Okukaayana ku ngeri abalamuzi gye bategeeramu Amateeka mu luwano lwa Amerika olw'amateeka. Enjigiriza bbiri enkulu mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo kuno kwe kugattika obusimu obwa bulijjo ne obutabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi[. Okutegeera engeri gye bategeeramu enkola y'okunnyonnyola amateeka, kiyamba okuggyawo enkaayana ez'enjawukana mu nnyinyonnyonnyo. Wadde nga bafirosoofo bo bagezaako okukugira obusobozi bw'amateeka era ne bakakasa ensala z'amateeka so si ebyo omuntu by'ayagala, si byangu era tebya bulijjo. Ekitundu kino kikebera engeri enjigiriza ez'enfunze mu kusooka gye ziyinza okuleetawo enkaayanjo mu byafaayo.

Okutegeera Okutaputa Obuto

Enjigiriza y'ekika ky'obulombolombo erimu ennyinnyonnyola ezikwata ku nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka. Enjigiriza eyo ekakasa nti amakulu g'empandiika y'amateeka gaateekebwawo mu kiseera nga ya kutandika. Amakulu gano amanywevu gasaanidde okukaka abalamuzi leero era gasaanidde okukakaatika endowooza z'ekifirosoofo okubaawo ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 20. Obufirosoofo bwajjawo nnyo ku bikwata ku kikolwa kya Kkiiko kya Warren ne ku ku kusalawo okw'amaanyi okwa Roe v. Wade mu kiseera kya Wade.

Waliwo enjawulo nnyingi mu njigiriza egamba nti Katonda yasooka okutonda ebintu nga ebyo, naye ebiri eby'amaanyi bye bimu ekigendererwa eky'olubereberye ne[FLT]] amakulu ag'ennamba esooka [. Mu kusooka, abantu baagezaako okutegeera ekyo abagoberera enkola eyo kye baali bakkiriza mu mateeka. Enkola eno yalagibwa enjawulo wakati w'emitwe gy'emitwe gy'abalamuzi abasooka, ne gy'egw'empandika eya Robert Bork. Ekk'enjawulo wakati w'ensonga n'eyo, baabuuza nti omuntu ategeebbeeyisa mu kiseera ekya ratificity yali ategeera amakulu g'ennyiriri. Enkola eno emanyiddwa nnyo eyamanyibwawo olw'omanabiso, nga Anton Sciana, nga ne Trence ku bulamuzi bangi.

Abawagire ku Nsonga Zaabwe

Omulamuzi Scalia yagamba nti okukkiririza mu nkola eya demokulase ye ngeri yokka ekkirizibwa okutaputa ebikolebwa ku lukalala lwa demokulase. Nga bagoberera amakulu ga olubereberye, abalamuzi beewala okukakaatika emitindo egyabwe ku bwabwe era ne bawaliriza abantu okukakasiza ddala bye basazeewo okuyitira mu kubalonda oba okugatta enkuŋŋaana ennene. Mu kitabo kye Matter of Prevention[, Scalia yawandiika nti enjigiriza y'obulombolombo obwa Oluyonaani “ye kintu kyokka ekisobozesa tteeka okusigala nga kkulu ekiwandiiko ekiramu okufugibwa buli mu mulembe."

Omulamuzi Robert Bork, mu Okugoba America, naye kwavaamu ensonga y'emu, nga kuwakanya nti omuntu yenna ataava mu sooka teyandibeerako, kiviirako abalamuzi okusala omusango ku ntebe ennumenti. Endowooza ya Bork ey'obutabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi yabanga nnywevu: omulamuzi ateekwa okuteekako akakwate mu ntegeera kweyama y'omuntu kinnoomu wadde nga wabaddewo obutakwatagana. [FLT:]

Okutandikira Awamu Enjigiriza mu Kkooti

Enjigiriza y'Ekiyonaani yasibuka ku njigiriza z'enjigiriza ne yeeyongera mu nkola y'okulamuzi mu kuddukanya ebitongole ebya Reagan. Okutongoza Scalia mu kkooti enkulu mu 1986, okwagobererwa Thomas mu 1991, kwawa etteeka lya sinsi eyo eddoboozi erisimbye ku ntebe esingako obutebe. Mu myaka asatu egiyise, endowooza eyo ey'edda yalagibwa mu misango egy'enkyukakyuka, nga mw'otwalidde Delitreateur of Columbia v. Hella [FLD] [FLT] [2002] [2008], gye kyesigama ku makulu g'okukyusa kwa mu ntegeka okw'okubiri, okutegeera eddembe ly'ebyuma ebifuga. Brup York Refle & Polist:2]

Omusango gw’Okwewala Obutabaako Ludda lw’Owagira

Omuntu bw'aba taliiko ludda lwe awagira mu by'obufuzi, asalawo nti ensonga eziba zeesigamiziddwa ku mateeka tezirina kusinziira ku mitindo gya muntu kinnoomu, wabula ku mitindo gy'eby'obufuzi, ku mpisa oba ku kulumirirwa ekitundu ekimu.

Okussaawo okuteekawo olukiiko olukulu mu by'obufuzi mu mateeka kwava eri Profesa Herbert Wechsler mu kitundu kye kye mu 1959: “Emisingi gy'amateeka egifuga enneefuga enneefuga.” Wechsler yagamba nti Kkooti enkulu eteekwa okussaawo ensala mu “Misingi egyawula” egikwata ku buli nsonga ezifaananako ezo, wadde nga zikyasiikwa mu by'obufuzi. Yavumirira ensala y'Essomero z'Essomero [FLT:]brown v. Board of Education olw'okulemererwa okunnyonnyola emisingi ng'enjigiriza ng'egyo, wadde nga yawagira ekivuddemu. Twayongoberedde mu kuwa emboozi yaffe amakumi g'emyaka ku nsonga ezikwata ku ekyo.

Obutabaako Ludda Lwe Tuwagira mu by’Obulimba ng’Etteeka Erigaana Okusalira Omusango Omusango

Abawagizi bangi, obuteeyingiza mu bya bufuzi kiba kikontana n'amateeka. Abalamuzi balina okwawula endowooza zaabwe ku mateeka. Kino kyeyolekera mu kirango ky'okusala emisango, okwekubiira, era n'endowooza eziwandiikiddwa eziwagira ebyo ebiva mu bufunze olw'obuyinza obw'omu mateeka. Eky'obusosoze tekitegeeza nti etteeka lyennyini teribaako ludda lwe liwagira mu by'obufuzi.

Enjigiriza y'amateeka ekwataganyizibwa ne Henry Hart ne Albert Sacks, baggumiza nti amateeka nteekateeka ya balamuzi era nti abalamuzi basaanidde okulowooza ku misingi. Baagambanga nti abalamuzi tebalina ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi okusobola okukuuma obwesige bwa bantu mu kkooti. Abalamuzi bwe balabika ng'abazannyi ab'enkola eza bannabyabufuzi, obwetongoze bw'amateeka bwonna bukoma. Yigiriza ebisingawo ebikwata ku nkola y'amateeka ku ssomero ly'omu Harvard Law Today.

Enkyukakyuka mu Ntegeka y’Abantu wakati w’Eddiini ey’Ekiwandiike n’Eby’Okwesamba Oludda lw’Enzikiriza

Mu ndaba ey'ekika ekisooka, obusobozi bw'okukakaatika obunyoomi n'obutabaako ludda lwe buwagira mu by'obufuzi bikwatagana. Abalamuzi bombi bagamba nti abalamuzi tebalina kukakaatika mitindo gyabwe ku bwabwe. Enjigiriza eyo egamba nti ewa bukakafu ku makulu nga() bwe kiragibwa mu byafaayo. Omulamuzi bw'aba asalawo buteeberezebwa kutegeera bumanya ekyo Amateeka kye gategeeza nga yakkiriziddwa, ate emitindo gy'abantu kinnoomu tegirina kye gikola. Ekyo kyennyini Scalia kye yagamba: “Omulamuzi agoberera byonna ebivuddemu aba mulamuzi mubi."

Abakugu mu by'eddiini batera okuyita enkola yaabwe yokka ey'obutabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi. Ennaku ez'oku si , bagamba nti, abalamuzi batwala amateeka okuba nga tegalina makulu. Ekiragiro kya puligation, mu kiwandiiko ekya stritique, tekiyinza kubaako ludda lwe kiwagira kubanga engeri eyo yeesigamye ku ndowooza y'omulamuzi ku “kirungi”. Enkola y'okufuga oba “okukyusa” emitindo. Enjigiriza y'ekinnyinnyonnyola ebyafaayo, esobola okuggyamu ennyinnyonnyola ennukuta y'ebyafaayo ebiteereddwawo, era eyinza okuggirawo oluga w'olukiiko olukulu.

Engeri Enjigiriza y’Ekintalo gye Yeekakasizaamu Okugaana Okubaako Ludda lw’Eby’Owagira

Obusosoze buleetera ababuwagira obutabaako ludda lwe bawagira:

  • [[Act:0] Enkyukakyuka mu nkyusa y'Ebyawandiikibwa:[[NKUMBO:1] amakulu g'amateeka gamalirizibwa nga bagoosaamu. Abalamuzi tebagasengeka; bagateeka mu nkola.
  • Obujulizi obunoonya ebiwandike eby'obulimba: Okunnyonnyola kubuusibwausibwako bigambo, okuwaanya ebigambo, n'eby'omu mateeka ebigendera awamu. Omulimu gw'omulamuzi si gwa byafaayo so si gwa bulijjo.
  • Ebiragiro eby'edda bikkirizibwa mu bitundu byonna eby'obutuuti oba mu mbeera ki ezikolebwa ku bikoloboze. Obubonero bwonna obukkirizibwa okubaamu n'obusosoze tebukkirizibwa.
  • [[AK'AMULALA]] Amateeka:[[[NKULULA] Kino kitegeeza kitegeeza nti etteeka liba likyetaagisa mu kifo kyalyo. Kino kitegeeza nti abatuuze balina okulagula ekintu eky'okukituukiriza.

Abakugu mu by'amateeka bwe bategeera nti omuntu taliiko ludda lwe awagira mu by'obufuzi, ekyo kiba tekivudde ku makulu ga kukwata n'ebyo ebisooka. Omulamuzi Thomas kyewandiiseko ensonga emirundi mingi nga alumiriza obungi nti addikkira enkola yaakyo mu kifo ky'okugoberera etteeka eryasooka erya mateeka. Obergefell v. Hodges [2015], yawandiika nti, abantu abasinga obungi baamanyidde ku ddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa nga limu naye nga “teesigamizibwa ku mateeka." era nti kye yeeyamye ku nsonga eyo kyago kikwatagana n'ebyo kkooti bye yali eyigiriza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'empisa so si mateeka.

Ensonga Ezaaleetera Abantu Okunakuwala: Bwe Baayolekagana n’Ebizibu Ebikwata ku Bulombolombo bw’Okusooka nga Tebaliiko Ludda Lwe Bawagira

Omuntu bw’aba alamula mu ngeri eterina ludda lwe yeekubiira, aba wa ddembe okwesalirawo obanga awagira by’ayagala oba taliiko ludda lwe yeenyigira mu bya bufuzi.

Obukakafu Obulala Obulaga Ebyafaayo

Omuntu bw'aba ow'okugoberera etteeka eryo, abalaguzi kibatwaliramu obutakwata ku ludda lwennyini. Naye, obukakafu obw'edda butegeerekeka bulungi. Bannasayansi ab'enjawulo basobola okusoosa endowooza y'emu ku makulu g'enjigiriza abaasooka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abanoonyereza ku nsonga n'abalamuzi babadde bawakanya ennyo obanga amakulu agasooka ag'enkyukakyuka ez'oku sipiidi ey'okubiri gaakuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu oba erya kiwandikiro ekigendera ku buweereza obw'abafuzi. Okusalawo nti Kkooti ey'oku nti Ssaawaaseera ekyawulamu 5-4 mu kye kimu ku nsonga eyo, kyeyoleka nti enjigiriza ey'okutandikira ku ntandikwa tevaamu bya nnyinyo. Okusalawo okwo kuteekwa okusobozesa oluggi okubeera mu nnyuma lw'ebyasooka.

Ekizibu eky’Ekiruubirirwa ky’Okwesalirawo

Enjigiriza y'okusibukako obuwangwa obutayogerwako butereevu mu bigambo bino. Okukkiriziganya okwo kulaga nti okukkiriziganyizibwa kw'enkola ezimu ku ddembe tekirina kutwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala mu byafaayo by'abantu. Wabula abaasooka bakisangamu buzibu okukyusiza ddala ebizingirwamu kubanga ebyafaayo bya bulijjo byagwanika. Omulamuzi eyeeteeseteese obutabaako ludda olumu olw'obufuzi, ayinza okuzuula eddembe erya , oba obwa obwamaguzi mu mubiri oba obwaka bwabwo obwa bulijjo mu byafaayo bya Amereka. Ate, mu ngeri eyo, eyinza okuviirako enjogeraanyirizibwa eddembe eri omulamuzi ataliiko ludda lwokka wansi ku nsonga. [FLT:] Kino kiyinza okuleetera abakyala obutakkiriziganya n'obulwadde mu ku nsonga ezisinga obungi.[3]

Okusookera Ddala Edda n’Okwawula Emize

Obuzibu obulala buva ku kuba nti amakulu g'ekitongole ekyasooka gaakolebwa mu bantu abaali bayisiddwa obubi ennyo emitindo egya kaakati. Amateeka gaasooka okukuuma obuddu, okugaana abakazi okulonda, era ne bayisa obubi obunene bw'eggwanga ng'abantu abatajjukanya. Omulamuzi ow'enddaddaaya akozesa amakulu ago kiyinza okusemba ebiva mu kuwagira ebyo ebiva mu kugattika nti omutunuulizi ataalina ky'asinziira ku nkyukakyuka mu langi agitwala ng'ekyatali ya bwenkanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa ensonga ekwata ku ku ku langi ey'enjawukana y'enjereere yaleebwe yaleetebwa wansi w'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, abanoonyereza abamu baawakanya ekifo eky'enjawukana mu nsi yonna gye batwala nga “ba nga tebagenderedde ku ku ku bikwata ku ku kutwala essente ezaaw'okufuga.

Ekizibu kino kireetedde abaakirimu okugoberera “amateeka agaagobereranga enkola y'edda” oba“ engeri y'okugonjooleramu ebintu ebyabula edda ku ntandikwa z'amateeka. Bwe basanga nga bagezaako okugonjoola ensonga, bagamba nti enkola y'amateeka nnene, nga kwenkanankana .[1] Kino kiyinza okuleetera abantu obutabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi. Naye ekyo kibaleetera obutakola nga bwe bagamba nti enzikiriza ya Katonda terina ludda lwe yeegasseemu.

Okukolera ku Kiwandiiko kya Bayibuli

Abakugu mu by'amateeka n'abo abagoberera enkola za mateeka bagamba nti, okukkiririza mu njigiriza za Katonda tewasobola kutuukiriza kisuubizo kyayo eky'obutabaako ludda lwe biwagira. Bagamba nti abalamuzi basalawo ebyafaayo okulonda ensibuko zabyo, engeri gye bayinza okusengekamu obulombolombo, era n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo eziyinza okugobererwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Profesa Jack Balkin ow'e Yale Law School, agamba nti, enzikiriza y'okutandikira ku njigiriza z'eddiini zikwatagana n'ebivamu singa omuntu agoberera “enjigiriza y'edda. ”

Endowooza endala eva ku abo abamanyi nti teyetongodde era nti teriiyo ddala. Bagamba nti okunnyonnyola kwonna kuzingiramu ebifa ku musingi era nti enjigiriza za Baibuli ezasooka zikweka bufunze abo abasalawo obutatuukiriza bye zirowoozaamu. Okusinziira ku ndowooza eno, enjigiriza ez'ekika kya sooka tezirina buwagizi nga zokka nga ez'enkola endala. Wabula, empandiika tezaawukana ku ngeri ezikozesebwa mu kutuukiriza emitindo gy'ebyobufuzi egyasooka. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku buwandiikibwa kwalaga nti abalamuzi abakkiririza mu njigiriza ebyasooka batera okulonda obuvugigoberera, wadde nga okukolagana okwo tekutuukiridde. [[FLT:]]

Engeri Gye Baatwalamu Ebiwandiiko eby’Olubereberye

Abanoonyereza ku bintu eby'edda bagamba nti okunoonyereza kuno kutuukiriza amakulu g'enkola yaakwo, era nti okunoonyereza okwo tekukwatagana na bivudde mu ebyo, wabula nti okukomyawo mu nnukuta ez'edda tekusinziira ku ebyo ebiba bivuddemu, era bwe kiba nga n'amakulu g'ekigendererwamu gaasooka galeetera omulamu obutagaagala, omulamuzi alina okukugoberera. Olw'okuba abanoonyereza ku byafaayo bawakanya bye bateebereza, ekyo tekitegeeza nti enkola y'okugoberera amateeka teri nkyamu. Ate era bagamba nti okugagoberera tekiriiko bukyamu kubanga tekirina bukakafu bwonna mu nnyinyonnyonnyi.

Okuzza Obuggya ku Ludda: Enjigiriza n’Obutali Bumu mu Kkooti z’Omu Kiseera Kino

Kkooti ey'oku ntikko eno y'esinga okuba ey'edda mu mulembe ogumu. Kkooti enkulu ennyo bweyawulirira ddala mu lukalala olw'ebiragiro. Kkooti eno y'esinga okubaamu okusala emisango mu lukalala. Bruen, abasinga obungi baagobereranga enkola eyagobererwa mu byafaayo naye Kvahaugh yawanugh enkola eya bulijjo eyawandiisemu ekkiriza amateeka agaagisibwa mu kuteeka musingi. Kravegh, nga bwe kikakasa nti akyakulaakulanya endowooza ye ku njigiriza ez'enzikiriza ez'edda, era nti akyagoberera enkola eyo, yava mu ngeri eya SCSALAI.

Amakutu gano gooleka okukaluubirirwa okusobola okumanyisa enjigiriza za Baibuli ez'edda era n'okuzikwata ku butabaako ludda lwe ziwagira mu by'obufuzi. Singa okugakkiriza kwa sooka kusobozesa obutategeeragana okumanyibwa, olwo nno, obweyamo bw'omulamuzi obw'enkola ye kennyini buyinza okubaako kye bukolawo. Omulamuzi bw'asoma ebyafaayo by'omuntu ayinza okutuuka ku miganyulo gya njawulo. Ekisuubizo eky'obutabaako ludda lw'obwegasseeko olumu bwe kyeyongera okuleetawo awawukana.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo

Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka bakyeyongera okutereeza endowooza egamba nti ebintu byasooka byatandika dda. Abamu, nga Profesa Randy Barnett, bawagira “obulombolombo obwasooka obwa Katonda” obussa essira ku makulu g'ebigambo mu kifo ky'ebiruubirirwa by'abo abateekako ebigambo mu nnukuta zaabwe. Abalala, nga Profesa William Baude, bagezaako okulaga nti enjigiriza y'ennyanjula y'enkola yokka ekkirizibwa mu mateeka. Okunoonyereza okwo kuyinza okuggya enkyuukanya enkolagana wakati w'obuwagizi bw'obuteewandidde, naye nga tebasobola kugyongerako ddala. Abalamuzi bwe baba nga balonda okuwakanya ebyafaayo ebikontana, okukontana wakati w'obuwagizigi n'obuwagizi bwa mateeka n'okugaana okubaako oludda mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'ensi, bakyeyongera.

fundikira

Enkolagana wakati w'obuteefuga n'obuwagizi obw'enkalakkalira, n'okusala oludda lw'empala. Ek'enkola ey'okusinzira mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo enoonya obuwagizi obw'enjawulo. Enkola eyo eyinza okugobera ensala y'amateeka, eziyiza enkola ya demokulase, era ewa enteekateeka enjereere. Kyokka ekwetaagisa obutabaako ludda lw'enkalakkalira ku bikwata ku butabaako ludda lwe kituuseeko. Kyokka, ekyetaagisa enkola eno okusobola okukozesa enkola eyo etali njereere, oba okumenya emitindo gy'empisa egya bulijjo. Ek'ebyafaayo ebituufu, n'ensonga ez'obutaba bwenkanya obw'emabega bitegeeza nti okuleetawo obukulembedde obuwamu. Empakaanyi eri wakati w'abavumbuzi abaasooka n'abasekesekesekerezi baabwe, eyinza okuleetawo okunnyonnyola oba okunnyonnyola mu bujjuvu engeri yonna ey'emitindo gy'obukulembedde mu mateeka.