Okutegeera Obumu mu Ntambula za gavumenti

Enjigiriza eno esinziira nnyo ku mateeka ga Amerika. Empalana zisobola okugaana abawagizi okuvunaanibwa awatali kuggula bigambo byabwe. Nga basinziira ku nkola z'eby'entambula ez'omu kibuga, ku ggaali z'omukka, ku mbiro z'abaddukanya, ne ku magaali g'abasaabaze agaddukanya emmeeri ne ku maatoowa ga gavumenti, bye bireetawo obwawuka olw'okubawanya kwa bantu. Ababeezikosebwa n'abakozi bagwa mu kabi, abakozi nga bafunye enkalubo, oba abapangisa ssente ezisasuliddwawo ziyinza okusanga nga bye bagamba bikongoosebwa mu mateeka g'Olungereza n'okuteekkumi n'etaano n'abasaze.

Olw'okuba ab'obuyinza bannakyewa ba gavumenti oba gavumenti ey'omu kitundu, bajja kufuna obukuumi buno obwa nnawookeera. Kyokka, enjigiriza eyo si ye nnamba. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, abaami b'ebitongole n'abalamuzi baayiiya enkola ez'enjawulo, ne kkooti ezikola ku by'entambula ne siteeyisa, era ne bakakasa nti abantu abagirimu bye baagala okukola bituukagana n'ensonga mu mateeka. Abakugu bannakyewa, abaddukanya emirimu, era n'abakuwagira mu nkola ey'ekitongole kino kibeetaagisa okulonda, okusobola okutaasa, era n'okukakasa nti abantu abangiddwakosebwako obwenyago bafuna obuzibu mu ngeri ey'okusala omusango gye baba babadde bawanyisa.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo n’Ez’Etteeka

Omukutu ogw’Akakkumi n’Akataano n’Enjigiriza Eyasooka

Ekiragiro eky'okwefuga mu nsi eyo kikkirizibwa mu 1795. Amateeka g'ensi yonna gaagamba nti "kabaka tayinza kukola kikyamu kyonna," era nti engule teyinza kusalibwa awatali lukusa. Oluvannyuma lwa ssemazinga wa Amereka, gavumenti yakkiriza enkola eno. Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusaamu eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano eky'okubiri kyakkirizibwa mu 1795, era nga kyeyongera okuggumiza obuwagizi obutalya ensalo ya gavumenti okuva mu kkooti y'eggwanga eriwandikidde abantu ab'amawanga amalala. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, Kkooti eyo yagaziyatibwa ne bassawo essumbirira mu kkooti y'ensi emu singa ekkiriza gavumenti okuba n'ebiwandiiko ebigifuga.

Obukuumi buno butuuka ne ku bitongole bya gavumenti ne ku bitongole ebikozesa enkola, nga mw'otwalidde n'eby'entambula ebya gavumenti. Ensonda eza University of California v. Doe (1997), kkooti yakikakasa nti olukukusa lw'embalo olw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano olw'okuwerezebwa kw'amateeka lukubisaamu ebintu ebifuga oba ebizirinako obuyinza obw'okukusengukira oba okugusibwa wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti. Okukebereza ku ngeri gavumenti gye eyinza okusaliramu etteeka eriko, ekitongole ky'eggwanga n'okukikozesa obutundu obutereevu, n'obukkirizo obw'okuwagira entegeka y'eby'eby'omulimu.

Enkula y’Obutonde: Eggwanga n’Obuteefuga

Mu kkooti ez'ekkumi n'omusanvu, gavumenti tezirina muntu yenna akkirizibwa kulwanyisa endwadde ezo. Mu kkooti z'ensi, zeesigama ku bantu aba bulijjo abasobola okulwanirira eddembe lyabwe ery'okwefuga. Amawanga mangi gawambye oba gakyusa amateeka. Ebitongole by'eby'entambula ebyayingizibwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga biyinza okugattika oba enjawulo zombi. Omuntu azannyibwa vidiyo ayinza okutaatawaanya ebigambo nga awawandiisibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti, naye singa obuyinza obwo obutwalibwa ng'omukono gwa gavumenti, ekyo kiyinza okusalibwa mu kkooti y'ensi eyo.

Engeri Omufuzi w’Obuyinza bw’Okukozesa Ssente Ezikozesebwa mu Nkulaakulana y’Entambula

Ebitongole Ebigaba Obuddukiro ng’Eggye ly’Eggwanga

Okusobola okumanya obanga ab'obuyinza mu by'entambula bakkirizibwa okwetongola, kkooti zekebedde enkola yaayo. Enteekateeka ya bbaasi eyatongodde ekolera ku gavumenti ya siteriimu y'ekibuga, era nga teyetaaga bukuumi bwa gavumenti. Kyokka, ab'obuyinza mu kitundu ekitambula ekyateekebwawo gavumenti y'empandika y'eggwanga esobola okukifuga nga omukono gwa gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Washington Metrolitan Transitan Authority (WMA), ekyakolebwa mu ntegeka ekitongole ekitongole ekifuga gavumenti, era nga kiwandikiddwawo obuteeyambiyambisibwa abakungu mu ggwanga okusobola okuziyiza obuteesitemu obwo. [[FFLT:0][FFF:1][8]

Ekiragiro kino bwe kisalawo ku nkula y'ensi, entegeka y'esobola okubaamu. Singa omusaabaze agwa ku kasawo akayita ku mpuku eyita mu mpuku, ayinza okutuuma ekitongole ekitwala abantu gy'ali nga omuwayi. Ekitongole kino kiyinza okwanguyiriza okugoba ekibiina nga kisinziira ku bukuumi obufuga obwa nnawookeera. Kkooti eyo ekebera engeri ekitongole gye kiyinza okussaawo amateeka, endagiriro y'eby'ensimbi, n'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga. Singa okulwanyisa obusosoze obwo bukwata ku nsonga eyo, omuyizzi ayinza okutunuulira nga station stary waarsers oba aw'awufu.

Ebiraga nti Teboogera ku Nkola za Bannamukadde

Omufuzi w'obutonde bwonna akkiriza okutwalibwa mu kifo ekimu ku bantu:

  • [[AGUMENTI]] Okwelumiriza n'okufiirwa:[[AK:1] Obubenje obuva mu kuddukanya bbaasi, eggaali z'omukka, oba okulemererwa okuddawo kw'ekitongole ekyo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Obubonero wakati w'okusalako ekigambo:[[AK'AWULA] Obwo obusosoze, okwesasuza, oba okusasuza abakolera mu budde obw'essaawa ez'empandika.
  • [[NKULULA] [:0] Enkaayana:[[FULT:1] Enkola eya basuubuzi, kampuni ez'okuzimba, oba enzikkiriza.
  • Ebiragiro [[NKULA]] Etteeka erilagira nti obusobozi bw'enkalo n'obubonero obukolebwa aba puligaapa ezitambuza ebya bulijjo bitegekebwe mu ngeri nti obusosoze obw'ekika kya bulaga nti obuwandike obw'ekika kya langi n'obubonero obukkirizibwa okukolebwako.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Kino kikyusa ebiva mu kufiirwa obungi mu mmotoka ez'eddawo.[[AK'AKATANDIKWA] Obungi bw'enyongeza bw'ennamba ezikolebwako ereme okugootaana n'emmotoka ezitambula oba ez'ekika kya nzivvuunuzi.

Mu buli kipande, omuwawaabirwa ayinza okugamba nti tavunaanyizibwa ku bikwata ku nsonga, ng’awaliriza kkooti okukebera obanga waliwo agiwabula.

Enjawulo n'Ebigambo Ebiba Bizzeewo: Ekkubo Eridda mu Kuvunaanibwa

Olukalala lw’Emisango Egikolebwa mu Federal Tort

FTCA (28 U.S.C. 7646 (b), 2671-2680) kye kintu ekikulu ekikozesebwa okusumula gavumenti y'ensi eyo ekolera abakozi baayo mu kifo ky'abagizi baayo. Wadde ng'obukiiko obuddukanya enkola ya gavumenti tebuli mu ntegeka ya gavumenti, akawayiro aka FTC kawandisizza gavumenti nnyingi mu kifo kyayo. Mu mpandika y'omulimu, United States ewandikibwa obuteesitemu obuwagizi bwa gavumenti okwewandisizza mu mirimu gyo egy'obuteesoke oba egiva mu busobozi bw'abasibe. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza nti, mu gavumenti y'ebitundu ebitegekebwamu. Askarkirki ate mu kifo eky'okuva mu kifo eky'okuteekawo obutuufu mu nsonga eziragiddwamu, gavumenti y'ebaddemu ku nsonga eyo, gavumenti y'ekkiriza ku nkola y'amateeka.

Endowooza z’Ebikolwa n’Abakozi Abali ku Ngulumivu

Buli gavumenti yateekawo ekikolwa eky'ekika ekimu eky'okutaasa ekiwayibwa ekiwandiikibwa ekiwa abawagizi ba gavumenti olw'okweyisa nga bwe baagala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ya California'ebadde California'ebadde ``'] Ekiragiro ky'ewawawaanya ebigambo ebireetebwawo . Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa okumenya olukalala lw'amateeka okumenya olukalala olw'eggwanga mu myezi mukaaga nga teruwadde kakisa. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kiwandikiro kiwawawa omukisa okusa omusango. Gavumenti endala ziteeka ekko ekko ekkosero, oba okugaana ebiteesokko ebiba by'ebyo ebiyinza okuleetebwawo ebbaawaawebwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitundu bingi bikuuma bye boogera ku "ssolutiontion" nga tebinnakolebwa, nga zisalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku ku ku kutegeka ekkubo oba okuteekawo empalagibwa. Ebitongole ebigamba okuyimirira okuyimirira okuyimirira okuyimirira mu kiyinza okuyimirira mu kiyinza okulagira okufulumya ebba ng'okufulumya land.

Okwewaggula kw’Amateeka

Congress esobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya bw'ensi eno bw'ebeera wansi w'Olukalala 5 ku nteekateeka ey'okuteekawo (empandika eya 14th Amereka ekiwandikiro kyenkana kikuuma era ne enkola eyandikulembedde). Ng'ekyokulabirako, wansi wa mutwe VII ku kiteeso kya Civil Rights Act(okusosolwa kw'emirimu) oba Abaamerekamu (ADA) bayinza okuwangula obuwaze bw'eggwanga. [[FL:], Kkooti enkulu ya Amerika ekkiriza nti abakozi tebasobola kusasula ssente mu ADA. Naye, mu nteekateeka za gavumenti, ezikkiriza obuddukiro, obuddukiro obutereeze obwateekebwa mu [FFON][FOL] [2001] [2001], olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga olukulu olw'okukka wansi w'ekitongole ekyo kye kiyinza okusobozesa abakozi okuziganya okulongooka mu nzigesaawo z'obutebe obwo okukka. Naye, olwo gavumenti ziyinza okubaamu obuteetaasebwawo.[5]

Kkiriza okussuka mu ssematalo eya Transit Agency's Eneanogn Act

Amateeka agamu agafuga omufuzi ow'okutwala abantu nga gazingiramu emirundi egisukka mu gumu egisobola okukkirizibwa. Olulimi olwo luyinza obutafaanagana. Olulimi olwo bwe luba "Bavunnaalo bayinza okusemba ne balwogera." Kkooti zigamba nti olulimi ng'olwokka teruyinza kugobererwa yokka.s reseece, umb. Morris v. New York City Transit Authority[[[FLM:1]] [N.Y. 1986] Kyokka, olulimu olwo terubadde lwa maanyi nnyo okulaga nti tteeka eririna kufuga.

Ebiwandiiko eby’Obulimba eby’Abawaayiriza n’Okwerwanako

Eri Abawolereza: Okuvvuunuka Obukuumi Obutasobola Kulwanyisa

Okusobola okutegeeza obulungi ab'obuyinza ku ngeri y'okutambuzamu abantu, kyetaagisa obukulembezi obw'obwegendereza. Abakozi ba gavumenti bateekwa okumanya ekiwandikiro kyennyini ekifuga gavumenti, okukakasa obanga eremeddwa okutambula, ate oluvannyuma n'ozuula agiziyiza. Ebisaanyizo ebisobozesa okutambuza bye bino:

  1. [[AK'AWULA:0] Kano kakireetera okunoonyereza ebikwata ku n'ennamba ey'omu mateeka:[[[NTANDIKA]] Katundu ke katwala bureete bwa ssemazinga oba kya ssawanya? Kebera amateeka n'amateeka agakwata ku nsonga.
  2. Omuntu bw'aba [[AK'akola:0] n'atuukiriza ebisaanyizo ebiri mu mabanga:[[[Act:1] ensi nnyingi zetaagibwa okumanya ebyo ebizingirwamu wakati w'ennaku 60 ne 180.
  3. [[AKMENTI:0] Kino kitegeka nti ekiragiro kisalawo eby'okuyisa obutereevu eby'okumenya amateeka: Kino kitegeka nti embeera bw'ewandikidwa oba ebiragiro ebirala ebisaanira. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kivil Rights Act eya [ K'Akakwanti ya 'UNIL] ey'oku ntik'omulimu ya 1871 (42 U.S.C. . . 1983) Kikkiriza okussawo olukalala oluba eri mu gavumenti naye tewakkiriza okumenya amateeka agafuga amateeka.
  4. [[Act:0]] Akawayiro kaleetera ekiragiro okulaga obubonero obutali butuufu:[ Okwewala ebiwambe. Laga nti ekiwandikiro kiwandikiro bye kikola tekiri ku mulimu ogwa waggulu ku gwa bulijjo.

Abalwanirira: Okwekuuma n’Okukuuma Omusannyalaze

Ebitongole ebikyusa abantu biteekwa okuteekawo enkola ey'okuziyiza obuteefu okusobola okusumululwa. Eby'okulwanyisa bisobola okuyimizibwa wansi w'obufuzi bwa Federal Procedure 12(b)(1) olw'obutaba na buyinza bwa muntu yenna. Ensonga enkulu eziyinza okweyimirizaawo okwerwanako:

  • Obujulizi obulaga ensengeka y'ekitongole kino: Affidavits eziraga endagiriro eziraga endagiriro ezikozesebwa mu by'eggwanga, okulonda ab'ebiwandikiro okuva ku gavana, era ne gavumenti ekolamu enkola ey'okuzza enviro ku mukono okulaga enfunze.
  • K'[[:0] Kayisaliriyo enkola eyo ereme okugobererwa kubanga omuwaabi wa gavumenti tagitereka bulungi mu kiseera ekituufu.
  • Omulimu [[:0] Argue Ogufuga enkola ey'okukifuula ky'omanyi:[[[NKUMBO:1] Bw'obanga onoonyezesezza ekirowoozo eky'okuteekateeka, gavumenti esalawo nti tesobola kuziyiza kiwandikiro kyonna kiryoke kikolebwewo.
  • Ebirungo [[NKULULA]] Ebiva mu kugobamu: Wadde ng'okutafuna ebiva mu nkola ya kkopu ez'okwerinda kiyinza okukkirizibwa, ebiba bikosebwa biyinza okukkirizibwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitundu bingi ebiva ku kiwandikiro kiyinza okugaana enkola ya gavumenti okuzuula ebibiba ku mitemwa egitali gimu nga doola z'Amerika 500 oba ntono.

Okuteekawo Etteeka Erikwata ku Bulagirizi

[[AK'AWULA]F.D.C. v. Meyer[[:1] [AK'AWULA] (1994]

Ekitundu ekyasooka bwe kiba kyogera ku F.D.C. v. Meyer, kyeyongera obungi. Mu ngeri eyo, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti FTCA''s erroyawn'okufuga tewaba na buteetwa ku mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kivumirira enkola ya politi ekifuga enkola ya FCC mu kifo ky'okumenya amateeka agafuga enfuga oba okumenya amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kivumirira enkola ey'okwerinda obugendamu. Singa omuteesiteesi kimenya amateeka agobererwa mu kifo kya poliisi, FTCEN kikkirizibwa; mu kifo ky'ekifo [FFFFF:] kinnet'ekikolwa eky'omukimu, ekikolebwa mu kifo eky'okumenya amateeka. [5][3]

[[Act:0]HILSborough County v. Automated Medical Laboratories, Inc. (1985)]

Omusango guno gwali guwagirwa oba nga okulemesa gavumenti okwefuga gulina amakulu. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abo abaziyiza eddembe eryo bateekwa okuba nga bategeera bulungi era nga tebabuusabuusa. Omusingi guno gukwata ku b'obuyinza obutwala bantu: etteeka erikwata ku bantu nga "obusanyufu oba nga bagusembye" mu mateeka ga gavumenti teriyinza kuziyiza buli kimu ekimenyebwawo. Kkooti zijja okwetaaga olulimi olutegeerekeka obulungi.

[[Act:0] Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman[ (19984)]

Omusango guno ogwali gukwata ku kipimo ky'etteeka ery'enkomeredde mu kkooti ya gavumenti eya 12. Kkooti yagamba nti kkooti ya gavumenti tesobola kulagira bakungu ba gavumenti kugondera mateeka ga gavumenti. Okutwala abantu mu kifo ekyesudde kitegeeza nti singa omuteesiteesi atwala obuyinza obw'okusitula mu kkooti y'eggwanga olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, kkooti tesaanidde kufuga mu mateeka. Omusango ogwo gulina okutwalibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti.

[[AGUMENTI]OWENS v] Kino kibuga Oklahoma[[:1] 202]

Mu nsonga eno ey'ekkumi, omusaabaze yasonga ku buyinza bw'ekibuga obw'okuva mu kabi ka bbaasi. Kkooti yakebera obanga obuyinza obw'okutambula nga luvanyuma lwa bbaasi bwali mukono gwa gavumenti. Yakola ekigezo eky'ensalo: (1) oba nga gavumenti yandisobodde okusala omusango; (2) ssente z'abantu ne okwesalirawo; (3) oba gavumenti ekola omulimu gwa gavumenti; (4) oba ekipimo eky'okufuga; (5) oba nga ekibiina ekyo kyakolebwa gavumenti; ne (6) oba nga ekintu ekyo kyakolebwa gavumenti; oba nga kyakusobola okutwalibwa ne kitwalibwa. Kkobukiiko kyazuula nti enteekateeka y'omulimu terina buyinza ku ggwanga era oba n'okusalawo kwalwo.

Obuyambi mu Kugaba n’Okutuusa ku Batambuzi

Kakwate ka Kabi ne Yinsuwalensi

Abafuzi ba gavumenti batera okugula yinsuwalensi ey'omutawaana. Mu magatte mangi, okugula insuwalensi ezitakkirizibwa ku mateeka. Kino kikubiriza abakwasiddwa enkola okukuuma ebbeeyi. Kyokka, abawagizi batwala buwere okusuubira nti ebibakwata ku nkuumi y'emu okusobola okubituukiriza nga bagoberera enkola eyo. Singa ab'obuyinza ab'ensitulimu beekweka ssente zaabwe, bayinza okuzekuuma ne batawangulwa ku nkola eyo. Abakulembeze ba ba baa agenyi ba gavumenti okukolagana n'amateeka okusobola okukakasa nti insuwansi zikkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Nfuba Okuvvuunuka Ebizibu

Olw'okuba abo abawayiriza bayinza okwerwanako bokka ku nsonga eyo, abo abawandiisi bayinza okuba n'obusobozi obw'amaanyi nga baakatandika okukima. Abasalizi bayinza okukkiriza amabanja agatono okwetaasa akabi ak'okugobererwa. Kyokka, singa omukungu abaako ky'asobola okulaga omukuumi w'oludda olutuufu, akakiiko kayinza okusembera okwewala enziragiro ezibanguyirwa oba enziragi ez'amaanyi. Embalirira ey'okweyimiriza eva ku kyama, gyawukana n'eyo eyinza okusalibwa obutereereze.

Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka mu Kitongole ky’Eby’Obukulembeze

Gavumenti ezimu zituuse ku bantu abatasobola kukuumibwa mu by'entambula ya gavumenti olw'okuba zimanyi nti abasaabaze tebasaanidde kulekebwa nga tebalinawo ddagala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, oluvannyuma lw'obubenje bwa ptuttle ya ggaali y'omukka, sirvey yakyusa amateeka ga gavumenti okusobola okwongera obubaane bw'entambula ku butebenkevu mu by'entambula. Kyokka, gavumenti endala ziremesezza nnyo okukuuma ensimbi za gavumenti okusobola okukuuma ebbeeyikeko. Ebibiina by'abasaabasaabasaabaabaabaabaabaabaabaabaabaabakosefu, bigamba nti, akabi kasobola okuteeka mu bantu abeeyambi abeeyambibwa mu by'eggalo, era nga tebalina ngeri ndala ey'okwegamya. Obuzibu obuliwo wakati w'obugunjukivu n'okukwata ku nsonga z'obwenkanya bweyongera okuleetawo okuleetawo okuleetawo okugo.

fundikira

Omuntu akyetongoza aw'obudde kisigala nga kizibu nnyo okulemesa enkola y'eby'entambula okugobererwa. Emisingi gyayo mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'enamu n'emirala gisobozesa ebiwandikiro okuteekawo ebiruubirirwa eby'enjawulo. Obuwanguzi mu mateeka okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu by'abantu, bulina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukuuma obutebenkevu n'okutuukiriza emitindo gy'enkyukakyuka. Abasaabaabaabaabaabagabuzi n'abakozi, basinziira ku ku ku kusasula ssente entono naye nga tebagyereseeko. Ng'obusibe bwe bugenda bweyongerayongera kwa Pritive, n'enkunsi z'obuwagizi bw'eby'abakuumi mu n'obutongole, obuwandikiro bujja kweyongera okukolako n'okugobeeyambiza abo abagoberera enkola zino. Okumanyisa amateeka n'okugobereza mu kiseera ekituufu ku mateeka, n'okusala omusango mu nsonga z'okusala kw'amateeka.