Enkola y'okugamba nti ebintu byasooka okutondebwa efuuse omutwe omukulu mu nkola ya Kkooti ey'omulembe ogwa Ssekukkulu ey'okugikakasa, ng'emirundi mingi ekola ng'ekitongole ekiwakanya ennyo endowooza ez'enjawulo. Ng'enkola ya kooti efuga enfuga ez'amateeka okugonjoola ebibuuzo, okunywerera ku nzikiriza y'okutandikira ku nnyangu ez'okusooka kiyinza okubaako kye kikola ku bikwata ku mateeka ga Amerika. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku ku kunoonyereza okwa sayansi okwasooka, ekifo kyayo mu kukakasa obutuufu bw'ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, era ne kye kitegeeza mu kuteekawo abalamuzi ab'emisango mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Okunnyonnyola Okutegeera Okulina Okutaasa

Endowooza eyo ennuŋŋamu nnukuta y'amateeka agafuga enkola y'okuzuula amakulu g'ebiwandiiko by'amateeka nga bwe kyategeerwanga abo abaasabanga, ne baakkirizisanga, oba abaabikkirizanga. Wadde nga batera okunnyonnyolwa ng'ekirowoozo kimu, enjigiriza eyo ebaamu obumpimpi:

  • [[Act:0] Enkola eno ekwataganyizibwa n'ebiruubirirwa by'abo abaawandiika ekiwandiiko kino. Ekiragiro kino kibuuza: Abo abaawandiika ekiwandiiko ekyo baagenderera kutegeeza ki?
  • [[NKULA]] amakulu aga bulijjo – Enkyusa ey'Ensi Empya esinga okusinze okukomezebwako Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia n'abalala, essira lissira ku makulu g'empandiika y'amateeka mu kiseera we gandiyitidde okukkirizibwa ku muntu atagudde lubege. Kino kitegeeza nti omuntu teyeesigama ku kigendererwa kye mu kifo eky'okukozesa amakulu aga bulijjo ag'ebigambo.
  • Engeri ez'enjawulo[[NKULULA][[KATANDIKWA:1] – A akategekebwa akagamba nti abalamuzi basaanidde okukozesa enkola ez'okutaputa ezakkirizibwa mu kiseera ekya Kkurisaamu mu kifo eky'okukubya mu nkola ez'ekika kya bulijjo ez'okunnyonnyola mu mpandika y'amateeka.

Abawagira enkola eyo bagamba nti okukomyawo obusobozi kikugira abalamuzi okuzza emisango mu kifo ky'amateeka agaabwe.

Ebyafaayo Biraga nti Enjigiriza Enkadde Teyalina Kuziikibwa

Enjigiriza eyo teyesigamanga ku ndowooza z'obufirosoofo ez'okusala emisango.

Ebiraga nti Enjigiriza z’Ekitabo Zirina Kukulaakulana

Abantu abawerako baalina obuvunaanyizibwa obw’amaanyi mu kuleetawo enjigiriza ezisookerwako:

  • [[FORT:0] Attoney Gwen Edwin Meese III [[FULT:1] – Mu 1980, Meese yawa olukalala lw'emboozi ezaakubirizibwanga “okusala omusango ku kigendererwa ekyasooka,” ng'agamba nti Amateeka galina okutaputirwa okusinziira ku kigendererwa kya bawandiisi.
  • [[NKULU:0] Omulamuzi Robert Bork – Omulamuzi omututumufu era omulamuzi, endowooza za Bork eza mu lusooka zaali mu kusibukako olukalala lwa kkooti enkulu eya 1987 eyagwa ku sipiidi. Empagiro ze zaafuuka okuwakana okw'eggwanga ku kifo ekya bulijjo ekya judicantiary.
  • [[NT:0] Justice Antonin Scalia – yalondebwa mu 1986, Scalia yafuuka omuwagizi asingirayo ddala okulabika n'okusimba amakulu mu nnukuta eyo. Endowooza ze ez'amagezi n'okuwakanya ennyo enkola ey'okuwandiika n'okusiikula enkola ez'okusiikula mu nnyanjula.
  • [[NKULULA] Ekiragiro Clarence Thomas – Thomas bw'ototera kukola kye kimu ne Scalia, ategeeza nti “enjigiriza ey'okusooka ey'ekika kya" eyinza okumuviirako okubuusabuusa ebiwandiiko ebibadde bigoberera enkola eyo okumala ebbanga ddene.
  • Tsaamo William Rehnquist – Nga Mulamuzi Omukulu, endowooza za Rehnquist zaayolekanga enjigiriza ezaasooka ez'ekika kya Scalia, wadde nga yali tanene nnyo n'okusinga Scalia.

Era enzikiriza eyo yatandikibwawo okuyitira mu bibinja nga Federalist Society, ebyatandikibwawo mu 1982, ne kisobozesa bannamateeka abagoberera enkola ezigobererwa okubunyisa endowooza z'okuwandiika n'okuwandiika empandiika y'ebiwandiikiddwa mu mateeka.

Okuwandiisa Obwesige mu Kkooti Esingira Ennyo Kikakasiza nti Omusango Gwali Guvunaanibwa

Endowooza y'emu ng'eyo ey'okubereberye efuuse omutwe gw'emitwe egijulizibwa mu kkooti. Emirundi mingi abakubi bassibwamu essomero okunnyonnyola obumalirivu bwabwe obw'okuggyamu ebiwandiiko, engeri gye kikwata ku nteekateeka z'amateeka, era oba nga batwala enkola eyo okuba entuufu ey'okunnyonnyola. Ebibuuzo bino si bya kuyiga buyigirize; biwa abawagizi eby'ekitongole eky'ensi ennume bye bayinza okuba nabyo ku bikwata ku ku kuggyamu embuto, eddembe ly'emmundu, obuyinza bwa nnanyinimunikiti, n'ensonga endala ezikwata ku butoffanyi.

Omuntu bw'aba ategeeza nti bye yazuula byandikiddwa butereevu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 2017 bwe yali akakasa nti akkirizibwa okuba omutuufu, yeeyita “omuyigiriza nti ebigambo bya Katonda ebyasooka byali byavvuunulwa mu nnyiriri” era n'aggumiza obukulu bw'ebigambo ebyavvuunulwa nga“makulu. Kino kyakakasa nti abakuumi b'ebyawandiikibwa baalina obukugukulembedde ng'aggya omuliro ku Democrates eyali atya okukugira okuggyamu embuto n'okukugira ebiragiro ebya kampeyini. Mu ngeri y'emu, Amy Conney Barrett mu 2020 yagamba nti endowooza ye ey'okuwandiika ebigambo ebyo tekwatagana na n'obuvuzibwe kyokka, wadde nga bannabyanguyivuwaaza okukereza Roe v. Wade ne baagaziya abakunguzi b'eddiini abawanjula abo abawaabikkula.

Kavaugh yawa obukakafu nti yali asobola okugoberera enkola eyamugoberera so si okukaka abantu okubaako bye bawandiika, naye ebyo bye yawandiika n'emboozi bye byalaga nti yali awagira enjigiriza ez'obulimba. Democrats yamukubiriza obanga enzikiriza y'enzikiriza y'Ekikristaayo eyinza okukwatagana n'amateeka agafuga enkola ya kakyo kano, ate nga ku Khavanaugh bye yayogera byateekebwawo okulaga nti yali asobola okutereeza endowooza ye ku nsonga ezikwata ku ndala.

Okusookera Ddala: Mulwanirire ku Lutalo Oluleetera Obukakafu Okubaawo

Ebyafaayo bino biraga engeri endowooza eyasooka okuteekebwawo gye yaleetera ekiwandiiko okukakasibwa:

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Bork Nomination (1987)

Omulamuzi Robert Bork bwe yamanyibwa ng'enkola ya Pulezidenti Reagan, atera okuyogerwako nga “ensonyi eyasooka mu” ey'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi. Endowooza za Bork ez'amaanyi ezaali mu b'amateeka era nga bwe zaalagibwa mu bitundu eby'amateeka, zaaleetera omuntu okuteeka essira ku bibiina eby'ebbeeyi n'okuziyiza obusosoze. Olukiiko lwa Borgk bwesamba mu kampuni nga lukubawo akalaga amaanyi g'obufirosoofoosi obwa olubereberye okulaga nti yali agenda kugoba abawagizi b'abawagizi era n'obukuumi mu byamaguzi. Olukiiko olwo lwagaana Bork nga bakubawo obukulembezza obutundu 42 mu kkooti.

Thomas Excenses (1991)

Clarence Thomas bwe yali anoonyereza ku nsonga ze, teyalwawo kwegaana kuwuliriza Roe okuwuliziganya n'ebibinja by'ebyobufuzi. Naye wadde nga waaliwo obutakaanya bungi, Thomas yali yeetaaza nnyo nti omuntu yandizzeeyo ku misingi egyasooka era nti amateeka agaasooka geesigamya eddiini. Endowooza ze zaaleetawo okukaayana ku ngeri okukkiriza nti Katonda yali mubereberye gye yandisobodde okulwanirira eddembe ly'omuntu. Thomas yakakasa nti eddembe ly'okwesalirawo lyalina lyalina lyali liba ttuufu.

Atori Ebiwandiiko (2006)

Samuel Alito, eyabuuzibwa Pulezidenti George W. Bush, yasoosa ebibuuzo ebikwata ku bufirosoofo bwe obw'eby'amateeka, naddala okunywerera ku nnukuta n'obuwandiko obwasooka. Alito yagamba nti yali akkiririza mu “bwesigwa mu byawandiikibwa n'okutegeera okw'edda,” naye bwe yabuuzibwa obanga enjigiriza ey'okusibuka mu sooka yali nkola yakyo yokka. Obujulizi 58-42, obwalaga nti obusosoze obw'amaanyi obwava mu langi ez'enjawulo. Endowooza za Alito mu mbeera nga Dobs v. Jackson’s Organization of Health[FLD:]2222]

Gor, Kavanaugh, ne Barrett Endendings (2017 - 2020)

Neil Gorfo yaggumiza nti yali mwetegefu okutuukiriza amakulu g'ekyasooka era abalamuzi abaagobereranga “Amateeka amalamu”. Brett Kavaugh bwe yali assaayo ennyo omwoyo ku nkola n'okusala emisango, yakakaatibwa nnyo endowooza ze ku bikwata ku buyinza n'okuggyamu embuto. Amy Coney Barrett, eyasooka okuba Scaliacard, yakkirizisaako endowooza nti Katonda ye yasooka okuluŋŋamya okunnyonnyola amateeka. Bino byonna ebisatu byakakasibwa nti “engeri y'okunnyonnyolamu ennukuta y'amateeka."

Enkaayana mu Lulimi Olutuufu Zikontana n’Enjigiriza n’Obutakkiriza Buwandiikiddwako

Enkaayana Zaagendera ku Kugamba nti Katonda Yatonda Ddi

  1. [[[NT:0] Empandika n'obulombolombo obusooka byongera ku musingi kwe kiba nga ttuufu --FLT - Origit] Kino kye kimu ku musingi omutuufu okutaasa ebizingirwa mu kunnyonnyola, era kikendeeza ku kabi akalaga nti abalamuzi bajja kudda mu kifo ky'amateeka. Obwannannyini buno bulaga nti amakulu g'amateeka tegalina kukyuka awatali kukyusa mu nkola ya nkola eya bulijjo.
  2. [[AKYONGERA] Obukakafu n'okuteebereza - nga bakkiririza mu makulu ag'olubereberye, abalamuzi basobola okuteekawo enfuga enjereere okumala ekiseera, ne kisobozesa abatuuze n'abakizi b'amateeka okwesigama ku lukalala lw'amateeka.
  3. [[[NKULU]] Judicial Edentit[ – Ekirala kikugira obuyinza bw'okusala emisango kubanga kiwaliriza okusala emisango ku matabi ga gavumenti agalondeddwa nga tegoogera bulungi. Kino kisikiriza abalonde abagamba obutuufu bw'amateeka obuteesiga mateeka.

Obutakkaanya Obutakwatagana na Kusooka

  1. [[NT:0] Kino emirundi mingi kizibu oba tekisoboka. Ebiwandiiko eby'ebyafaayo biyinza okuba nga biwandikira ddala, era nga bwe biwa obukakafu obuwagira kye bazudde. Abakubya mu byafaayo, bagamba nti kino kisobola okuleetera abalamuzi okweyisa nga bawa ekifaananyi eky'enjawulo.
  2. [[NKULA] Obusobozi obw'obutasobola kukyusa – Obweyamo obw'amaanyi ku makulu ag'olubereberye buyinza okuvaamu ebiva mu kukontana n'emitindo egya kaakati. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa endowooza eyasooka ekozesebwa ku kukyusaamu okwokubiri, kiyinza obutakwata ku bintu 21 ebibereberye ebikwata ku ttemu.
  3. Mu mpandika eya bulijjo [ - Exposition eyinza okukubiriza Kkooti okusiimula empandika ez'edda singa zikontana n'okutegeera kweyasooka. Okugunjamu Roe v. Wade mu Dobbs kye kyokulabirako ekisingayo obulungi, era abanoonyereza ku nsonga eyo bakireetera okuggya amateeka mu buwagizi era ne kikomya obwesigwa bwa Kkooti.
  4. Empuku ey'okwerobozaamu[ – Abamu bagamba nti abo abasooka beeyambisa enkola eyo okunoonyereza okulala, bwe babaako bye bawaanya, ate ne babileka nga byetaageza, nga byetaagibwa nga bizingiramu, oba nga bituukana n'obuyinza oba n'obukulembeze bw'eggwanga. Omulamuzi Scalia kennyini yakkiriza nti emirundi egimu ennukuta y'enkola y'enkola y'ekika kya bulijjo eyinza okuleetera abasoosa okukyawa enkola eyo, nga n'okusoma okuteeka mu bungi obwa Classione.

Endowooza y’Obwannaddiini ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso bya Kkooti Ekulu

Kkooti esinga obukulu bwe yeeyongera okugonjoola ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku kuggyamu embuto, okufuga emmundu, eddiini, n'obuyinza bwa bakulembeze, okutandikawo obwetwaze kijja kusigala nga kituukirawo mu ngeri ekkirizibwa n'okumanyibwa nti wafugibwa.

Okukendeeza Endowooza

Enjigiriza y'ekika kya limus efuuse ekigezo ku bannasayansi abamanyidde okukoma ku kunoonyereza nga bagoberera enkola eyo, so nga bwe kiba kisuubirwa nti egoberera enkola eya “Kansati ekola nga ssaamu” oba obutagoberera nnukuta eyo ey'okugisooka.

Okugaziya Enjigiriza y’Oluganda

Enjigiriza y'ekinnansi si y'eyo yokka etwalibwa ng'enkola eyo yokka yokka. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti “enkola ez'edda” (bagoberera enkola y'abataputa mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo) oba“ bukodyo obwasooka obwa musingi” (butwale ng'obukwasi bw'amateeka mu kifo ky'obukalu obulimu amateeka agateereddwawo). Ebiseera eby'omu maaso, enkyusa y'obuwangwa y'enkola eyo eyinza okuteekebwako essira, naddala ng'abasinga obungi ba Kkooti bwe bagoberera endowooza empya.

Kiviirako Okufuna Enkyukakyuka

Olukiiko olukulu lwakyusizza etteeka erikkirizizza etteeka, ne kikendeeza ekiwandiiko ekiba kikkiriziddwa nga 60 mu kifo kya bannakyewa mu 2017. Kino kyakifuula kyangu okukakasa abamativu ne bannassaayansi ne bwe baba nga tebalina buwagizi bwa bipartisan.

Okupikirizibwa mu Nsi Zonna

Endowooza y’obwannaddiini teyeesigamiziddwa ku Amerika yokka. Kkooti mu mateeka amalala aga bulijjo, gamba nga Australia ne Canada, ziwa endowooza za njawulo ku ngeri abantu gye baagobererangamu enkola eyo.

Obusobozi bw'okutegeera si njigiriza ey'ekirowoozo eky'okuziko ekitegeeza nti omutima gulina okuzitookebwa. Kwetaaga abalamuzi okuziyiza okukema okw'okusoma emitindo gyabwe mu mateeka era n'okukkiriza ensala z'abali tebagiagala.” – Justice Antonin Scalia (yayiyimirizibwa mu []] A nsonga ey'Okutaputa makulu]])

fundikira

Endowooza y'abantu ab'edda teri mu lukalala lwa bannaddiini; y'empandika esobozesa abajulirwa ba kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Okukulaakulanya okwo kulaga omukago gwa balamuzi mu demokulase mu Amereka. Abawagizi batwala enkola y'okusikirizibwa mu ntandikwa y'amateeka ng'engeri esingayo obulungi ey'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola ya demokulase era n'okukoma obuyinza bw'omutemu. Abaziyiza bawabulabu nti basobola okunnyonnyola ebiba bireeteereddwawo mu buwandiike obwa ssemateeka.

Amawanga bwe gagenda gakubaganye ebirowoozo ku ddembe n'obuyinza ebyabulimu, ennyinnyonnyola y'enkola eyo eyinza okukolebwa okusobola okugoberera enkola y'okukakasa buli kkooti enkulu gye yateekawo. Amawanga bwe ganeeyongera okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ddembe, okwenkanankana, n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti, ekiwandiikizo eky'okuginnyonnyola kijja kweyongera bugyongerako. Amatumu geeyongera okukakasa nti omuntu ajjukirwa gaba galina ebibuuzo ebikwata ku makulu ag'olubereberye, ebyafaayo, n'ebiragiro ebituufu eby'okunoonyereza ku nsonga. Abo abayinza okunnyonnyola n'okulwanirira obufirosoofoofoofo bwabwe obwasooka, bajja kuba na mugaso nnyo nga ddala.[1] Wadde awo abo abagaana okubutegeera obulungi amakulu amalala ag'omutindo oguva mu mateeka.

Okumanya ebisingawo ebikwata ku ndowooza y’abalamuzi n’ekifo kye balina mu kunoonyereza, lowooza ku bintu bino wammanga:

  • Antonin Scalia, [[NKUMENTI] Ekitegeeza amakulu g'ensonga: Federal Courts ne ' [1997] – University Press
  • Randy E. Barnett, Erat Constitution: Okukakasa eddembe n'obufuzi bwa “Twe bantu” (2016 – [[FLT:]]] omukutu gwa [[FLT]]][FLT]]]
  • “ Ekiragiro kino n'amateeka ga Amerika" – [[[AK'AKULUUMENTI]] Ekitongole Ekikola ku by'amateeka [[[Akabonero 1]]
  • “ Ekiragiro kya 'Foderation Society' n'okutandika kw'obulombolombo obwa bulijjo” – [[AKK:0]SCOTROM[[KITANDIKI]]