Okutegeera obulungi ensonga ekwata ku kuteebwa kw'obwetwaze kikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri amateeka ga Amerika gye gakuumamu gavumenti obutakwatibwa kkooti. Ebika bibiri ebikulu weebiri: obukuumi bwa gavumenti obw'okwefuga n'obw'okufuga. Mu kitundu kino, tukebera enzigi, empandika za gavumenti, enjjulule, enfuge ez'enjawulo, era zikolera wansi w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti obw'enjawulo. Enjawulo eno erina akakwate n'ensonga ez'amaanyi eriwo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Mu kitundu kino, tukebera ebiwandiiko, ebizikwatako, ebiva mu n'ebifo ebigaba bya gavumenti, ebigababibibikkuusibwa ebiwa obulagirizi abakugubwa, abayizi, n'abo abaagala okutwalibwa mu mateeka.

Obumu obw’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna Kye Ki?

Omufuzi w'obutonde bwonna njigiriza eremesezza gavumenti obutasalirwa musango awatali lukusa. Enjigiriza eyo egoberera etteeka lya Bungereza erifuga abantu, eririna amakulu ag'okusala enguudo ezizingirwa ku ngule. Oluvannyuma lwakatemba wa Amerika, Amerika yagoberera omusingi guno naye n'erongoosebwa okusobola okuyingiza obufuzi bwa gavumenti mu ntegeka gye bwagattibwa wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga ne gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyo eraga nti gavumenti, ng'ensibuko y'amateeka, tesaanidde kufugibwa nkola ya bulijjo ey'okusala emisango okuggyako nga yeewaddeyo. Mu bbanga eritali lya wala, kkooti ne gavumenti zikoba nga zikozesezza enkola eyazo okusobola okuziyiza obutali bwenkanya, naye omusingi gusigalawo: obutebenkeze bufuga kye kintu ekiremesa okuzingirwa mu ku gavumenti.

Mu Amerika, okulwanyisa obulyi bw'ensawo ezikugira ennyo okulwanyisa endwadde kukolebwa kireetawo ebibuuzo bingi ebireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku gavumenti y'Amerika. Omuntu bw'akuuma obuwangwa bw'eggwanga, obutongole obufuga, n'obukulembeze bwaalyo, akuuma gavumenti. Omuntu bw'akyewa akuuma gavumenti, ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'abakungu ba gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kireetawo ebibuuzo eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku ddi era ne wa gye kiyinza okuggya gavumenti mu nkyukakyuka. Okutegeera nti enjawulo eriwo y'obujjanjawumu, kireetawo obujawumbi bw'obujaasi olw'obujjanjawuka olw'obuyambi bw'obuyambi bw'obuyambi bw'obuyambi bwa gavumenti.

Obumu bw’Empisa z’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Ekiragiro kino okusobola okugonjoola ensonga z'okufuga kyasibuka mu Kkooti ey'omu Amerika ey'ekkumi n'omusanvu. Eky'okukyusa okwo kwali kukkirizibwa ku kusalawo kwa Kooti enkulu mu Cholm v. Georgia (1793), kkooti gye yakkiriza nti omutuuze wa South Carolina asobola okuweza eggwanga mu kkooti y'ensi. Ekiragiro kino kyayisa mu ttuluba lya Georgia mu bwangu okuzza ennyinyonyi za gavumenti ez'omu Amerika okuzza ennyimba ez'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka okuzzawo ennyimpiro mu mateeka atali mu ggwanga. Kkomyokereza k'enkola ya United States edditoosebwa oba okumenya amateeka aga United States.

Wadde ng'ebiwandiiko bya Ekkumi n'etaano eky'ebbanja bye bakyogerako nga biteekeddwamu ebbanja ly'abatuuze ab'omu ssaza, kkooti enkulu etwala ebigambo ebyo okuba omusingi gwa buli muntu aleme okufugibwa gavumenti. Wadde nga kitataagitaagibwa, emyoyo tegikusigibwa na masasusi agareetebwa abatuuze mu kkooti y'ensi eyo, era n'egaani mu kkooti y'eggwanga okuggyako nga gavumenti ekkirizza. Enjigiriza eyo egaziyitiddwa okukuuma ebibiina bya gavumenti n'ebitongole ebitwalibwa nga "magye ga gavumenti ga gavumenti."

Ebigaba Obuyambi eri Omufuzi w’Obufuzi

Wadde nga kiri kityo, okulwanyisa obusosoze si kye kintu ekikakafu.

  • [[NKULA]] : Gavumenti eyinza kyeyagalire okuggyawo obusobozi bwayo obw'okwefuga nga ewansi. Waivers zisobola okunnyonnyolwa nga ziggumiziddwa. "okuyitira mu lulimi oba tteeka erya ssemateeka" ne bwe kiba nti kkooti tezikkiriza kufuna bantu kubaako be zireekaana. Ebimenye ebikolebwa ebirengo ebikkiriza enkola ez'okumenya gavumenti, ebitera okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'ebika by'ebiragiro oba ey'obusokero.
  • [[NKK:0] Okukkusa Kongress: Consert, mu mbeera ezimu, singa wabaawo amateeka agafuga enfuga n'okuteekawo amateeka agakkiriza empalana okutuuka ku masaza. Kyokka, obuyinza buno bubeera ku mateeka agateekebwa wansi w'Olukalala 5 ku lukalala olw'ekkumi n'ena mu kkumi na n'ekitundu, Constantives gye ekwasigira eddembe erifuga entegeka ya ssemateeka. SAMINOLE VER [196]], kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti Kkommenti Kko tegwa kiyinza kuziyiza kiwandikiro kya Kko kya Kkomero kukwata ku kukwata olukumbo lwa I (g. Claus.).
  • Suits Against Leta ervices (Edde ku njigiriza y'ekito): Court en' Ex pacece Young (1908) yawandiisa nti essomero eri eri erina omukungu akugira omukungu mu gavumenti okubaako ky'asalawo okukomyawo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti tekutwalibwa ng'eyetasaanidde eri eri eggwanga lyennyini. Ekyawaliwo kino kisobozesa abakungu okuwakanya ebikolwa nga tetukwasizza ku nkola ebibagirwa mu ku kitongole ekimu. Omukungu ayisa ng'omuntu eya waggulu ku buyinza bwe obukkirizibwa.
  • [[NT:0] Amateeka agamu mu ngeri ennuma ey'okufuga: Amateeka agamu aga gavumenti gakireetera empandika ezitabaganya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Abaamereka abalina akakwakkulizo akava ku bulema (ADA) era n'Aka 'Sall and Medical Letment' (FMLA) gasanyisibwa mu ngeri ennukuta ez'enjawulo, wadde nga obunene obwaka bwakkiriziddwa ku nsale ya kkooti enkulu empandika.

Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okukigaanira ddala enkola y'amateeka, olukalala lw'akyetongoozeddwa olwa 'Premince' mu mateeka kye ky'ekola mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Ebyo ebyawo ebyawombedwa ku kkumi na kimu gye byakamalibwawo, laba Cornell Legal Information Institute'ebitundu eby'ebitundu eby'empandika eya A1 eby'amateeka okuzuula ebikwata ku kkopi ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano .

Obumu ku Bufuzi bwa Disitulikiti

Obutafaananako gavumenti erina etteeka ekkakafu erifuga ente mu Amereka, gavumenti y'esobola okulwanirira eddembe ly'emitima emyesigwa mu kifo ekya 11 ekitegekebwa, gavumenti tekkiriza buwangwa buyinza ku mateeka ga gavumenti okugattika gavumenti y'Amerika. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yakkiriza nti gavumenti teyinza kusalibwa musango mu bujjuvu singa tewabaddewo gavumenti okuggyako nga Congryer stance emazeemu okutaasibwako kabi.

Ekiseera bwe kizze kiyitawo, Akakiiko akaateekawo amateeka agawerako agagaana abantu okuwaayiriza ekintu ekimu, mu ngeri eyo ne kisobozesa abantu okuvunaana gavumenti.

  • Act Tucker (1887): Etteeka lino liremesa okulwanyisa obuwangwa eri United States okusinziira ku mateeka, amateeka ga gavumenti, ebiragiro, oba endagaano eza gavumenti. Kkooti ya Tucker ewa gavumenti obuyinza ku ttabi ly'eggwanga lya Amerika okweyitirira ddala doola 500,000, ne ku kkooti za disiturikiti ezifuga ebiwandiddwa mu kifo eky'okwewandiisa mu Amerika. Kyokka, Akakwakkuli k'okufuga oba entegeka tegakkiriza kufuga oba kussaawo k'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Kkooti Kkooti eno ewandikiro etegeeza abantu abawandikiddwawo ssente ezisukka doola 500,000. Kyokka, ekireetera obuwandikirowo omuntu w'omulembedde okuziganya ebisale ebyo ebiba ku kiwandikibwa.
  • Acts (FTCA) (11966):[[FLTKA] FTCA ekiwayira ku abo abakwatibwa olw'okweraga obwa nnannyini ku buto, ebigamba nti abakozi ba gavumenti bakola nga bakolera ku mirimu gyabwe. Bisobozesa abakozi okukola ebibenje mu United States olw'obuzibu, oba okufiirwa ebintu oba okufa mu mbeera ezikyamu, omu ku buli omu n'akyewa akkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. FCA etwaliramu ebikolwa eby'enjawulo ebiva mu mirimu egy'entalo, n'eby'amalabya mu magye.
  • Ebirala ebifuga amateeka: Conseils tezisobola kukola mirimu gya njawulo nga mwe muli n'okugattibwa wansi wa mukutu ogw'amazzi amangi, akakwakkulizo aka Fair Labor Act, ne Act. Okugatta ku ebyo, [FLT]] Enjigiriza zikkiriza obutongole obwa bulijjo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, wadde nga kkooti gye buvuddeko okuko eyinza okuzikomyawo.

Engeri Ezikulu ez’Okufuga Byonna

Ekiragiro ekyo tekikyusa mateeka, wabula kya mateeka aga bulijjo nti nnannyini teyinza kusalibwawo nga takkiriziddwa. Ekyokubiri, abo abaziyiza obusobozi bw'okulwanyisa endwadde bakkirizibwa okubukuuma nga buli kiseera bafugibwa mu mateeka ate nga "batalina bukuumi bwonna mu Byawandiikibwa eby'amateeka. Kkooti ziyinza okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka abo abaziyiza gavumenti. Etteeka ery'okusatu, abatongole ba gavumenti tebaba na bukuumi mu ngeri gye baziyizamu gavumenti; tebalina bukuumi mu ngeri nti gavumenti y'emu n'e U.

Ekintu ekirala ekikulu kyew'okussaawo etteeka erikugira okukuuma emitindo gy'enfuga okusobola okusambisibwa. Gavumenti era eyinza okugaana abantu okuwa emboozi eziba ziwayiddwa mu kifo ekirala. Kyokka, gavumenti bw'etandika okusala omusango, tejja kukugira kuyingira mu kintu kye kimu.

Enjawulo ez’Amaanyi Wakati w’Eggwanga n’Omufuzi w’Obufuzi bw’Ensi

Wadde nga gavumenti n’ekitongole kya gavumenti kikuuma gavumenti obutatwalibwa mu kkooti, enjawulo eriwo wakati w’amateeka n’enkula yaazo n’enkyukakyuka ez’enjawulo, kikulu nnyo okutegeera enjawulo ezo okusobola okusalawo wa gye bayinza okulagira gavumenti okuba n’ensonga gye balina okuwaayiriza n’okulumiriza ani.

Ensumbi ey’Okufuna Obuzibu

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza enfunda n'enfunda nti Omuteesiteesi ogw'ekkumi n'ennya gulimu amateeka agafuga gavumenti agassa mu kkooti z'ensi era agassa mu kkooti z'eggwanga nga gassaddaaka nga gassa wansi w'obufuzi obwakulira mu ggwanga. Okulwanirira gavumenti tekukkiriza kwalina bukulembeze bwa gavumenti, kusinziira ku mateeka aga bulijjo agatasimiddwa mu Mateeka ga Buwandiike. Galimu gavumenti y'Amerika gaakyewa era gayinza okukkirizibwa mu kkooti z'eggwanga zonna ez'ekika kya gavumenti.

Obukuumi

Ekiyeegezo ekyetongodde kikuuma eggwanga, ebitongole bya gavumenti, n'abakungu ba gavumenti nga bakola emirimu gyabwe. Tebakuuma buwagizi bwa magyenya, oba ebibiina bya gavumenti, ebitwalibwa ng'eby'obufuzi obwawula gavumenti mu kifo ky'ebyokulwanyisa bya gavumenti. Obusobozi obuteekwako bukuuma gavumenti z'Amerika, entegeka zaazo, n'abakungu ba gavumenti nga bakolera ku buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe. Kyokka, abakungu ba gavumenti basobola okukkirizibwa mu buyinza bwabwe obwa bulijjo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti mu kifo ky'omulembelo [FLT][F:1][2]

Waiver n’Okulyibwa

Abakuumi b'obuyinza obufuga gavumenti balina okuva mu ggwanga eryo, ka kibe nga bataddewo mateeka oba nga bakkiriza embeera eziragiddwa mu nkola za gavumenti. Lingrces zisobola obutawangulwa mu gavumenti singa wansi w'Ekitundu 5 eky'ekkumi n'enamba eky'empewo, nga bagoberera enkola eyo. Ekiragiro bwe kibala nti gavumenti teyetongodde tekirina bukuumi mu lulimi olugonzebwawo, era nga kiyinza okuggibwawo mu lulimi olugobererwa olugobererwa gavumenti. Abakuumi ba gavumenti okukkirizibwa okulwanirira gavumenti, kwe kugamba nti gavumenti tezirina ky'ewanyisa kisobozesezza ku kuvumbula omutawaayi.

Ebitali bya Kika n’Enkola

Eky'enjawulo mu kussaawo etteeka ery'okwefuga ekiwandikiro ye Ex Young Enjigiriza esobozesa ebisasibwa okuweweerwa abakungu ba gavumenti obuweerero. Enjigiriza eno tekkiriza kubula ku ssente okuva mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Mu mpagiro za FTCA ne Tucker Act, abatementi ab'okwerinda ab'obuyinza bakkirizibwa okufuna ebitaago ebya kabuliikesebwa ssente, naye nga babaako ekkomo lya maanyi nga bakkirizibwa okuwerezebwako n'eby'okuva mu mulimu ogwa g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g g n'eyisi. Ekitongole ekifuga, obuttuttuka obukola ebikolebwamu ebikolebwa okusobola okukomyawo ebigezo ebiva ku bukulembeze obukulembeze obufuga, naye kkooti egoberera ensonga eyo enzikiribwawo.[FFFFFF][FFFF]]

Bye Bayinza Okukola

Mu ndaba ya paligitator, eky'enjawulo kisinga okuba eky'amaanyi. Omukulembeze agezaako okuwakanya etteeka oba enkola y'eggwanga mu buwandiike bw'ekitongole ekifuga gavumenti wansi wa Ex pacece Young mu kkooti y'ensi yonna okusobola okufuna etteeka mu kifo ky'okusalako gavumenti butereevu. Ekitaago kino kiteekwa okuzuula akakwate akalina okubeerako, ng'eggwanga lirina ky'erina okuzuula, nga gavumenti bw'erina okuwakana ebiwandise. Gavumenti eyinza okugaana gavumenti okukikolera wansi wa FTCA oba wansi w'obugayaanyi. Kyokka, gavumenti eyinza okuteekawo olukuuti olukuuti olumu olw'okwerwanako, era n'olupapula lw'ewatu lw'ewandikiro.

Okusobola okugeraageranya obutundutundu obulagira okukuumibwa kw'amateeka g'omu Amerika, ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka mu Amerika kiwa obulagirizi obwa bulijjo ku abo abaziyiza ebikemo ebyo.

fundikira

Enjigiriza ez'enjawulo ezikuuma obuteefu n'enfuga zikolaganira wamu: okukuuma ebibiina bya gavumenti obutakkirizibwa mu kukkirizibwa. Obuteefu bw'eggwanga busibuka mu muteeso gw'obufuzi ogw'enkuuvu mu nteekateeka ey'okufuga ey'okubiri n'enjigiriza ey'obufuzi ey'emirundi ebiri wakati w'ekika kya 11. Kyokka, gavumenti eremeddwa okuziyiza enkola y'amateeka nti Consert esobola okukomyawo. Enjigiriza zino zombi zigobeddwawo nnyo, gamba nga [[FLL:0] Ex erroup [FLY:1] Ex'errounce [[FLY:1] enjigiriza ya gavumenti ey'enjawulo n'eyo, n'eyo, era n'ensonga ez'okugigobeesingako. Kkootikko kya waggulu kiyamba okulongoosa ensa ensazeseteempala ensaze, era n'ensonga y'ensonga y'ensonga endala ezikwata ku gavumenti:[Foteeyinza okusobozesa okumanyisa obulungi okumanyisa obutuufu.[2]