Enkola ekkirizibwa y'emu ku mpagi ezikyasinze okubeera ez'amaanyi mu nkola y'amateeka mu Amerika, nga kikakasa nti obufuzi bukozesebwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya era nti eddembe lya buli muntu teriba liba liresebwa kulondoozebwa mu mateeka okusinziira ku mateeka n'emisingi, era kino kyetaagisa okukebera ennyo ku ngeri z'okukuuma amateeka okusobola okuzuula obujulizi. Kino kikulu nnyo mu mbeera y'okubuuza ebibuuzo, gye kiyinza okuviirako obutatuuka ku buzibu obw'amaanyi wakati w'eggwanga ne obufuga enneyisa obubi. Okubuuza ebibuuzo ku ngeri eno ey'okutulugunya okuggya obukugunjibwa obukujjuzi n'enkola enneyisa ennyimpi n'okukusifu, okusoolesa enkola y'amateeka okuggya okw'okweramya okwatula, okukugira obusazeemitindo gino mu mateeka, okukugira obukwanjufu mu mitindo gy'amateeka, n'okufuga, n'okufuga obutuufu okw'amateeka. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola engeri y'okulambulamu, n'okukujjuula ensonga mu mateeka.

Okutegeera Obukulu bw’Ebiseera by’Osaanidde Okuyitamu

Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu bulaga nti tewakyaliwo muntu yenna “alina kukkirizibwa mu bulamu, ddembe, oba bintu, nga talina mateeka,” ng'ate entegeka ey'ekkumi n'enaana ekuumibwa ku bikolwa bya gavumenti. Endowooza eyo teyajjawo mu byasa bingi nnyo, era ezzeewo okumala ebyasa bingi nnyo ng'ennyonnyola amateeka.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusobola okunnyonnyola mu ngeri esaanira, gavumenti elina okugoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaggyako muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe oba bintu. Mu kunoonyereza okukolebwa kw'abamenyi b'amateeka, kino kitegeeza nti abakwasisa amateeka kirina okugobererwa amateeka agateekebwawo, okuwulirira, n'okusalangawo obutasosola. Okubuuza ebibuuzo, enkola ezisaanira ziragira omuntu okutegeezebwa eddembe lye, gamba ng'eddembe ery'okusirika n'okuteesa ku ddembe ery'okukkiririzibwamu, era n'okulagira omuntu yenna akwasisa eddembe eryo okukolebwa kyeyagalire, mu ngeri ey'amagezi.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Ku luuyi olulala, kooti enkulu ewagidde okutaasa oba okukugira obusosoze mu bya gavumenti, ka kibeere nkola ki ezikozesebwa. Kkooti enkulu ewagidde nti eddembe erimu likulu nnyo ne kiba nti tewali bukodyo bwa gavumenti okusobola okubabuuza ebibuuzo. Nga mw'otwalidde n'obukodyo obubabubuuza tebubaleetera kusiima. Ng'ekyokulabirako, eddembe eririna kweyisa mu ngeri ey'obukambwe n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo, libawa obukuumi obwa “omuntu w'omunda n'engeri ezimu ez'okubuuza ebibuuzo. Rochin v. California[FLT:] [192], kkooti emanyiddwa ennyo nti, ewandikibwa kafundibwa okuleeta obujulizigizibwa“ zza enziro n'okuggyawo obujulizibwe mu ngeri gye bikozesebwamu, ebiba bitegeeza nti obutuufu, obutuufu bw'okubukozesa mu kubuuza ebibuuzo ebikyamu.

Ebyafaayo era bikulu. Amateeka g'omu Bungereza gaayamba nnyo mu kukuuma abo Abamerika. Ekiseera Bill of Rights lwe yakkirizibwa, enkola ekkirizibwa okugobererwa ku bufuzi obw'enfumo. Obuwangwa obwo buyambye nnyo abawagizi ba Amerika okusobola okwekuuma.

Obukugu Obukwata ku Kuzaala Obulungi Ebintu: Engeri y’Okutondebwa n’Ebyafaayo

Obukodyo obukozesebwa mu kubuuza omuntu ebibuuzo nga tasoose kulowooza, bukwata ku ngeri y'okuziyizaamu omuntu ng'abadde ayagala okumutya, nga yeewulira bubi, oba ng'aweddemu amaanyi. Obuteeme obubangu obwa bulijjo buzingiramu okukuba, okuyita ku mazzi, oba okukuba amasannyalaze. N'obukodyo obutali bwa maanyi ennyo obusobola okuleetera omuntu okufiirwa obulamu bwe. Obukodyo obwo busobola okuleetera ab'omu maka okukolagana obulungi n'abantu nga balina obusobozi obw'okusala ku bye baagala.

Ebyafaayo

Mu byafaayo byonna, gavumenti zikozesezza okubuuliriza okusobola okuggyamu okwetulinkiriza n'amagezi. Mu Bulaaya ey'edda, okutulugunyizibwa kwali kwa mu mateeka, nga kukozesebwa okusobola okuteekawo “obukuutivu” mu misango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka. Okunenya abantu mu Spain, okwesigama ku kukozesa ebigere. Eky'empandiro kyatandika okusoomooza enkola zino, nga bawakanya nti okwetulinkiriza okwafunibwa mu n'okutulugulwa kwali tekunywera. Mu myaka gyakumi na kikumi, okukosebwa kwa gavumenti z'omu Amerika kwagaana okutulugunyizibwa mu mateeka, wadde nga enkola ey'okukakanyanyanyanyanyanyaatirizibwa tekwalina kuggwaawo. Okutuuka wakati mu kyasa ekya 20 kya kkooti z'amateeka mu Amerika, tebyatandikanga ebigereko.[5][5]

Gye buvuddeko awo, enkola ez'okukuba obukujjukujju zaanoonyezebwa ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi bwa Ssebutemba 11, gavumenti ya Amerika yawa obuyinza “bw'okubuuza ebibuuzo mu ngeri za bannalukalala” nga mw'otwalidde n'okukulembereza enkola ez'okukuba obululu n'okunyigiriza ku by'okuvuganya. Abawakanya baagamba nti enkola zino zaamenyebwa etteeka erikkirizibwa mu nsi yonna, kyokka nga bawagidde nti zirina akatyabaga akayinza okuziyiza obulumbaganyisi.

Engeri gy’Oyinza Okukozesa Obusimu Obutasobola Kusukka Mitendera Gye Wamu

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enkola ez'obukuumi ezikugira abantu okubuuza ebibuuzo mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. amateeka gano gateekebwawo mu mateeka, mu mateeka, ne mu ngeri enkola y'okusala emisango.

Eddembe ly’Abaminsani n’Empisa ey’Okutaano

Oboolyawo, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti okubuulirirwa kw'abalagizi kulina kukolebwa mu ngeri ekkirizibwa, era nti bwe kiba nga ddala abo abagitwala baba balina okulangirirwa.

Ekiragiro [[NKULULA:0] lukoma lwa maanyi ku kukaka abantu ku buwagizi kubanga kiwa obuyinza okusuubira okutwaliriza. Singa omulabirirwa okusaba munnamateeka okusirika oba okubuuza ebibuuzo, kiteekwa okulekera awo. Kino kikendeeza omukisa ogw'okubuuza ebibuuzo ebimala ekiseera ekiwanvu oba eby'amaanyi. Okugatta ku ekyo, obukyayi bwa buli muntu obungi obw'eddembe ku ddembe lino bwekeseesaamu: singa ateekako obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okusiikiriza, oba obukubeeyisa mu ngeri ey'okubuuza omutemu, tebujja kutuukiriza. Bwe kityo, enkola eno esobozesa obukodyo bwonna obutakozesebwa ku kwekuumibwa na ku buwayitirizi kinnewa.

Obukuumi Obw’Okwewala Okwonoona Enkolagana

Olugambo olw'okutaano olw'okwewaanyisa ku nsonga z'ensi n'okugiwaanyisaamu, lugaana gavumenti okuba omujulirwa. Kino tekikoma ku kulabula; kitegeeza nti obukakafu bwonna obufunibwa okuyitira mu kukakasibwa okw'omubiri oba okw'enneewulira z'omuntu, buba bukebereddwa. Kkooti enkulu enfunda n'enfunda ekkiriza nti okweyatula kuteekwa okuba okwetaaga kyeyagalire, so si kukolebwa ‘ k'obuyinza bwonna obw'amaanyi.'abakungu ba gavumenti bwe baamenya amateeka. [[FLT] New York[FLT:] (1959), kkooti yakyusa ekiwandiiko awavunagibwa poliisi okumala essaawa munaana, nga zikozesa enkola ye ey'okwekwasa obujulizi. Kkoluupule yawa yagamba nti mu ngeri esaanira “enkola y'okugobeetaasa abakungu bannaasaawo olupapula olukulu olw'ebbalimu olupapula olukulu olw'okubuuza olumu olugamba olugamba olugamba lwa poliroba".

Enjigiriza eno ereetebwawo omutindo ogutuufu: singa abakwasisa amateeka bakozesa enkola ez'obutemu, gamba ng'okulemesa omuntu okwebaka, okulya oba okufuna obujjanjabi, oba okufiirwa obulamu bwe.[1] Buli muntu eyeenenya ku buwagizi, omugugu guyitirira ddala okulaga nti abuusabuusa. Obwo buzibu buno buleetera abantu obutakkirizibwa kubanga ne bwe kiba nti omuntu afunye okwenenyeza, kiyinza okusasika, era ne kiviirako omugugu ogwo obutavaamu kye gukola.

Okuwerebwa kw’Okutulugunyizibwa n’Obukambwe, Ekintu Ekyewuunyisa, oba Okutulugunyizibwa mu Ngeri Etasaana

Ekitongole eky'omu Amerika eky'edda kigaana enkola eyo, era nga bwe kikwata ku kubonereza omuntu ng'amaze okuweebwa obujulizi, emisingi gyayo era gitegeeza etteeka erikugira enkola eya Claus nga tennaba kukwatibwa. Ate era, enkola eya SCENT Egiree Claus ewera enkola eya “omuntu ow'omunda.” Nga bwe kiragibwa mu [[FLL:0] Rachin, okufumita emmeeme erotookebwa mu nnyinyo ku kikolwa eky'omunda. Amateeka gaafuga amasaza gagaana okutulugunya omuntu ng'ebula ku lunaku olw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano n'obulumi.

Amawanga mangi gakkiriza okuwerebwa kuno. Convention y'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte Against Trargial (CAT) eyawagibwa ekitongole kya U.S. 1994, ekwetaagisa abawagizi okukugira okutulugunyizibwa n'okutulugunyizibwa, ettima, oba okuyisibwa obubi. Wadde nga U.S.S. tewabaddewo n'ennyinyonnyola ku makulu g'ennamba eya “ennuunig, empala, oba okuyisa obubi,” emisingi egisaanira egikkirizibwa mu nkola y'obuwabuzi gikyaziyiza enkola nnyingi ez'okutuluguza, gamba ng'okwewattulira oba okusekererwa okw'okusekererwa.

Etteeka Eriva mu Ddiini ez’Enjawulo n’Obufuzi bw’Omulamuzi

Emu ku mateeka agakola obulungi ennyo kwe kuteekawo etteeka ery'okusalako ab'obuyinza, eriteekamu obujulizi obuba bufuze obukkirizibwa okumenya eddembe ly'omu mateeka. Mapp v. Ohio [1961]), kkooti yayisa ekiragiro mu kkooti, nga ewa nti obujulizi obukkirizibwa tebuyinza kukozesebwa mu buwandiike. Okubuuza ebibuuzo, kino kitegeeza nti okwenenya okwo ne bwe kuba nga tekukakasibwa, era ne bwekusobozesa okuwerezebwa kwonna okw'amateeka okubonerezebwa.

Obulamuzi ye nkola ekolebwa nga tewannabaawo kuwuliriza mataba. Abakungu ba ba mateeka bwe balagira abalamuzi okukaka abantu okwenenyeza ensobi zaabwe. Abalamuzi ne balyoka bateekamu obujulizi obubakwatako obulaga nti bye bawulira ddala. Emirundi egisinga obungi, bategeeza nti [ Mainda oba nti abantu bawulira obulambuzi.

Obulwadde Obuba Bugenda Bukendeera

Ebyo kkooti enkulu bye zisazeewo biraga akakwate akaliwo wakati w’okukuba kkooti emisango ng’egiwadde obulagirizi obukwata ku ngeri y’okukozesaamu emisingi egiri mu ebyo bye tulabye.

[[AGUMENTI:0]] Brown v. Mississippi (1936)

Omusango guno gwali guzingiramu abalimi basatu abaddugavu abaakubibwa era ne bakubibwa okutuusa lwe beenenya, era abawaayiriza ne basibibwa omusango. Kkooti Supreme yawaayiriza bonna wamu nga basinziira ku “bisenge eby’okutulugunyizibwa n'eby’okutulugunyizibwa tebiyinza kudda mu kifo ky'obujulizi.” Kkooti yalangirira nti okwenenya olw'ettemu kumenyebwawo, kubanga tebali beesigwa era banyiiza“ emisingi emikulu egy’eddembe n'obwenkanya egiri mu bikomero byonna ebya bannannyini ebya gavumenti." Omusango guno gwali mukulu nnyo era gwatandika okuwangula okusobola okuwangulwa.

[[AKITANDIKI] Miranda v [[Akabonero:1] (1966)

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, [[NKULA] Mira[[NKULA]] yalaga ekisaanyizo ekya poliisi okulabula. Kkooti eyo yakitegeera nti okubuuza abantu ekibonerezo kiba “kyewandiikiriza” era nti awatali bukuumi bwonna, ekiteeberezebwa kiyinza okulemesa okunoonyereza. Etteeka eryo lyakyusa amateeka agabadde galongoosebwa okumala emyaka mingi naye nga lisigala mu kifo kyago. Abakunoonyereza ku nsonga za polimu baawakanya enkola ya Maranda[] era ne kiremesa okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, naye nga bakendeeza nnyo okukolebwa kw'obukosokenkenkenkero.

[[AKITANDIKI]] Cavez v. Martinez[[AK'AWULA] (2003)

Omusango ogwo gwali gulagiddwa oba ng'omuntu eyali alowoozebwa nti yali tasaliddwa musango yali asobola okuvunaanibwa olw'okuyisa obusongaanyi obw'engeri endala. Oliverio Martinez yakubibwa mu poliisi era oluvannyuma n'abuuzibwa ebibuuzo eby'obukambwe nga bali mu ddwaliro, nga tebafuddeeyo ku kwemulugunya kwe. Kkooti yasalawo nti essomero lya Claus teryamenyebwa kubanga Martinez teyavunaanibwa. Kyokka, omusango ogwo gwalaga busonga bunene obunene obutuufu bw'etteeka erikugira gavumenti obutakwata ku nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka.

Ebyakolebwanga Okussa Amateeka mu Nkola

Okukoma kw'ebiruubirirwa bya poliisi okukomya obujulizi obukolebwa ku nkola za poliisi, kwakyusa engeri gye bagezaako okubuuza ebibuuzo. Okuziyiza obujulizi obwandirondeddwa n'okuziyiza obuwandiisibwa ku mateeka, ne kiviirako abakwasisa amateeka okutandika okutendeka enkola ezikwata ku mpisa ennungi, so si kukaka bantu ku mirimu egibakaka okukolagana obulungi. Engeri ennungi ze bakozesa okusobola okuzzaamu abalala amaanyi, n'okwewala ebisuubizo. ‘ Ebireetera abantu bangi obutakkiriza mirimu egyo okubukozesa nga “Reid Technique," ate nga emirundi egimu bavumizibwa, zizingiramu n'okulabula abo abayinza okuba nga babuusabuusa eddembe lyabwe era ne beewala amaanyi. Okwawukana ku ekyo, enkola ezikozesebwa mu ngeri ezikozesebwa ennyo gamba nga“ okusiba obukyamu n'okulamyamya empalo, teziringa zimenya amateeka, naye ziyinza okuvaamu ebikyamu.

Okunoonyereza kuwa obukakafu nti okukaka abantu kusobola obutakola. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Innocence kwalaga nti okwenenya okw'obulimba kukolebwa mu 25 ku buli kikumi okwaliwo oluvannyuma olw'obujulizi bwa DNA, obusinga okukolebwa olw'okubuuza ebibuuzo. Obukuumi obw'okukugirwa buyamba okukendeeza ku butali bwenkanya ng'okwetaagisa okukaka n'okukebera. Ate era, okuteeka essira ku ku kukakasibwa kw'amateeka ku k'amateeka kiviiriddeko enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, gamba nga okuwandiika obuwandiisi nga okubuuza ebibuuzo ku bannannyini. Mu myaka 2024, ebisukka mu 2024, ne ku disitulikiti ya Columbia erimu amateeka ageetaagisaamu okuwandiika ebigezo mu bulambibwa oba mu bitundu ebimu. Okuwandiika obujulira ddala obutuufu bulaga nti amateeka ga gavumenti gagobeewa, ne gakola enkyukakyuka ez'okuwandiika ebiba mu nkola ya poliisi mu ngeri ey'okuwandiika oba okukebera obujulizibwe.

Abamu bagamba nti okukugira okukolebwa kw'amateeka kulemesezza obusobozi bw'okugonjoolera obumenyi bw'amateeka okugonjoola obumenyi bw'amateeka. Kyokka, enteekateeka y'amateeka tegaana kubuuza buzibu n'obusobozi obumala. Okugoberebwa kw'amateeka kuyinza okuleetera abamenyi b'amateeka obutassawo ku ndowooza nkyukakyuka, era n'okussawo obukkakka mu nkola enfuge. Kkooti eyo etegeeza nti, ekiteeso kya poli ekiteeso tekiteekwa kuba nga ky'ekikolwa ekya bulijjo, era nti, nga bannagye okukirowoozaako tekuliriza oba okulumizibwa. Bwe kityo, enkola eyinza okugobererwa mu n'ewandikibwawo; Elstad, kkooti yakitegeera nti “okuteesa mu ngeri ekkirizibwa mu kukolebwamu.

fundikira

Enteekateeka y'amateeka mu Amereka ekakasa nti amateeka tegayinza kubonereza bannasayansi, okuggyako obulango obubangibwa mu ngeri ey'okutaano, omukaaga, ne 14th Amereka, era n'enzivuvu mu nkola y'amateeka esobozesa abakwasisa amateeka obutateekako n'obukankano mu kuwandiika bintu. Okulabula okw'enkumbula, enjigiriza ez'enjereere, okukugira okutuluguza, n'okukugira mu ggwanga, bireetawo emitindo gy'amateeka egisinziirira ku lukalala egifuga, era nga bireetawo olukalala olw'amateeka olugobengobera emitindo egifuga amateeka egikoma okuko obukongobera amateeka. Okukuuma amateeka n'obukuumibwa obutereevu, n'okuteesa eby'okubuuza abakungu mu mbeera ez'eby'okubuuza ebibuuzo, n'ensonga enkulu, bisigala nga bikyagirwa mu ngeri ey'enneesonyigo, naye nga tekusobozesa kugonjoola nsonga za bwenkanya.

Ebijulizo ebirengo eby'ekiwandikiro oba eby'oku mboozi:[[AK'AWATANDIKA:1]

  • [[Act:0][OLw School Leagner Institute – Kkomo eriyinza[[[AK'AMUTANDIKA]]
  • [[:0]Oyez – Miranda v. Arizona (1966)[
  • [[Act:0] Puloject eya Innoce – Emfessomments of thempis[[Act:1]
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Ekitongole Ekiramuzi – Waterboarding Kino kikikola ng'okutolerako abalala [