Ensonga Lwaki Kkooti Zirina Okubaawo

Omuntu bw'aba avunaanibwa omusango oba bwe kiba nga kyetaagisa okugonjoola obutakkaanya, ekibuuzo ekisooka kye kitera okubuuzibwa: kkooti kiruwa ewuliriza ensonga? eky'okuddamu kisinziira ku kuba nti ensonga eyo ezingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti, amateeka ga gavumenti, oba byombi. Okutegeera enjawulo eri wakati wa kkooti z'eggwanga n'ez'eggwanga si ya bannamateeka bokka , kiyinza okuba eky'ensonga eri buli muntu yenna ayinza okwetaaga okuteekako endagaano, okusoomooza amateeka, oba okulwanirira etteeka erikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola obuvunaanyizibwa bwa kkooti mu lulimi olutegeerekeka obulungi, era kiwa obulagirizi mu ngeri gye ziyinza okuyisamu enkola ezo zombi.

Ebitundu by’Ekizimbe mu Kkooti Erifuga Obunene

Kkooti z'ensirimu ziwa obuyinza okuva ku Katundu III ak'amateeka ga Amereka. Zitegekeddwa okukola ku nsonga ezizingiramu amateeka, amateeka, ebika bya gavumenti, n'enkakakaanya wakati w'abantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo. Enkola ya sistemu eno etegekebwa mu mitendera esatu mitendera esatu:

kkooti Ezikongoza: Kkooti za Disitulikiti ez’Amerika

Waliwo ebibinja 94, nga buli emu ku byo erina kkooti za disiturikiti mu Amerika w'etandikira emisango. Omulamuzi omu yekka y'afuga emisango egisinga okusalirwamu, wadde nga giyinza okuzingiramu obukiiko obukola ku musango. Kkooti za disiturikiti zikola ku nsonga za gavumenti n'ezo ez'omumenyi w'amateeka zokka ezikwata ku nsonga za gavumenti.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Obumenyi bw'amateeka gamba ng'okubba banka, okutunda amalagala mu bitundu by'eggwanga, okukumpanya ku mikutu gy'ebiwayirizo, n'okumenya amateeka agafuga okubuuka mu nsi.
  • Obubonero [[[NKULULA]] obufuga enkola eyo bujjawo wansi w'amateeka g'eggwanga nga mw'otwalidde obulyi bw'emigabo, okwewandiisa ku buSsomero, enjawukana ezireetebwa obutereevu n'okutongoza ebitongole bya gavumenti.
  • [[[:0] Obubonero mu nkuta obufuga enfuga y'ebitundu ebya bulijjo obuba obwegattiddwa bw'eby'obufuzi mu bitundu eby'enjawulo era n'omuwendo gw'enjawukana gusukka $75,000.

Kkooti ez’Ebyasawo eby’Akaseti ez’Amerika

Kkooti 13 ez'Akajulirwa mu Amerika ziddamu okutunula mu misango egiva mu kkooti za disitulikiti mu kitundu gye zituula.

Kkooti y’omu Amerika Esingira Ennyo

Kkooti eno esalirawo abalamuzi mwenda abawuliriza okujulirwa okuva mu kkooti z'apikiriza, era emirundi egimu, okuva mu kkooti enkulu singa ekibuuzo kikwatibwako.

[[AKM:0] Awo, weyongere okuyiga ebikwata ku byuma bya kooti ebya sistemu.gov

Ebitundu Byayo mu Kkooti

Buli kitundu ku ebyo 50, nga kw'otadde n'ebitundu ebiyitibwa disiturikiti ebya Columbia ne Amerika, bye bikola nga kooti ezikyewa. Wadde nga waliwo enkola za gavumenti ez'enjawulo, sistemu ezisinga obungi zigoberera enkola y'emu ey'ebifo ebisatu ebifaanagana:

Kkooti z’Omusango (Eziyitibwa Ennene, Enkola y’Okukyalira Ebibiina, oba Enzijuvu)

Kkooti eziwozesa gavumenti ze mbalaasi z'abalamuzi b'omu Amerika era zikola ku nsonga ezisinga obungi nga mw'otwalidde:

  • [[Act:0] State trapments [ Kino kitegeeza misango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka okuva mu nsobi okutuuka ku mikutu egy'amaanyi nga ttemu, okubba, n'okukolako obulumbaganyi.
  • Etteeka ly'omu Maka [[Akatundu] liba '[[AK'] nga okugattulula obufumbo, okukuza abaana, okukuza abaana, n'okuyisa obubi mu maka.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] EMPANDULA[[AK'AWATANDIKWA] Muzingiramu by'oyawulirira, empandika, amaato okukuuma, n'obwesige.
  • [[NKULA] [[NKULA]] Empaka[[[KALA]], ebikosa omuntu ebibye biba bikoseddwa, enkaayana ez'ebyuma ebya bulijjo, n'obubenje obuba buliko nnannyini nnyumba.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obujeemu n'obw'okwesigama ku mateeka.[[Akabonero:1]

Amannya ga kkooti z’amateeka gaawukana okusinziira ku gavumenti: ng’ekyokulabirako, New York eyita kkooti Esingira Ennyo, ate California n’egiyita Kkooti Esinga Obukulu.

Kkooti z’Ebyasawo Ebiggula Obuyambi

Eggwanga nga 40 lirina kkooti ejuliramu ebyo ebisala emisango. Bwe watabaamu omutawaana guno, abalamuzi batwala obutereevu ewandiikiddwa mu kkooti enkulu.

Kkooti Enkulu mu Gavumenti

Kkooti zino zikola ku kujulira emisango egikwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti era zinnyonnyola amateeka.

[[Act:0] Ebigo ebya kkooti ez'eby'eggwanga ku National Center for State Courts[[KY'OKUMALIRA].

Omusango: Buli Kkooti ky’Ewulira

Julistion kye kigambo ekitegeeza kkooti mu by'amateeka ’sigira obuyinza okuwulira omusango. Kkooti ezifuga ekitundu kino ziba kkooti za ezikkirizibwa mu bulimu, naye kkooti z'ensi bwe zityo ziba kkooti za gavumenti enfuga [[. Enjawulo eno y'ennene. Enjawulo eno y'ennene.

Obulambo Obusinga Obunene

Kkooti ezifuga obukiiko bwa Amerika zirina obuyinza ku nsonga eziba zizzeewo wansi wa mateeka ga Amerika, amateeka ga gavumenti, oba endagaano. Kino kimanyiddwa ng'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Ebyokulabirako nga bino:

  • Era bye bawa biwaayiriziddwa wansi w’Akakiiko Akakwata ku Ddembe (42 Amerika .C. . . . . . . ..
  • Bujulizi obwabangibwa ku banki (obuzingiramu gavumenti za gavumenti ezikola ku butebenkevu).
  • Empalana n'obusobozi bw'okumenya amateeka agakolebwa mu kkooti.
  • Ebizibu ebizingirwa mu mateeka agakwata ku butonde bw'ensi, gamba ng'Akagaano aka Clangaan Water Act.

Okusinza okw’Enjawulo

Ne bwe kiba nti ensonga zeesigamiziddwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti, kkooti ya disiturikiti eyinza okukiwulira singa abatuuze baba batuuze ba gavumenti ez'enjawulo (enjawukana ez'enjawulo) era nga n'omuwendo gw'enkaayana eziba zizzeewo mu butaka gusukka doola z'Amerika 75,000. Etteeka lino likakasa nti abasirikale abali mu ssemasaza tebaako musango gwa kunnannyini. Kyokka, kkooti z'ensi yonna zijja kugoberera amateeka ag'ekika wansi wansi wansi w'enjigiriza ya Erie.

Concurrection

Ebitundu ebimu bya gavumenti byenkana wa, gamba nga obwangizi, amateeka ag'enjawulo, n'obw'obusango obumenyebwa gavumenti ya Amerika wansi wa dederal Tort Antiers Act. Mu ngeri y'emu, amateeka g'amaka, probate, n'eb'abamenyi b'amateeka bya gavumenti biba mu mbeera ya nnaddala. Naye ensonga nnyingi, naddala ezo ezizingiramu gavumenti n'eggwanga, ziyinza okufugibwa [ nga kitegeeza nti, zisobola okulonda olukalala lw'ebiragiro mu kkooti y'ensi oba mu kkooti.

Engeri Emirimu gy’Ennimi Gya gavumenti

Kkooti z'ensi zirina obuyinza bwa maanyi okuwuliriza omusango gwonna ogutali gwa kkooti za gavumenti. Kino kizingiramu enkaayana zonna ezijjawo mu ssaza ̱. kkooti z'eggwanga zinnyonnyola amateeka g'ensi, ebiragiro, ne ssemateeka wa gavumenti. Era zikwata ku misingi gy'amateeka aga bulijjo.

Ebintu Ebyajjawo ng’Enkumu mu kkooti

Wadde nga bannannyini kkooti zombi zigoberera enkola y'emu (umg., okusabibwa, okuzuulibwa, okwogerwako), waliwo enjawulo ya maanyi:

Ebikwata ku bugazi

Kkooti ezikola wansi w'obukiiko obukola ku nsonga eziba zikwasiddwa pulogulamu mu kitongole, Federal Rul of Criminal Procediture, ne Federal Rul Rul of Criminal Procediture. kkooti z'eggwanga zirina amateeka agaazo agaagyo ag'enjawulo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ezimu zigoberera etteeka eriri mu mpalo ̴ ekipimo ekifaananako n'eryawulo ̵, ate ebirala by'oteekako akakwate.

Okugezesebwa kwa Jury

Obusobozi bw'okusala omusango mu nkola zombi ez'abalamuzi, bulina okusalirwa emisango gya munnaggwanga oba egimenyese. Naye abalamuzi abasala emisango n'abalamuzi abasala emisango ku mabbali gaalyo basobola okwawukana.

Engeri y’Okukwatamu Apulogulamu

Mu nkola y'ekitongole kino, okujulira okuva mu kkooti za disitulikiti okugenda mu kkooti y'Akakiiko k'Akawumpuli mu Amerika, ate ne ku kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Mu nkola za gavumenti, enkola eyinza okuzingiramu kooti ey'ekika ekimu, ate oluvannyuma ensala y'eggwanga ebeere mu kkooti esingayo obukulu. Singa wabawo ensonga ezingiramu gavumenti, akakiiko k'eggwanga kayinza okweegayirira kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amereka okwejjukanya kkooti enkulu ’ kusalawo.

Ensonga bwe Ziba nga Zigenda mu maaso wakati wa Ssistemu

Oluusi abo abasala empalana bagezaako okusiimula omusango okuva mu ssemasaza okudda mu kkooti ya gavumenti.

Okutwalibwa mu Kkooti Ekola Ennyo

Omuwawawaabirwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti ayinza okuzza omusango mu kkooti ya ssaza singa omukungu oyo yaguteeka mu kkooti eyo. Kino kitera okubaawo mu misango egy'enjawulo egyali gizingiramu gavumenti. Okuguggyamu mu kiseera ekituufu era abo bonna ababa bamuwaayiriziddwa balina okukikkiriza.

Obumalirivu n’Ebyo Bye Tukozesa

Kkooti ezifuga ettuluba ly'abafuzi oluusi zigaana okuwulira emisango gy'eggwanga oba ebyo ebiba bizingiramu ebibuuzo by'amateeka oba ebyo ebikolebwa mu mbeera z'eggwanga, nga bigoberera enjigiriza nga [ omuvuzi [ n'ajjukanya oba Omuntu [[ Obumalirivu. Enjigiriza zino zissa ekitiibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka era ziziyiza empaka ez'at'aw'ebiteetaanyi.

Ebiwandiiko eby’Ebibuuzo

Kkooti ya gavumenti bw’eyolekaganye n’ensonga ezitagonjoddwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti, kiyinza okukakasiza ensonga eyo mu kkooti y’ensi yonna okufuna eky’okuddamu ekikakafu.

Okusala Omusango n’Ebiragiro

Engeri abalamuzi gye balondamu abalamuzi eyawukana nnyo ku ngeri kkooti gye ziddukanyaamu ensonga.

Abalamuzi Abafuga Obuwagguzi

Akatundu III kalonda omulamuzi era kakakasibwa n'Essemateeka. Abalamuzi abo balonda obulamu bwabwe bwonna nga bawalirizibwa okugenda. Obwetwaze buno bukolebwa kukuuma kusalawo okw'eby'obufuzi okutali kwa mulembe.

Abalamuzi

Abalamuzi ba gavumenti batuuka ku ntebe nga bayitira mu nkola ez'enjawulo: okulonda abantu ababa bazze ku bugaali oba abatawanyi mpalana, okulonda gavana oba okulonda (um'omutawana gwa Missouri). Ebigambo by'enkola bibaamu ebigambo okuva ku myaka mitono okutuuka ku bulamu. Era empewo nnyingi kwetaagisa okulonda buli luvannyuma lwa kiseera. Emirundi egimu okulonda okukolebwa mu ngeri egobererwa mu kubaako endowooza z'omu mateeka.

[[AGUMENTI] Okusoma ebikwata ku kulondamu enzivvuunuzi ey'ekika kya American Bar Association[[KY'OKUMALI].

Ebirowoozo eby’Omuganyulo Ebiganyula Abatuuze n’Obusuubuzi

Bwe tumanya enkola ya kkooti, kiyinza okuleetera buli kimu kye tukola okusasulwa mu kkooti okulaga oba nga ky’okoze kikulu nnyo.

Bizineesi n’Enkaayana Ebiri mu Buwandiike

Bizineesi etunda bakasitoma mu bitundu bingi eyinza okugaana akakaadi mu kkooti ya gavumenti singa ssente ezo ziba zisukka doola z’Amerika 75,000 era nga n’emikutu nga gya njawulo.

Amateeka Amazibu Abantu ge Bawa

Kyokka, singa omuwawawawawa atwalibwa ng'ekitongole kya gavumenti oba kampuni okuva mu ggwanga eddala, ayinza okuggibwawo.Plaintiffs ̱ bannamateeka batera okwagala kkooti ya gavumenti olw'emiganyulo egiva mu kuteekako olukiiko lw'abalamuzi, gamba ng'ebidiba oba amateeka agabawa obujulizi.

Eby’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Abawaabirwa bateekwa okumanya gavumenti ki ebalumiriza. Obumenyi bw'amateeka (umg., okubba emmotoka) bukwatibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Obumenyi bw'amateeka obwa gavumenti (eg., okubba empalana y'emmotoka) bukwatibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti, gye kitera okuba nga kikaluubirizizza obulagirizi obukwata ku kusalira omusango. Ebikolwa ebimu, gamba ng'okutunda ebiragalalagala, biyinza okusalirwa omusango mu nkola zombi nga tewambuddewo kabi olw'okuba gavumenti ne gavumenti zaawulawo buyinza.

Ebyafaayo n’Olugero

Enkola ya kkooti zino etandikira ku nkola y'ensi emu ey'ensi eyo. Abakoddooti baagala okuteekawo gavumenti y'eggwanga erina obuyinza obutono, nga bakubawula, naye nga bateekawo obufuzi obusinga obungi eri gavumenti. Act y'omu 1789 yassaawo kkooti esembayo era n'eraga ekkomyawo erina obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, Consert eyongera ku buyinza bw'ensi yonna, naddala mu bifo nga mu ddembe ly'obuntu, ne mu by'obusuubuzi.

Kyokka kkooti z’ensi zo zaava mu mateeka g’Abangereza n’enkiiko z’abapoliisi ezifuga ensi, era bulijjo ze zisinga okuwonjola ensonga ezikwata ku bulamu bwa buli omu.

Endowooza Etera Okukyamu

  1. [[AGUMENT:0] “ Kkooti Enkulu esobola okuwulira ensonga yonna. ̵[[FL:1] Bulimba. Kkooti esinga obukulu eriko ekkomo eriko entegeka eyasooka (e.g., empaka wakati w'ebitundu) n'obuyinza obwa gavumenti.
  2. [[AKMENT:0] “ kkooti ez'omu Meditereniyani bulijjo ziba nnungi. ̵[[[KY'OKUZIKOLA] Naye si bwe kibadde. Kkooti z'ensi ziyinza okuba nga zimanyidde amateeka n'ebikolwa eby'omu kitundu, era okuteeka obukwasiro mu kkooti ya gavumenti kitera okuba ekyangu okunnyonnyola era nga kya bbeeyi.
  3. .[[NT:0] “ bw'ofiirwa mu kkooti y'ensi, osobola okutandika mu kkooti. ̵ Emirundi egisinga obungi si kyekyo. Enjigiriza ya res jucata (presation) eziyiza okutongozebwa kw'ekigambo kye kimu. Kkooti ezifuga enfuga tezijja kuddamu kutwala nsonga mu bujjuvu mu kkooti ya gavumenti okuggyako nga waliwo ensonga eyagisalidwa mu mateeka.

Engeri y’Okuzuulamu Wa gy’Oyinza Okulonda fayiro

Bw’oba oyagala okutongozebwa mu mateeka, girira mu mitendera gino:

  • Kkiriza mu mateeka ekyo kye weesigamizza mu ebyo by’oyogera: Lye lyesigamiziddwa ku mateeka g'ensi yonna, ku Mateeka ga Mpuliziganya, oba ku mateeka ga gavumenti?
  • Weekebere ku ssente ezizingirwamu. Amakalala agalimu ebitundu eby'enjawulo gakkirize nti ezo ssente zisukka mu doola z'Amerika 75,000.
  • N’olwekyo, tusooke tufune obutuuze mu nsi ezitali zimu okusinga abo bonna abawayiriziddwa?
  • Lowooza ku nsonga z’ensi eziyinza okugeraageranyizibwa ku kuwaayiriza oba amateeka amakakali.
  • Okusalawo kusobola okubaako kye kukola ku mateeka n’ennyiriri eziriraanyewo, era ne ku kutuuka ku buwanguzi.

fundikira

Kkooti za gavumenti zikola ku kukolera awamu, buli emu esobola okusala emisango egiba gisaanira. Kkooti ezi disiturikiti ziwa ensonga ensonga ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'eggwanga era ezisattululwa wakati w'emigwa gya gavumenti, nga ne kkooti za gavumenti bwe zikolako ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu & ̱ buli lunaku. Okumanya olukiiko lw'alina obuyinza, singa ensonga ziyinza okusituusibwako, era engeri enkola ez'enjawulo gye ziwabulamu obulagirizi obw'amaanyi. K'oba oli nnanyini wa bya bizineesi eya bbankala, oba omutuuze w'amaka, oba omu ku nsonga ezikwata ku mu kkooti z'amateeka, osobola bulungi okukulembera enkola y'amateeka.