Akasolo Akatalabika: Engeri Okugezesebwa kw’Omujupa Gye Kwakyusaamu Amateeka Agakwata ku Ddembe ly’Abakkiriza Okugaba

Ekiragiro bwe kikomyawo ekibonerezo ku bantu aba bulijjo, tekikoma ku kugonjoola butaka buzibu bwonna obuba busaliddwawo.=empalana wakati w'abalamuzi abasala emisango n'okutandikawo amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'okugula ssente ze kiba tekikkirizibwa. Nga bakyusa endowooza zaabwe ne zituuka ku mateeka, abalamuzi bawalirizibwa okukaka obulango obw'okukuuma abo abatabumanyika obwandibadde bukyaliko emitindo egitali gya nfunze. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku ngeri emisango egikwata ku bukuumi obuba bufuga abakungu ba kkooti, era ne kikebera emisango egibaginnyonnyola mu mateeka, era ne kwekenneenya emikutu egikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka.

Okukuza Abaana ng’Eddagala ly’Eddembe Ekireetera Obufuzi bw’Abakozi

Okusamba obusambazi ku mateeka ga Amerika kukakasizza nti omuntu alina okusala omusango mu kkooti z'abalamuzi ezisukka mu doola 20. Kino kyakolebwa okukakasa nti abatuuze, si balamuzi bokka oba bannalukalala, balina okuyomba mu nsonga ezikwata ku bulamu bwabwe. Abaguzi bwe bagula, emizannyo gikola ng'obukebe obw'amaanyi eri okuziyiza okukosebwa kwa kampuni. Kampuni bw'eba esaza esazaamu ebintu ebitali bituufu, ebiwaayiriza ebigambo by'omuwere, oba ebivunaana obukuusa mu bulimba, era nga ejulizi eyinza okuteeka ku kabonero akalaga nti abakungu baasaze baleme okubuukako.

Okuva mu Mateeka: Tayipu Egafuga Omutima Omuyalirwa

Okusalawo kwa Jury tekwesalirawo buteeyi buppya, naye kusobozesa abantu okufuna amakulu amakyamu. Ekiragiro profile ey'amaanyi esobozesa ebitongole eby'oku mikutu, okuleetawo emboozi ya bonna, era n'okuleetawo okupikirizibwa. Abateeyisa amateeka, nga baagala nnyo okubaako kye bakola ku nsonga ezizikwataganya, batandikawo obusambiddwa obugatta emisingi egiteekeddwa mu kusalawo okwo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abalamuzi babaako kye bakolawo nga bafunye ekibalumizibwa mu by'awula ebireeteeyitibwawo, era nga basobozesa abawandikiro okufuna ebiwandiiko ebibawandikidwa okuba abawandikidwa obutuufu. Kino tekitera kutwala myaka mingi nga [1] naye enkola y'enkola y'emu ng'enkola y'emu ku kikolwa kya shmascaw sh.

Engeri emu enkulu ekozesebwa kwe kubonereza ebiva mu kubonerezebwa. Juries levy puract ebiva mu kubonereza ebiva mu mpisa ez'ekika ekya bulijjo era n'okuziyiza ebiva mu kabi konna. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika bwe yateeka ekkomo eriko ekkomo eriwandikiro eriko ekkomo eriko ekkomo eriko kyewandikiro, okulabula kwa maanyi ku kuyinza okuleetera abalamuzi okuteeka mu tteeka amateeka ku by'okusasula ebyakolebwa mu kampuni ya sigala mu , ebiteeteekako ebitongole ebigabawerengo eby'enkalaanyirizo mu ttendekero ne mu by'okulabulagibwa. Ng'ebyo ebisalibwa nga bannannyini balamuzi bannaawula ku by'amakolerwawo, nga baddibirowo oba nga baakasazesebwa obutuufu ebibagirwa mu mulimu okugobeendwa.

Okuyiga Ebyakolebwa mu Case: Ford Pinto n’Okutandikawo kw’Enjigiriza Egituufu

Mu 1970, omusango gwa Ford Pinto gwakyusa engeri y'okugulamu ebisale by'emmotoka. Oluvannyuma lw'abalamuzi okusasula ebisasiro ebyakendeezebwako doola z'Amerika obukadde 255 (oluvannyuma baakendeeza) baawa Pinto eyasaasaana n'asasulwa olw'enkola ya tanka ey'obulimba, ekibonerezo kya Ford kyamanyibwa ku ssente eziteebwamu era ne kiteeka omuwendo gwa wansi ku bantu. Okubeetaasa okw'emitego gya gavumenti kwaleetera National Highway Tray Safety Administration okusamba emitindo egy'okwewala ennyo egy'okwewala, era ne kkooti za gavumenti ne zitandika okukkiriza endowooza ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku by'okwejalamyawo. Wadde awo nga bajulirwa ku mateeka agaddako, nga mw'amateeka agakola ku by'okwerinda ebiddukanyamizannyo, tewali na mu ngeri ndala yonna.

Ebyafaayo: Okugezesebwa Okwazimba Amateeka Amalungi

Okusala emisango mingi mu kyasa 20 kyassaawo dda amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’abantu okusobola okugula enzikiriza zaabwe.

Ekyasa 20 Ekyasooka: Okuteeka Obwesige mu Bufuzi n’Okugaba Empeera

Mu kifo ky'okuddawo akakwate aka 1914, abaguzi baali beesigama nnyo ku mateeka ga gavumenti aga bulijjo n'okusala omusango okuwakanya enkola y'obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Mu misango nga Schat Oil Co. mu New Jersey. United States, kkooti enkulu yawagira olukiiko olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti oluvannyuma lw'okuteeka mu nkola enkola y'obulyinjabi n'obukuusa ku kampuni.

Emyaka egy’Enkomerero y’Olutalo: Obuwanguzi bw’Eby’Okulwanyisa Bwatandika

Mu myaka gya 1950 ne 1960, abalamuzi baasala emisango mu ngeri ntinjangudde okuwaliriza amasomero g'ensiisira okusinza ennukuta ezikola ku bukwasiddwa bwa 'CENTIT Council Code (UCC). Mu'' Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors[] [1960]), abalamuzi ab'ebukiiko bw'amasaze baasaze ekiragiro ekya New Jersey baasasula ebifisse mu lukumbo lw'okuvuga oluriko oluriko olutakola, nga bagaana enkola ya mukola ku discripy'ebisaanyizo byonna ebireetebwa. Obulawuzi bw'ababuulizi bannabuulizi baakiririza nti abaguzi tebayinza kwewala okukendeeza bukuumibwa obw'ennono mu UC ekitongole kyonna ekibadde 2-3, ekikyungiddwamu. musingi guno gwa gufuuka ekisenge kya buli ekitebe eky'omukizo eky'omukisibwamu.

Mu 1980: Okulangirira eby’Obulimba n’Akakwate ka Lanham

Okulanga eby'obulimba wansi w'omutemwa gwa Lanham Act kyakugirwa nga bateekawo amateeka amanywevu. Kyokka, enzigi z'abalamuzi bwe zisalibwawo abo abagwa mu mpaka entono nga " PPX Enterperises v. Ekiragiro kyakakasibwa nti okulanga obulango obw'obulimba tebwaliwo bumanya baguzi bokka naye era ne ba makolero mangi. Oluvannyuma lwabyo, kkooti zaayongera okumanyisa olukalala lwa Lanham Act okuleka omuntu yenna akkiriza nti byonoonebwa olw'okulanga eby'obulimba okusa.

Ebyuma eby’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe: Ebiragiro n’Eby’Okubonerezebwa

Mu kunoonya ebintu mu kiseera kino, ebintu bibiri ebikolebwa mu kakiiko ka balamuzi byasimba amakanda ennyo endowooza zaabwe: enkola y'ekibiina era n'obusobozi bw'okusasula ebiva mu kusasula ekibonerezo.

Ebikolwa n’Ebikolwa by’Ebikolwa

Jury bwe yalumizibwa mu mitendera egikolebwa mu kibiina, kisobozesa abatuuze okuwa obujulizi obulaga nti waliwo akabi ak'amaanyi akasaze. Ng'ekyokulabirako, rown & Williamson mu 1990, baagezaako okukuba ba sigala nkumi na nkumi nga batunuulibwa ebisalebwa mu bukuusa ku kampuni ya sigala. Abalamuzi baasala kampuni obutakoma ku kuwaayo ssente naye era ne bakubiriza ne Consenti ya FMP ewandikibwe ku bintu bya ssigala wansi wa gavumenti eziyitibwa Family Smoclentive and Tobacco Control Act mu 2009. Ebinoonyezebwa ku bujulizibwa bwa kampuni ku kumanya n'obukuusa obwa kampuni.

Gye buvuddeko awo, Kino kyayisa ekirango mu lukumbo: Volkswagen "Escape Diesel" Marking, Sales Practics, and Products Litability era ne bakuba enzijuvu mu bitundu eby'enjawulo nga basala ekangavvulu ez'enjawulo enzivuunvu emirundi ereetebwawo ebbeetu ne gassaawalala. Omusango bwe guba nga gulina emitindo egivaako obuwumbi n'egy'obuwumbi bwa g'obuwumbi, abalamuzi baateekawo ekiwandiiko ekiwandikiro ekiwandikiro ekyazimbuluziddwawo

Ekivaamu Okubonerezebwa

Ebibonerezo bya maanyi nnyo mu buterekero bw'eby'enyonvu. Olw'okuba bajulizi tebatera kutereezebwa nnyo olw'okwekebejja eby'enfuna, bayinza okusunguwala mu mpisa nga bakozesa doola ezisukka ku ebyo ebiba bigobeddwawo. Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bya polillate biyinza okusiguunukula oba okukendeeza ku mpano ennene, okusobola okuteeka mu kampuni enzijanjabibwa y'ensimbi y'ensimbi okusobola okugula ebiteebwawo. Okugeza, [FLL:0] Libeck v. McDnoveld's Restaunts[[ [9]]) singa omuseneebgezo omuli w'ekikolerwa ekisale ekya byuma ekinene ekinene kiyinza okufumba amawookero g'okufumba amawookya g'omukero ogunene okuva mu 19FFFF, 16FF, nga bireetero ebiba by'amaguzi ebiba bya waggulu bigamba ebisale by'omutina by'omu

Enjawulo Ezeesigamiziddwa ku Bayibuli n’Ebikwata ku Nkyusa Embi

Okusobola okweyongera okwekenneenya amateeka agakwata ku kusalira abakungu ba mateeka n’okusasula eddembe ly’abalala, abasomi bayinza okwebuuza ku nsonga zino wammanga:

  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo engeri gye kikuumamu abaguzi.
  • [[NKUMBO] Consumer Product Safety Commission: Arguments, Laws & Standards[]]]
  • [[Act:0]American Bar Association: Kibiina eky'Emitendera[[[Act:1]]][1][1]=Akasaze ak'okusala emisango n'okukwata ebiragiro mu kibiina.
  • [[Act:0] Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amakulu g'emboozi: UC 76 2-314[[KITABO]]]=bubonero obw'empandika eya 'PULT' bulaga nti enkyusa eya buli kakiiko akakozesedwa okugitereeza ginnaayo.

Okuvumirira Obunafu n’Obunafu: Abawandiisi b’Amateeka Abakyamya

Kiba kikyamu okuyisa olukiiko lw'abalamuzi ng'olukulu olw'okusala emisango mu ngeri ey'okwewala okusalisa. Mu 1995, abakungu ba gavumenti baayisa ekika ky'abalamuzi ekiba kiyinza okuleetera abafuzi okunafuwa obujulizi obw'amaanyi obwa sayansi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'okumenya empawa ez'amaanyi ezikoleddwa mu mabuwaanyi ga 1980, Congress yayisa ekiragiro eky'okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka ekisukkiridde ekisukkiridde, ekiyinza okuleetera abaguzi okuteeka obukujjuzi obukyamu mu by'eggwanga. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kiraga nti, oluvannyuma lw'okumenya empalanalulala ennyo mu maggumba ga 1980, gavumenti ziyinza okumenya amateeka gaakulaakulaakulaakulaazaamu ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ez'okwewala.

Ekizibu kya Sayansi

Era kiba kikyamu "okulekawo enkola za sayansi" nga zikyusa ku ndowooza z'abantu. Mu mbeera nga zikwata ku ndwadde ezitatera kubaawo oba eddagala ery'amaanyi, abalamuzi bayinza okusala emisango ku bujulizi obwa bulijjo obutatuukana na mitindo gya sayansi egy'amaanyi. Abalamuzi bayinza okuba abakuumi ba geetikko nga bagoberera amateeka ga sayansi agaba gawandikiddwa. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okubaamu okusala emisango egibalabula ku bintu ebikolebwa ku mulwadde. Singa abalamuzi basala emisango egyesigamiziddwa ku bujulizi obunafu, abateesiteesi bayinza okuwalirizibwa okuteekawo amateeka agatawagira oba ag'obuteeteeka mu bannabyabuguzi.

Okugezesebwa, Ebikwata ku Bigambo, n’Endowooza z’Abantu

Wadde nga wabaddewo obujulizi bwa mateeka, okuwozesebwa kw'abalamuzi kusibuka mu kkooti. Abalangirizi bawa emboozi ezikwata ku kusalira omusango obulango obwangu okumanyisa ebyafaayo by'abantu kinnoomu, ne bateeka amaaso g'omuntu ku buzibu obwa bulijjo. Liebeck[ olubango olw'ensonga, olutera okusekererwa nga "LW'omusango gwa SC," lwalaga nti McDonald's yaweebwa obutuufu obusukka mu 700 mu kiseera nga terukyasobola kukyusa mbeera yaagwo. Ebyafaayo ku kunoonyereza ku nsonga za gavumenti byakyusa endowooza ya bannakyewa gavumenti ne bivaamu okutegeera ensonga endala. Kino kyakolebwa mu ngeri nti, kyakolebwa mu ggwanga okumanyirawo okumanyisa okw'okuzza obutuufu okuzza enziro. "Shotmoota k'ebigaanyi ebyo ebiba ebiba ebiba ku b'adigatiibwa byayo.

Emikutu gy'oku nnansi giwa obukakafu buno: Omuntu okusala omusango ku kampuni ey'ebyuma ekola eby'obulimba, kiyinza okuviirako kaweefube ow'okuyingiza ssente ku mukutu gwa kompyuta.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso: Obusozi mu Kitongole Ekikola ku Mitindo gy’Entalo

Ng'obusuubuzi bwe bufuuka ekifo ekikulu ennyo mu nkola y'enkola ya kompyuta, obuvunaanyizibwa bwa bannakyemalira bujja kweyongera okukola. Obuzibu nga algoric crigest, argument, n'obukodyo obw'akabi obuliwo mu ngeri gye busobola okwekebejjamu. Okusala olukiiko lw'abalamuzi olw'okuwandiika bakampuni nga banoonya abantu ab'ebbeeyi mu kunoonyereza ekiba kibaviiriddeko, obwaviirako bannamateeka okuyisa ekiragiro eky'okuziyiza obulango obusimu obw'okugoba obukyayinja. Ekitongole ekyo kiwayitibwa nga kiwa obujulizi obukola enkola eyo mu ku ku kunoonyereza okw'akabi. obuvunaanyizibwa obwo bulaga nti ne mu kiseera kino eky'okunoonyereza ku bunene, abalamuzi abakyayigirimu basigala basigala nga tebatuukiridde era nga banoonya obukuumi.

Okutongoza Emitindo gya Jury

Amateeka agatali gamu ag'abaguzi ab'omu kiseera kino gagoberera enkola eyagobererwa mu nkola y'abalamuzi. Amazima mu buli kakiiko akayitibwa LING Act (TILA) kwetaagisa okumanyisa obulungi ebbeeyi n'amasawo.[1] Enziragiro z'abakunguzi ze baasazesaamu ebbeesaawo abawozesa. Mu misango gyombi, ekyawandiikibwa kya Magnuson-Mosrant Warrany Act (1975) kyalondebwa oluvannyuma lw'okuwuliriza obujulizi obwavanga mu bannamateeka abaawandiikanga ekanga emisango egisalaze abalamuzi gye baasalangako nga tebasoose kusasula kiteesoko.

fundikira

Jury okugezesa tekukoma ku kuwakanya enkola ez'okugonjoolera ddala; bye bikola ku nkola za demokulase emitindo gya demokulase mu kitundu mwe bakolera. Nga basalawo nti emirala egiba nga giraga ebbeeyi y'obukuumi bw'abaguzi, era nga baleetera abakozi b'ebibi okuba n'eby'eby'enfuna okuba n'amakulu mu by'ensimbi, era nga bateekawo n'obukkujjuzi ku nsonga z'eby'ensimbi enfunda n'enfunda. Ekangajjulo olw'amateeka gawandisizza etteeka eriragira etteeka erikwata ku nkola y'etteeka mu by'obukiiko bw'amateeka.[1] Okusinziira ku nkola y'enkola ya demoseera ez'enkola ya demokulalso, kijja kwongera okuteeka amateeka agafuga etteeka erifuga eddembe ly'abavubi bannansi mu Amerika, bwe kiba eky'amaanyi singa abagoba enkola y'amateeka bagoba obugobeemba.