Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kuyigiriza mu Mateeka

Mu myaka egisukka mu mingi egiyise, endowooza z'abaasooka ekyuse engeri abasosomi b'amateeka gye bategeeramu amateeka mu mateeka, era n'abalamuzi ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso gye bakyusaamu endowooza zaabwe, era ne bakyusa ensengeka z'obufirosoofo obukwata ku by'amateeka mu Amerika. Kino kikobera nti, ebyawandiikibwa eby'omu mateeka bivvuunulwa okusinziira ku makulu gaabyo ebyasooka oba ebiruubirirwa byabyo, nga biwakanya engeri abayizi b'amateeka, abayigirimu, abakugunja abanoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka gye bategeeramu era n'abo abajja mu biseera eby'omu maaso, gye bagobereraamu ebiwandiiko ebitwalibwa okuba ebiwa obutuufu.

Okutegeera lwaki enjigiriza y'enntandikwa y'enzikiriza y'Ekiyudaaya efunye obuzibu bw'okugitegeera n'enkyukakyuka zayo mu by'obufuzi. Obufirosoofo bwewuunyisa abo abaagala okunnyonnyola obutebenkevu, obwesigwa mu byawandiikibwa, n'okukalambira ku nkola y'okusala emisango. Kyokka, abawakanya nti enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku ntandikwa y'eddiini esobozesa okufuna eby'okuddamu mu nkyusa z'amateeka ez'ekika ekya waggulu. Enkaayanaanyi eri wakati w'endowooza zino zireeseewo embeera ey'amaanyi era ey'obukukaayakana mu bisomero by'amateeka, ne kifuula okunoonyereza ku nyigejjamya y'obufirosoosoosoofo obwa bulijjo obutuufu mu by'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo.

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Buwandiike n’Ebiri mu Kitabo kyabyo

Enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku bantu si njigiriza ndala yokka naye ekwatagana n'endowooza ezikwatagana mu kunyweza amakulu mu byafaayo. Enjigiriza eyo egamba nti, mu kutandikira ku mateeka, amakulu g'enkola yateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okuzza empanvu mu nnukuta era nti abalamuzi tebasaanidde kukyusaamu oba okuzza ebiwandiiko ebyo okulaga emitindo egya bulijjo. Amatabi abiri agasookerwako gagoberedde ebyo bye bayiga.

Okuziyamba

Mu 1980, essira lyassibwa ku kutegeera ekigendererwa kya kkomo eryasookera ddala. Abakugu mu kutandika n'okuwandiika ebyasooka, baawakanyanga nti abalamuzi balina okutunuulira ebibuuzo mu Constitution ̱, ne mu bifo ebirala okusobola okumanya ebyo abafuzi bye basuubira. Wadde nga mu ngeri ezimu, enkola eno yali eyoleka endowooza za bannasayansi olw'ensonga eziwerako: abalamuzi baalina endowooza ez'enjawulo era nga n'ebiruubirirwa ebikontana, ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo bingi eby'edda biba tebituukiridde, era nga biwandisizza ebiruubirirwa bya buli muntu okuzuula ekyo.

Okusookera Ddala Obulombolombo

Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia ne Profesa Randy Barnett be bamu ku bantu abaaleetawo enkyusa ey'enkyukakyuka mu nkyusa y'obulombolombo ey'enkyusa eyasooka okusinziira ku makulu g'empandiika y'amateeka. Kino kiva ku ekyo abakola kiwandiiko kye basinziira ku ekyo kye baagenderera okutegeera omuntu omutegeevu mu kiseera eky'okutandika era kye baayigiriza mu misomo gy'amateeka leero. Enzivuunula y'amateeka egoberera nnyo amateeka, era n'ebiwandiiko ebiwandikiddwamu ebiwandiikibwa obujulizi nti bisobola okukozesebwa okuviira ddala ku ntandikwa y'ebitundu.

Enjigiriza y’Obutaayirizibwa mu Bikwata ku by’Eby’Amateeka

Okusobola okutegeera engeri obufirosoofo obwasooka gye bwakwata ku bufirosoofo, omuntu ateekwa okutegeera ebyafaayo obwewandiikidde obwewandiikivu obulaga nti eddiini ya olubereberye n'efuukafuukafuukafuuka. Nga 1970 tennaba, etteeka erya Amerika lyalina enkola eyagoberezebwako etteeka erya Ssemateeka empandika empanvu, eryatwala ekiwandiiko kino ng'erimu amakulu agayinza okukyukamu n'okufuuka enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka. Kkooti Kkooti ̱ ensalawo ez'amaanyi ku ddembe ly'abantu, enkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka, n'enkola ennukuta ez'ebitakkirizibwa byayoleka, nga byoleka okusiimibwa n'okugonda kw'amateeka.

Scalia yakyusa endowooza ye mu bugezi era n'alonda ne Judge Scalia mu 1986. Scalia yaleeta amaanyi n'amaanyi mu kunoonyereza okwasooka, mu bitabo bye ebyayivu ne mu ndowooza ze. Ebiwandiiko bye ebya 1997 “ Matter of Anprepretation, ” mu kusooka yatwalibwa nga Tanner Lectures ku Princeton University, nga yateerekebwa enkola y'ennono eya bulijjo okunnyonnyola amateeka gaamu. Ekiwandiiko kino kyafuuka kisinze mu mateeka gamu kyokka nga kiwandikiro kya g'omu mateeka era ne kikaka n'okuwakanya enjigiriza zaakyo. Leero, endowooza z'abavubukamu ku nsonga zaakirizibwamu tezingirwamu ku ku busokeroosokero oba ku masomero ge gaatongoddewo, naye nga kigattiddwamu mu mateeka agafuga obulombolombo.

Ebiwandiiko eby’Ebikuutivu n’Egy’Emusingi mu Bitabo by’Okwawula Ebiri mu Bulombolombo Obutuufu

Okuteekebwawo kw'enjigiriza y'amateeka mu masomero ga Buyonaani kweyongedde nnyo okukolebwa ekibiina ekitono eky'abayivu n'abalamuzi abamanyi ennyo okubuna mu mateeka. Omulamuzi Scalia ̱ assa endowooza mu mbeera ez'enjawulo gamba nga Disiturikiti ey'e Columbia v. Heller ne Pritz v. United States buli kiseera baweebwa ebyokulabirako eby'endowooza ez'enjawulo mu kukwataganya okukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Omulamuzi Clarence Thomas, alina enkola ye ey'okunoonyereza ku by'amateeka evaako eyongera okusinga Scalia ̱ ng'assa essira ku mateeka n'ebiwandiiko ebya bulijjo biwa abayizi b'obanga olwazi olutuufu. Thomas#8217; endowooza ez'enjawulo ezizikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'eggwanga, ebitongole ebiyitibwa Classisse Claus, ne ku k-ebmermymeterneywood Resigmentss annyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku n'enfunda ku ku n'obukaawukaalwanya obw'omu n'omu n'omu n'omu n'omu n

Nga bayita mu lukiiko lw'abayivu, baafulumya obuyivu obunene obukyusa engeri ez'okusomebwa. Profesa Randy Barnett ̱ ayamba ku makulu g'enkyukakyuka n'enkizo ebyasooka ebya Ninth Conftwaretion and entegekascriticals oba Immunities Clausse of the Exterline [Ekiwandiiko eky'okuwerezaamu] era n'enkola ya kiwandiiko (Ekiwandiiko eky'enkola ya 1450). Profesa Akhil Reed Amannar, wadde nga si muyiiya ye yekka akyusa ebyafaayo n'okwekenneenya ebyafaayo, ayamba abayizi okuzuula ebyafaayo ebisookerwako n'enjigiriza ebyabwengula, era n'okusobozesa abayizi okuzuula ebiwandiiko eby'ebiwandiiko eby'ebweru ne munda mu bibiina ebirala ebiri mu kibiina.

Engeri ez’Okuyigirizaamu Empandiika y’Ekibiina

Baprofesa mu by’amateeka bakozesa engeri ezitali zimu okuyamba abayizi okutegeera engeri gye bayinza okukozesaamu amateeka okugootaanya obulamu bwabwe.

[[Akawayiro:0] Olukalala: Olukalala olumu empandika eya 'Pragogical Approates for Expositionism'[[[KITABO]]

.[Ikibuuzo] Ekirala 'Enzivvuunuzi:[Ikibuuzo:[Ission Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro Ekiragiro [1] "[FLT' era "[21] mu kifo kya Nkalakkalira fayiro kisooka kutegeera ebiva mu kutandika n'okuzikongojjera ebigambo nga 'FON'.[None][FLT] Ekiragiro Abayizi bakebera ebiva mu ku kutandika walemberwa olukalala nga 'panyunzi, sso sistemu enkalala nga 'Resocirolation', ssomition recuretion , 'dication recure aption interrigiontion', 'mation [10] ate 'divvv' Recurecurecure' enzirolateteteteteesaamu ebizibwa mu 178 oba 1868 Kitaase kitegeera obuwanvu bw'ennyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyonnyo obunyo okunnyonnyola amakulu ag'ebuzi okutegeera amakulu ag'engo g'empala enka . Ekiragiro ki

Enkola zino ez'enkola zikakasa nti enjigiriza eyo teyigiriza bumanya njigiriza ntuufu naye nga za muganyulo nnyo era ezikwetaagisa okwekenneenya ebyafaayo n'ennimi. Essira ku nkola z'ennimi nga ezo, lireeseeyo obukugu obufaananyi obwa ssaayansi obusikiriza abayizi abatwala engeri ez'okukwata ku kumanya nga za mateeka.

Enjigiriza ey’Obusosoze n’Enjigiriza ey’Obusosoze mu Busobozi bw’Enjigiriza ez’Omukago

Ekimu ku ebyo ebifuula okuyigiriza kwa bannasayansi okuba okw'amaanyi kye kimu ku ebyo ebyasooka okuyigirizibwa. Enjigiriza y'edda ekontana n'ebiruubirirwa ebyasooka. Singa olukalala lw'amateeka lunnyonnyola bubi Amateeka okusinziira ku makulu gaalyo, kiba kituufu okusala olukalala? Omulamuzi Scalia yagonjoola ekibuuzo kino mu kiseera kyonna ky'omulimu gwe, era n'agoberera ennyimirira y'obusosoze mu kutuukiriza ensonga eziba ziyinza okugobererwa okugaggyamu. Omulamuzi Thomas abadde akutte ekkubo ek'okukwata ensonga ez'amaanyi okugazza obukyamu, ng'agezaako okumenya etteeka eririmu, ng'asinziira ku ngeri empisaanya y'okukwata ebika by'obufirosoosoosoosoozi. Amasomero ku nsonga ng'ezo eziragibwa mu ngeri y'okuva mu kavvu w'olukiiko lw'olulimi olusooka.

Ekiragiro kya Dobbs ekifuga n'ebiwandiiko bya Roe ne. Wade ne Casey, kyakiikirira ekiseera ekifuze olw'obuyigirize obwasooka. Endowooza y'abasinga obungi, eyawandiikibwa Samuel Alito, yakozesa enkola ey'okussaawo olukalala lw'ekika kya nnamba, nga bagamba nti okuggyamu embuto tekwasibuka mu ggwanga & ̱ byafaayo n'obulombolombo era nti Amateeka tegatongoza buddeddeddeddedde budde budde okuggyamu embuto. Okusalawo kuno kwafuuka kunoonyereza kwa maanyi mu mateeka, nga kukaka abayizi okunoonyereza obanga kkooti ̱ okusooka yeekenneenya kyali kikwata ku ddembe era kikwata ku ddembe ery'omu biseera eby'omu maaso ebigenda okubaamu. Abayizi ab'amaanyi mu Dobbbs, abanoonyereza ennyo mu byafaayo ebituufu, bannyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku nsonga eno.

Engeri ez’Okugeraageranya n’Ezaffe mu Kitongole eky’Eby’Okubuulira

Obufirosoofo bw'abalamuzi obusingirayo ddala obulungi tebuyigiriza kutandikira ku njigiriza za mu butonde mu ngeri ey'okweyawula ku balala naye bukubiriza okunnyonnyola mu ngeri ey'amaanyi. Abayizi balina okutegeera obulungi ebyo ebiyinza okunnyonnyolwa abalamuzi okusobola okutegeera ebyasooka n'ebyo bye biwaayo. Ekiragiro kino kikwataganya enzivuunula y'amateeka, oluusi ne kkomo eritali ya mu nnukuta ez'ennono, nga teriyinza kumanyibwa bulungi. Enjigiriza eno ekwataganyizibwa n'ennamba nga Justice William Brennan ne Profesa Lawrence Tribel, ennyonnyola etteeka nga y'ensonga enfunze mu ngeri ey'enjawulo abantu gye batayinza kusuubira mu n'okwetaawula okw'enkyukakyuka. Casemblybooks zisinziira ku ku ku ku ku kusalawo okw'amateeka okumanyira ddala. Enjawuluuni y'ensonga y'emu, era ng'ekyokulabirako ekigamba ekigamba bw'obukkomo bw'enzivunuzi Breakaliri mu kitabo Sclanspar &liter ST; Scrustrustrust#17

Enkola endala ey'okugeraageranya ekwataganyizibwa n'enkola ey'okugeraageranya ebigambo, ekwataganyizibwa n'enkola eyasooka naye nga ya njawulo mu ngeri enkulu. Textalism essa essira ku makulu g'olulimi olutuufu nga lukozesebwa, mu kifo ky'okulabira ddala nga wabaawo enkola ey'okulabira ddala, wadde nga mu nkola y'okuwandiika n'okubusooka enkola yaalyo ekwatagana. Abayizi bayiga engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okukwata ku ntegeera engeri ennyanjula n'okuwandiika gye ziyinza okuvaamu ebibala. Okunoonyereza ku mateeka, emitindo, ebigobeetereezebwa, n'obukugunjufu mu kiseera we bibeerera byonna, nga bakakasa nti abayizi bamaliriza n'ebyuma ebibakwatako okusobola okunnyonnyola ensonga mu kifo eky'okumanyisaamu endowooza y'ebiwandiiko.

Enjawukana mu Kutaputa Obuto

Okuteekateeka ebyayongerwa mu buwandiike tekumala nga tewagonjodde kunkaayana ezirina amakulu aga bulijjo. Enkaayana zino teziri bunafu bwa kwekwekebwa, wabula ziwa omukisa okunoonyereza n'okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi. Olukoloboze olumu olw'ensonga enkulu lugatta abasosoze mu nnukuta ez'ennono ezigguka amakulu g'empandika eza tteeka eryasooka okuva ku abo abeeyingiza emisingi gy'amateeka aga bulijjo n'entegeka z'enkola entuufu. Omulamuzi Thomas atera okunoonyereza ku mateeka agakwata ku ndowooza z'obutonde mu ndowooza ye, ng'agamba nti ekiwandiiko eky'Obwetwaze eky'okwetwaliddewo awamu n'enkola y'amateeka biraga obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okutuukiriza obwannannyini gavumenti. Abawakanya enjigiriza eyo mu nkambi ez'eddabukkirizisa mu n'obulombolombo, nga bawakanya enkola y'okusala omusango.

Ensonga endala ereetera obukuubagano kukwata ku kukyusa ebiva ku mateeka n'enkolagana gye galina ne tteeka eryasooka. Enziji z'enkola eya 13th, 14th, ne 15 Amereka n'ebaamu zakyusa nnyo ekiragiro eky'enkola eya bulijjo nga batandikawo obutuuze mu ggwanga, nga bakakasa obutuuze bwe bumu era nga bagaana abasosoze mu kulonda. Abeekenneenya ab'enzikiriza ez'edda bawakanya obunene n'obunene bw'okumanyisa amakulu g'enkyukakyuka mu ku ku kutereeza ntegeka ntegeka ntegeka era n'okumanyiransi yaayo. Profesa Michael McConnell ̱ anoonyereza ku makulu agasooka ag'okumanyibwa okw'okumanyisaamu n'okukulaga obutuufu, bawakanya ebiwandiiko eby'enkola eya bulijjo ey'okukwata ku n'enkola enkaluunya ey'enkola mu ku ku ku ku ku ku nsonga ez'okukakasa ebituufu ebyasooka. Abayizi baschwiriraast Brances arner ku bikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka.

Endowooza z’Ebirala ku Buyigirize bw’Abasodookisi: Obukulembeze n’Okulamula

Ebisaanyizo by'omulimu eby'omu mateeka byongera okugattika obufirosoofo obutuufu mu nkola z'amateeka. Abayizi b'amateeka abaluubirira obusawo bwa gavumenti, naddala nga bagoberera Abalamuzi ba Court Supreme oba abalamuzi ab'ebifo, balina okukyoleka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu kutegeera n'ebigambo. Federalist Society̱ ennyimba z'omulimu ziyambye okukolagana obulungi n'abo abali mu kibiina, abayizi, n'abalamuzi, ne bakoleeza kapaipi ewa empeera mu kunoonyereza ku njigiriza eyo. Amasomero mangi kati gassa essira ku nkola eya bulijjo era n'obuyigirize bw'amateeka obusinga okuteeka essira ku nkola y'obuyigirize obwasooka.

Okukakasa nti Omulamuzi eyasooka ye Mulamuzi ow'edda era yassaawo engeri y'okusengekamu ebyo ebyayigirizibwa. Endowooza z'abalamuzi abalondebwa ne Neil Gorth, Brett Kavanaugh, ne Amy Coney Barrett, buli omu ku bo akwatagana n'enkola y'enkola eya olubereberye n'ey'okusibuka mu Baibuli, zitegeerezza endowooza z'omulembe ogwasooka ku mulembe ogwa waggulu ku ngeri judicary gye kiyinza okunnyonnyonnyolwamu mu kibiina era ne kyakulabirako ekiraga nti enjigiriza eyo teri njigiriza ya mu nnyangu okunnyonnyolako naye era n'obufirosoofoofo obwe era n'okusala emisango egikola era egikwata ku mateeka amatuufu mu Amereka obutuufu. Abayizi leero basobodde okutuuka ku ndowooza z'obusazeenjigiriza ez'edda ennyo okunnyonnyola enjigiriza ez'ebyasa mu by'enjigiriza.

Ebiragiro by’Ekizimbe n’Ebyo Bye Tusomeramu

Okunokolayo obufirosoofo bw'abalamuzi obutagamba nti okutereeza ebintu mu ntandikwa tekuliiko kya kutereeza wabula kububuuza bunafu bwabyo n'obukoma. Okunoonyereza okusinga okukuba obukulembe kuzingiramu obuzibu obw'okuzuula amakulu g'enkola eya jirikiti esobozesa enkyusa ya Baibuli okumanyibwa ng'enkola za tekinologiya oba embeera z'abantu. Okukyusa okw'okubiri, okusobola okukuuma eddembe ery'okukuuma n'okusitula amagye, naye ebigambo ebyo byali kitegeeza ki ku bikwata ku byakulwanyisa ebyamaanyi bya nno bya leero? Abavumirira endowooza nti okusobola okukkiririza obula okuzza obujulizi mu kudda mu nkyukakyuka ez'ebyafaayo oba okuviirako ebiteeberezebwa nti abatereeze baleme okuteezeerwamu. Abakujjukizi ab'edda baafu baawula mu ngeri ey'enjawulo nga balaga nti amakulu g'ebyokulwanyisa n'ebyuma bikozesebwa mu bifo byabwe eby'envumbo bikkirizibwa okutereeza eby'ennyanyanyanya eby'ebyuma.

Ekirala ekiva mu nkyukakyuka z'eby'ebyafaayo kizingiramu enkola eya balamuzi abatuuka ku buwanguzi obukwatagana n'ebyo bye baagala. Abavumirira ensala z'abalamuzi bagamba nti gye kusala emisango egyasooka egikontana n'ebyafaayo oba gye giwagidde ebyo ebyabanga biwagirwa. Ebiwandiiko bya Trump okuva ku pulia, United States, nga bikwata ku kukugira abamenyi b'amateeka obutakwatibwa okuva ku bamenyi b'amateeka, byaleetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi ku bikwata ku bannaakirimu abeesamba ebifaananyisifu mu byafaayo oba bye baayiiya ebigo eby'amateeka ebigamba okunoonyereza ku nsonga eno mu kusooka.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Obuyigirize n’Obusosoze

Okutunula mu maaso, ekifo eky'obusobozi obw'okusomera mu nnyinyonnyola z'obufirosoofo mu kusooka kirabika nga kigaziwa era nga kyeyongera. Okweyongera kw'eby'enkola ezikozesebwa ku disitulikiti ne kompyuta kujja kusobozesa ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo eby'edda okukuba obukugu mu ngeri ennyimpimpi n'ennimi okweyongera okukuba obukubisi mu nkola ebya bulijjo. Amasomero g'amateeka agasobozesa abayizi okweyingiza mu n'okunoonyereza okusobola okwegatta ku njigiriza eyo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, okufulumya endowooza z'ebyobufuzi mu Amereka, abagezi, abakugunjufu n'abakugunjufu, ne bannasayansi bajja kweyongera okubeera ekifo ekikakasa nti enkola y'okukkiririza mu nkola eya demokramenti era n'amateeka, ebigo.

Okumanyibwa kw'amateeka okusobola okukolagana obulungi ne bannabyafaayo, bannabyabufuzi, ne bannabyabufuzi, kujja kuleetera amatendekero g'amateeka okugaziya ku njigiriza z'enkola. Amasomero agamu gakoze ebikolerwa awamu mu nkola y'enkola n'enkola za mateeka, ne kitendeka abayizi mu ngeri ez'okunoonyereza mu byafaayo n'okunnyonnyola ennyimba z'ebyafaayo.

fundikira

Esimbaga ku bufirosoofo obwasibuka ku bufirosoofo obw'okusala emisango, okuzza obuggya engeri abayizi b'amateeka n'abalamuzi ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso gye batunuuliramu Amateeka, ekiragiro n'enkoma z'obuyinza. Okuva ku nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka nga bawakanya Amateeka agaago okukakakaanya enkyukakyuka zagoolekawo ku nkyukakyuka zago ez'enkola z'enkola eza Ssekuna, ez'okunoonyereza ku bikwata ku nkola ya Ssembereze eza Ssekukkulu, era ezikkiriziddwa obutuufu obutuufu obusinga obuzimbi n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkyukakyuka mu byafaayo, ebizikwataganya n'enkyukakyuka mu ku nsonga ezisookerwawo n'okunnyonnyola enjigiriza ez'eby'amateeka ezigobeego, biteekateeka abaana okubuukanya endowooza z'amateeka okuzza obunyoola amateeka mu n'okugoberebwa obutuufu mu myaka egyakasavubiri egy'okunoonyereza.