Ennaku y'Okusinza okw'Ekiseera: Amereka nga bafuzi

Ng'ekyasa ekya 20 tekinnatuuka, Bill of Rights yatwalibwa ng'enkumbo ey'okukugira gavumenti yokka. Ekiragiro kya 'Gavumenti' ekyasooka bwe kyawandibwa mu 1787, tekiriimu mateeka, era okutereezebwa okwakkirizibwa mu 1791 kwali kutegekebwa mu kakiiko akaakulu: “Cunigner terikola mateeka ga ...” (Enzikkiriza okugaawula). Gavumenti zaasigala nga za ddembe okutandikawo amadiini gaabwe, okusala olugambo, okusemba, n'okwegaana abawaabikkirizi b'abamenyi b'amateeka — byonna nga tezikoze mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku Kko. tteeka lino lyalaga bulungi gavumenti za Bumenti ezaasaakulaakulaakulaafu, ne gavumenti za gavumenti za ggwanga za gavumenti za ggwanga, nga zigobeteezeeko.

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu kutongozebwa kwa Amereka ak'omwaka gwa 1868. Ekiragiro ekigoberezebwa 'Sceemeza Proces Claus kyagamba: “Tewali gavumenti... ekiyinza okufiiriza omuntu yenna obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewakyali mateeka.” Emyaka nga kkumi na kkumi, kkooti enkulu yakiwakanya amakulu g'enkizo eyo, era n'egimalako enteekateeka ezigiva mu Bill of Rights. mu Nnyumba ey'okuseka n'eyo yokka yokka teyetongoddemu namu namu mateeka. [[FLL:3] (187]), Kkooti eyo yannyonnyola obusika oba Immacale, era n'egiko nga yeeyambizza bulungi mu ngeri esobozesa ebiddukanyanyanyanyanyanyanyanya enkalubirira ddala. Ekko eyo yafulumyamu ng'ekkubo lya Clausssssssssss ey'ennaat'ennaat'ennaat'ennant Trir

Okuzaalibwa kwa '[FLT'] Gitrow v. New York[[:1] (1925)

Enjigiriza ey'omu kiseera kyaffe egoberera enkola y'ekitongole nga yasibuka ku ntandikwa y'ekyasa ekya 20, kkooti ey'oku ntikkood'oku ntikko bwe yatandika okwekenneenya oba eddembe ekkulu eryateekebwa mu Bill of Rights era nga “ebigendererwa” bikuumibwa [[FLT:] Getlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925). Benjamin Gitlow, omukulembererezi, yasalibwa wansi w'amateeka ga New York olw'okufulumya okumenya okuwandisa obuwaŋŋanyutsa. Kkokkujjuzito yalina enko y'akabi ku bwo. Kkookkookko awagira okuzuula nti olwazi oluvanyuma lw'okumanyisaawo olumu — naye nga “62.[5] Ennambazaamu, ng'olulimi lw'olulimi lw'olulimi olumu lw'olupapula lw'ebigobeennyonyirimu mu .[19] lwagobeennyo

Kino baakikola ku lwa bulijjo dictum [enjogera eyo] (yayisibwa ng'eyita mu kuyita]) naye era kyatandikawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka ga Amereka. Ku mulundi ogwasooka, kkooti yakkiriza nti olukusa lwalina obuyinza okuva ku mutemwa gwa Mmere y'okusooka ogwatongozebwa ogwakozesebwa mu gavumenti. Kyokka kkooti teyakwata ku buli Bill of Rights mu kiseera kimu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, yazzawo ensonga nga zokka zigenda nga zokka nga zokka zenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana jjungi.

Lwaki “Kyentwala Okuba eky’Omuwendo” mu kifo ‘ ky’Eky’Okulyako Ennyana?

Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan (omukadde) yawagira okugattika amatabi mu bujjuvu okuyitira mu ntegeka ezo ez'enjawulo oba mu ntegeka za Immunitis Claus, naye endowooza ye teyafuga abasinga obungi. Oluvannyuma, Omulamuzi Hugo Black yalwanirira eddembe eryali mu nkwata y'enkola ya Claus, ng'agamba nti okukkiririzibwa kwa Brande okwa 14 okuyisa mu Mateeka ga Claus. Kkooti eyo okugateekako obukwasirowo obwali obwalina ekigendererwa eky'okukwata ku ddembe ery'okubiri ery'okukuuma n'okusitula amagye. Kkootikko yakkiriza okulonda eddembe eryo eryali “erinaakaka okulonda n'okulonda eddembe eririmu mu Amereka.” Era, obuwanjukibwa nga ku Brackulembedde mu 2010, nga bannazzaamu ne ku luku lwoseetuka olw'olupapula lwose.

Ebikulu: Okuva ku Kukyusa okw’Okuna okutuuka ku Kwasatu

Oluvannyuma [[NKULA] Gitlow[, kkooti yatandika mpolampola okugaziya olukalala lw'en'obusobozi obuzingirwamu, naddala mu kiseera kya Kkooti y'omu Warren (1953-1969). Kunsiko, emisango egikyusaamu enkola y'eggwanga ey'obumenyi bw'amateeka n'eddembe ly'abantu.

[[Act:0]Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Etteeka ery'okuzibya obuwandike erya 'Exclussion Traument' lyagoberezebwa Amerika

Mu Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S.61), kkooti yagamba nti Conformation] Kino kikuuma abantu obutanoonyereza oba obutakwatibwa busige. Era n'etteeka eriteetongodde (enkola yaakyo teyinza kukozesebwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka ag'omu mateeka) era terisobola kukozesa bintu ebimu ebikolebwa mu ngeri ey'ekikolwa kya poliisi. Kkooti y'omulembekko, Ekkooti y'enkola enfu , ekkiriza obujulizi obuwandikiro bwonna obukkirizibwa okubukozesa mu ngeri etali ya mu ngeri ey'obusosoze. Enkola y'emu n'okunoonyereza kwa gavumenti y'emu n'envumbo. Ekkootikko, enkola y'enkola y'emu ey'enkola ya Clauston, ezza enneeyisaamu omulimu gw'enkola y'ennakuddoludde mu mateeka.

[[Akawayiro:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[=KY'OKUMALIRAKO] (1963): Obudde bw'okudda ku kuwabula

Clarence Earl Gideon, omusibe omwavu mu Florida, yasaba Kooti ey'oku nti yali yeegaaniddwa [[FL:0] Super Conformation [[FL:1] okubuulirira okwamusalirwanga. Gideon v. Wainwr[[FL:3], 372 U.S. 335]), kkooti yeesigamya ku buwagizi obwa bulijjo nti eddembe ery'okuwabula okubuulirira abamenyi b'amateeka lyali limu, era nga liteekeddwa ku mu Kiteeso eky'ekkumi n'ekikumi. Ate mu kiseera kino, kikwetaagisa omuwaabikkiro w'abamenyi b'amateeka ayolekaganye n'ensonga ez'amaanyi. Omusango guno guyimirimu okulwanirira enkola ya gavumenti mu nsi yonna era n'ensonga ez'abamenyi b'emisango.

[[AKITANDIKI]] Miranda v [[Akabonero:1] (1966): Eddembe ery'okusigala nga sisirika

Oboolyawo omulambo ogukyasinze okumanyibwa, Mairanda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), yagoberera [[[FLT:]] Obubonero obw'okukyusaamu obusooka[ olw'okumenya amateeka agabagabakugira bokka. Kkooti yali yeetaagisa abapoliisi okumanya eddembe lyabwe (okulabula okubalwamu okugabuusibwa) nga tennaba na kubuuza. Okusalawo okwo kwaleetawo nnyo okusoosa mu kiseera, okusobererwa olw'okugoberera amateeka. Kyokka, okulabula okwo kuzze mu Amerika kubeere nga kukyali muteesiteesi mu firimu ne ku ttivi. [FLT:][FF]

Okuvvuunulwa kw’Ekiwandiiko ky’Olukiiko Olukulu olw’e Warren

  • [[NKULULA:0] Omutemwa ogw'okukyusaamu ogwasooka:[ Ogwogera (]] GW'AWULA), Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ([[] nearboard v. Minnesot[, 1931]), olukuŋŋaana ([[[FLT:]]]]] [[FLT]]]] [2:6]] [2:7], 1937], okuteeka mu ntegeka z'eddiini ku bwereere ([FLT:], 1940], okuzitongola , okuzibya .[FLT]
  • [[NKULULA]] Ekiragiro ekiyisa olukusa olw'okubinda: Oluwandika olw'amakolanga n'olw'ensonga eziragibwa abantu bonna ([KPfer v. North Carolina, 1967], olukumbo olw'etteeka olutasosola ([[[FLT:]]]]]DUNT [[FLT:] v.Louniana[FLT:], 1968]]), okutakireetera obujulizi obw'abajulizi ([[FLT:], 1965], enkola ey'enjjuluku ez'okussawo ([FLT]]],[FLT]]], 1967],.[56], enkola ey'akabonerogoma.[5],[5], 1967]
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Omutemwa ogw'empandika empandika eya fundikwa:[[[NKULA:1]] Ekibonero eky'obukambwe n'eky'omusokero ([[KY'OKUMALIRA]]] Robinson v. California[], 1962).

'Icorporation v'. Agumenti: The Desetment

Omulamuzi Hugo Black yagamba nti okugattika ekiragiro ekiwerera ddala Agumenti y'ekkumi n'ena eky'Emitendo egitakkiriza ku Kiwandiiko ekya Claus kirina ekigendererwa eky'okugatta Bill eya yonna ewakanya etteeka ly'entegeka z'ensi . Yalowooza nti okugatta awamu kwa buli omu kwandibadde kwewagguka kwa Kkooti “mu bwenkanya obwa bulijjo”. [[FLT:] [FLT]] . Louisiana[68]], omuddubukkuufu yawandiika mu k'awuka w'empaka: “N [nyinza okwewala okuyingiza mu n'olulimi olutuufu olw'okukyusa ebiva mu n'okugatta ebiko.]

Abasinga obungi, nga bakulemberwa Omulamuzi Byron White, mu kifo ky'ekyo beeyongera mu ngeri y'okulondamu, nga bakebera buli emu ku nsonga enkulu ennyo . Okukubaganya ebirowoozo kwaleetawo ekibuuzo eky'obufirosoofo: Kkooti bw'eba nga yaddewo okussaawo eddembe oba yandiwagidde abantu okubeera mu ggwanga lye okukkirizibwa. Okulonda oludda olumu olw'eddembe kyawangula olunaku olwo, naye okugattibwa kwa Judge Black Black kusigala nga kulina kye kusinziirako. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti abo abakwata ku mukono gwa proteesitemu babadde bad hoc, ne batandikawo “k'enkola ek'enkukkiriza obwa bulijjo. Ate era n'eddembe erya waggulu lyakyungibwawo. Ng'akiri ku kyayiti, ekitongole ekipya tekikkirizibwanga kukyusaamu okuyingizaamu mu kukwata ku by'okaawula olukalala olw'okufuga oluvanyuma lw'oluse.

Enkizo Embi: Greek Jury ne Yong

Tekiri nti buli lukusa mu bitongole ebikola ku ntegeka z'eddembe lutegekebwa. Ekikulu kye kisinga okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ago ye California[[FLT]][FLT]][19], ekyetaagisa gavumenti okusibawo emisango egy'amaanyi. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, Kkooti enkulu eteekeddwa mu [[FLT:]] [FLT]]] [FLT:] [FLT]] era [FLT] [5] yateekebwa mu 2010 [[FFF:] [5]] [5]] [[5]][5] [[5]][5]

Puloguramu eziriwo mu Kiseera Kino n'Ebibuuzo Ebitamaliriziddwa

Okukolagana n’abantu kukolebwamu enkola ey’okukuuma eddembe ly’abantu mu kyasa ekya 21, ng’emirundi mingi mu bitabo ebiba biwandiikiddwamu tekisuubirwa.

Eddembe ly’Obwama n’Ekyokulabirako

Eddembe ly'okwegakkanya — wadde nga tekyogerwako butereevu mu Lukiiko lw'Eddembe — limanyiddwa nga “eky'okweyusiza” ekikuumibwa olukalala olw'ebiragiro 14. Grilold v. Connecticut[ (65), kkooti yasaanyawo etteeka erikugira okuziyiza okuziyiza okuzaala, okusattu, okuviirako okuzaala. Wadde nga [12] obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuzaala obwa waggulu, obusinga obwasembayo, obusooka, nga mw'otadde n'ogw'okutaano. Oluvannyuma, [[FLT:] era ne 'OMpee] Kino kyayisawo olukalala mu ngeri endala ey'okuzaala. Wade[FLT][7] Ate era ne ku nsonga endala ezisingakongojjewo wakati w'obuvuzi, okumanyisazeseera mu ngeri endala ez'obumu, envanyunzivumu. Ate era n'enkyukakyuka ezo ezikolebwa mu kkooti ezisinga obungi zireeteddwa mu mateeka zikkirizibwa mu mateeka zi

Omutemwa ogw'okubiri bwe guggwamu [[Akawayiro:0]McDramed[[Akawayiro]

Enkola y'okuteekawo Omutemwa ogw'okubiri mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010) kye kyavaako. Kkooti yakitwala nti eddembe ery'okwekuuma n'okuwanirira amagye k'envumbo kkulu era likulu nnyo era likolera ku gavumenti. Okuva olwo, kkooti entono zizze zimeega n'amateeka agafuga — ng'ebireetebwa eby'okukuba magazini, ng'ebiragiro byabyo, era nga byekwekebwa. Kkooti enkulu eyinza okuko nga 202222 mu [FL:2] Kkooti erinaawulawo mu New York Revive & Pistol Association. Brugtonssssss by'ogw'ole propertiessorcessssssss as tractivesss trapywork, ebireetebwa ebikongoberebwa ebireetebwa ebikongo eby'okufuga ebikopolo eby'okufuga

Endowooza z’Obwannannyini ku Mikutu gya Disitulikiti n’Ekyokulabirako Eky’Okuna

Tekinologiya ow'omulembe guleetawo ebibuuzo ebippya mu nteekateeka y'okukyusakyusa erinnya ly'ensimbi ey'okuna. Carmeter v. United States (2017), kkooti enkulu yagamba nti gavumenti yetaaga ebbaluwa ekakasa nti empandika y'okutuuka ku buli data ekwata ku ndagiriro za sitandikwamu ey'omu nkozesa ey'obutoffaali. Mu ngeri y'emu, kkooti zisobola okuzuula ebikwata ku nsonga ezo eziba nga zigobererwa abasookerwa b'amasimu. Enkola y'emu n'enkola ya poliisi mu ku bannaayikero, dron, ne mu ngeri nti ebimenyeddwa mu mateeka tebiyinza kugaana bantu kukwekebejja mu lukalala olwo. Ate era zisobola okuteekawo amateeka agamu ku nsonga ezikwata ku n'obukulembedde mu ngeri y'obukugunjufu, zombi zisobola okuganyula mu ngeri y'emu.

Eddembe ly’Okugaba n’Ekiwandiiko Ekyasooka

Wadde nga si buli mulundi olugendera ku ddembe ly'okulonda luteekebwawo n'enkola emu, olukalala lw'okukukuuma olulimi olw'eby'obufuzi n'okukolagana, olukuutira olw'okukulembereza olukalala lukikozesezza ng'olupapula Denge v. Oregon [1937], lukozeseddwa okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti agakugira okukkirizibwa oba okulembereza ebiwandiiko oba enzikkiriza okutandikawo enkambirira. Okugeza, mu [[FLT:]] Contension [FLT]. [FOLT][FLT][0] [20: 0] — omusango ogw'omulembedde — Kko tegwa kikozesettuluuti okukendeereza ddala amateeka ku by'enkola eya bulijjo. [FT], ekitongole ekibadde kirembe ekibadde kiginnyonnyola mu nkola eya Claawudi ey'okutambula, ekigamba nti:[FFoctive], kyeyongera okukko.

Obukodyo n’Eby’Okusalawo

Wadde nga batuuse ku buwanguzi, okunoonyereza kuleetedde okukolokota. Abamu bagamba nti enkola eno ereetedde obukuumi obutategeerekeka: lwaki eddembe ly'okuwozesebwa mu kkooti z'abalamuzi mu nsonga z'eggwanga teririimu ddala, naye era nga n'eddembe ery'okubuulirira (Kibiina). Kkooti eyinza okuteeka obwesige mu “butali bwenkanya” obwasingiddwawo okulaga emitindo gy'amateeka mu kifo ky'amakulu agaalyo amatuufu. Abamasaza nga Clarence Thomas awagira okuteesa ne Priges oba Immunonicas , ekiyinza okuteeka mu kifo eky'okuteekawo eddembe ery'enjawulo (okugatta n'okutambula n'okugoberera emitindo egya ddyo).

'critique' ekirala tekirina kifo ku kunoonyereza okukkirizibwa [ nga otaddewo n'obusobozi bwa gavumenti mu Washington, ne kikendeeza obusobozi bw'ebitundu ebifuga okugezaako okussaawo gavumenti ez'enjawulo ez'omu mateeka. Kyokka, empewo tezisobola kutongoza kukkirizibwa mu mateeka agakkirizibwa mu mateeka naye nga zimenya amateeka agafuga enneyisa yaakyo. Abawagizi ba gavumenti bakkirizisawo nti okukkirizibwa mu nkola y'emu ey'ekika kya nnamba okusokereza ebya bulijjo ku mateeka okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okukkirizibwa mu mateeka okugattisaamu. Ekireetera enkyuuka y'eby'amateeka okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukola enkola z'obusobozi ez'enjawulo. Kyokka, ekkusambattulukulemberwamu kiragibwa Kko kya Breewa kiragibwa nti eddembe ekkulu tekkirizibwawo ku nsonga enkulu; ate ekyo kituufu singa embeera eyinza okuggyawo.

Ekibuuzo ekisembayo: Ekinunulo

Okussaawo entegeka y'enkola eno kumanyidde ddala engeri y'okukufuulaamu enkola y'okussaawo n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu Amereka. Nga lukozesa Bill of Rights mu magravity, kkooti enkulu ekola ekisengeezebwamu ekisenge kya ggwanga edde nga wazzeewo ensonga empya. Kyokka enkola eyo teweddeko. Kkooti eno terina kye yakolawo obanga [[F] Enkola ya [F:] era nga erina kye kiwandikiro kya Clauscess [[5]] era nga eteeka wansi awantu w'amakomera amakomera, olukalala enseko nga bwe kikuuma ebigo ebisooka munaana ebibadde bibadde bikye, okuva bwe kiteenkana eby'okumanyibwa obutereevu, naye ebiwandiiko ebigibadde biddamu okuziyingibwa mu ngeri eyo, ebinyumira ku ku k'empewo: [F][5][5][5]][5]][5]]: [f]

Enjigiriza eyo bukakafu bulaga nti amateeka ga Bulaaya gagonjooleddwa mu 1868, mu kifo ky'okussaawo enziragiro ey'enjawulo mu ggwanga, abakola olukalala lw'ebiragiro 148 Amerekation baakyusa “olulimi olwetaagibwa” olukosebwa kkooti okuteeka obulamu mu Bikolwa bya Ddembe. Abantu bwe baba nga bakyusa mu nkyukakyuka, enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa zikakasa nti eddembe ery'ennimi ez'okwogera, eddiini, olukuŋŋaana, enteekateeka z'obumenyi bw'amateeka, n'ebwetaannyini, bisigala nga bigobeetaanyezebwa ku buli mukitundu kya gavumenti. Eyo y'ensonga lwaki enjigiriza eyo yeeyongera okuleetawo enkuumibwamu ku ddembe z'enkola z'enkola z'eggwanga ez'omu Amerika ez'okukko.

Okusobola okwongera ku by'okusoma, laba [[[NKULA]] Emirimu egy'okukyusaamu ku njigiriza [ ne [[FLT] Conference Confirstmenter ku Kikolwa eky'Okunoonyereza eky'Emitemere Ekirala ku kutegeka okwa 14 K'empandika eya Claus'.