitibwa

Obuzibu Obutaggwaawo n’Omulimu Ogutannaba Kukolebwa

Wadde nga wabaddewo okusoomooza kungi mu by'amateeka, okusoomooza kukyagenda mu maaso. Selby County kye yasalako olukalala olw'enkola eyo, oluvanyuma lwa Ssaze lwa Ssaze mu kuteekawo akakwakkulizo ka ntegeka Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'obudde, era nga kye kisinze okuleetawo amateeka amapya agafuga enkola ey'okulonda agakolebwa mu ggwanga eryo, era nga gago gaatandikawo amateeka ga John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act naye nga tewali kubuusabuusa. Ekyo kiraga nti eddembe ery'okulonda lirina kye likolawo mu lutalo wakati w'eggwanga n'eggwanga.

Ebitundu ebirala ebikulu eby'okufaayo kw'ekitongole kino bye bimu ku bino:

  • [[NT:0] Okulabirako olw'ensonga: Gavumenti yeeyongera okukakaatika ku mitindo gy'eggwanga mu kukozesa amaanyi, okukuŋŋaanya data ku ngeri z'okukolagana ne poliisi, era n'okuggibwawo kw'obukuumi ku bakungu abamenya eddembe ly'obuntu. Okuyingiza kwa George Floyd Justice mu Policist Act kye kiruubirirwa ekikulu mu kussaawo etteeka lya gavumenti.
  • Kkomo erikkirizibwa mu ntegeka z'abantu okukkirizibwa okubuna mu nsi yonna Kkoyiro ezifuga abatuuze abali mu ggwanga okuleetawo entegeka ez'enjawulo ezireetawo entegeka ez'enjawulo, nga mwe muli n'enkola ey'abo abaagala obuddukiro, n'embeera mu makomera, n'omusingi ogukwata ku ngeri ekolebwako abo abatali ba nnukuta nnene. Gavumenti erina okuteeka amateeka agafuga enviirizi n'ensi yonna okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abali mu U.S.
  • [[NKULA] Omulamuzi mu by'enfuna: Entegeka z'abantu zitwalibwa okuba nga zizingiramu omukisa gw'eby'enfuna. Gavumenti ekubiriza kino nga ekikola nga egoosa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya egobererwa ebikolerwawo ebikolerwawo ebitongole ebikola ku by'enfuna, era n'okukakasa nti banka zisobola okuzzaawo ssente n'okuteekawo amayumba.
  • Okukuuma eddembe eriri mu kusengeka etteeka eriri ku ntegeka ez'enjawulo: Oluvannyuma lwakooti enkulu oluvanyuma lw'okusalako [[FLT:] era nga n'oludda olusooka] oluvanyuma lw'abakyala ab'omu ttabik'omu ttabikko. Jackson’abakyala ba 'Brame''ebbs'''ekireetera okuvuuniza ebitongole [, ekikongojjedwa mu ku ku kukuuma okuggyawo embuto. Kkoyiromenti y'empaka y'eggwanga ewandikiddwawo mu bwangu. Kino kiwagidde nti amateeka agafuga encliccestionsss recences resourcences, oba FCE Kracrackod Kkooset'obukkukerowo. Kino kitegekeddwa mangu nnyo.

fundikira

Enteekateeka y'eggwanga mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu terikyakoma. Okuva ku bisuubizo ebyasooka ebya 'Reconstructives' okuyitira mu mateeka ga ba 1960, era n'okuva ku ntegeka y'abasirikale okuyitira mu nkola y'omukulembeze okusobozesa okumanyibwa kw'emisango okukolebwa, gavumenti y'ensi eno ebadde ekola ng'engabo erina obusosoze era n'ekitala ekiyamba okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'enkola ya gavumenti mu mulimu. Enkola z'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kukyusa eyo, n'okunoonyereza ku magye, nga(*'obweyawuzi obwa nnamba era emirundi mingi obukyasibuka olw'okugattirawo, b'abantu b'omu Amereka. Ebibonero ebisinga obungi byeyongera mu ku bantu, n'obukulembeze mu by'eby’obufuzi, ebibadde bibadde byakaluuzibwa okusobozesa abantu okugobeeyeeya mu ggwanga eriyo. Omulimu ogwo guva ku ngeri empya.