Enkolagana eriwo wakati w’Engeri Ennungi n’Okulemererwa Okufuga Empisa Ennungi

Enteekateeka y'obukulembeze era n'okugamba nti tebalina musango, ze mpagi za nkola za nkola mu nkola z'amateeka ez'omu kiseera kino, kyokka enkolagana eyo eyinza obutategeerwa oba okuteebwa. Omuntu bw'aba nkolagana eno, kikakasa nti tewali muntu yenna afiirwa bulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga tewali ngeri ya bwenkanya ey'okutuukirizaamu amateeka.[1] era nti buli muntu avunaanibwa omusango ayimirira mu maaso g'olukiiko olutalimu awatali musango okutuusa lwewalibwamu. Emisingi gino tegiba gye gya kyeyawulibwa ku balala; ginyweza, ne kikola amateeka agafuga, agakuuma obufirosoofo, awatali kusinziira ku nkola y'obulombolombo, n'ensonga ez'amateeka. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola bulungi enkola y'okwesamba mu nkola esaanira, n'okwewala enneekuusa, era n'okulaga omusango mu buli omukugunjibwa.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa Ebiba Bigwawo

Endowooza ekwata ku ngeri gy'osaanidde okulambikamu olunyiriri lw'obuzaale bwayo Magna Carta [1215], eyagamba nti tewali muntu yenna ow'eddembe ayinza okubonerezebwa “okuggyako nga ba mutabani we oba okusinziira ku mateeka g'ensi.” Kino kyakolebwa dda nnyo nga kikugira abafuzi n'okusimba ensigo y'omuddoka ne bagisimba. Ekiragiro kino bwe kyabanga nga bakwasizza omutetete etteeka erifuga ekika kya “teeso nga kya pulooma. Ekiragiro kino tekiriiko muntu yenna akyayinza kutereeza ndowooza eyo okuyitira mu Habeas corpus, era n'okukugira obujulizi, oba okuyisa mu ngeri ey'okuteekawo amateeka. Aba Amereka okuteekawo amateeka ag'okutaano, baatwala omutemwa gw'okufuga, era ne baakyusizaamu enkola ey'okuteekawo enfunze mu mateeka. Ekiragiro eky'okugobeegobeegobeego, kye baakyusizza mu Amerika baafu, baakyusiza abantu

Kyokka, omulimu ogukolebwa si gwa kusengeka busengeke. Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebintu ebizingirwa mu nkola y'okwerinda. Kino kitegeeza nti enkola y'ekitongole ekyetaagisa okukuuma ebiwandiiko bya Baibuli nga tegoosa obukwafu, obufumbo, n'okwefuga, ne bwe biba nga bigobererwa mu gavumenti. Mu nnyiriri ezigoberera enkola zaazo, ekyetaagisa okumanya, ekiwandiiko, obuwagizi, omukisa ogw'okuwabula obujulizi, n'obujulizi obwa nnamba ez'okukwanjula obujulizi. Bino bitegeka nti embeera y'eby'obusosoze obw'eby'omubiri ne bw'okugoberezebwa zisobola okubeera ez'omuganyulo.

Okutegeera Ekiviirako Okulemererwa Okumenya Amateeka

Endowooza nti omuntu talina musango esinziira ku musingi gwa mateeka, ogutera okugoberebwa guva ku kyala ky'omuruumi ekigamba nti eeyi mu ngeri nti probitio qui diit, atali mukolo gwa kunoonyereza, obutuufu bulaga nti omuntu akweka omuntu ekikyamu taliiko musango. Mu bigambo bino, omumenyi w'amateeka atwalibwa nti alina omugugu ogw'okukaka obujulizi obwa buli nsonga. Omumenyi w'amateeka talina kuwa bujulizi, oba okuleeta obujulizi ku mulala. Ekiragiro kino kikuumibwa mu mateeka okusobola okukakasa obutuufu obw'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'obulimba.

K'okifuula kikulu nnyo, okunoonyereza tekukola nga kusalirwa buwoze kyokka naye era nga n'okunoonyereza tekunnakolebwa. Enkola za bail, n'okusibibwa nga tekunnakwatibwa, era n'enkola za poliisi ziteekwa okukolebwa mu ngeri etwala omuntu ng'omuntu gy'avunaanibwa nga tamanyibwa nga bw'akoze. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika bw'eraga mu Estelle v. Williams[1976], ekiwandiikibwa omuwandiikiriza okulabika mu kkomera ng'amenya ekiteekiso kubanga ekirango kino kisaba bajulizi b'abalamuzi okuzza omusango omusango olw'omusango nga tewali bujulirwamu. Kino kiraga bulungi omusingi guno gulina kye gukolawo.

Engeri Enkola y’Okutambuza Obubi Ekizimbulukusa n’Endowooza y’Okuyingira Obubi

Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu obwa buli omu okusobola okuzuula abajulirwa. N'olwekyo, singa gavumenti egaana omuwayirwa okutuukirira abajulizi .Akyo kiyinza okwesigama ku lusalo olutuufu olumu, ne kiviirako omuwawaabi okuwakanya ensonga. Naye bwe kitabaawo, ekiteeso eky'okuzikomya (nga kisinziira ku ku nkula y'abawandiikiro oba assibwa ekisukkiridde), ekiragira nti avunaanibwa obwa bulijjo kiyinza okubutwala ng'ekitasoboka olw'okuzuula obujulizi obwa bulijjo.

Lowooza ku bukakafu buno: omulimu ogukolebwa gulina okulagira nti omuntu alumirizibwa olw'omusingi ogulaga obunene bw'emisango. Mu misango gy'abazzi b'amateeka, omusingi ogwo guba “ng'ogusukka mu bubuusabuusa,” ekiragiro ekiva ku bukakafu obw'enkomeredde. Kkooti esinga obukulu, mu era mu kuvunaanibwa okuzza omusango nga walina obukakafu obulaga nti ekiteekwate ku nsonga, ekisinziirwako kwe“ kisinziirwa okukendeeza obuteesobyo obukyamu. ” Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola nti, “Ekkubo kikuuma obujulizi obw'obukakafu obulaga buli kintu kyonna ekikolebwa okuggyako nga kibuusabuusa obutuufu. Etteeka lino limu.

Entegeka eziwerako ez'okukwatagana zeetaagisa okusobola okubeera nga zigattiddwa wamu:

  • [[AKA] Okukangavvulwa kusaanidde:[[AK'AWATANDIKWA] Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti avunaanibwa tekirimu bisaanyizo biwandikiro. Omuntu avunaanibwa talina buyinza kulaga bukakafu bulaga nti ebifa mu mateeka bye bikola.
  • [[Act:0] Enkizo ey'okusirika obutereevu:[[Act:1]] Etteeka erifuga okwerowoozaako liremesa gavumenti okukaka omuwayirwa okwenyigira mu bukakafu bwayo.
  • [[Act:0] Obusobozi bw'okuyita abajulirwa n'obukakafu obuliwo bulaga nti omuntu awadde obujulizi obw'obulimba buteekwa okukolebwako mu mateeka.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Olwawo olukusa oba olw'ekyama, oluvanyuma oba olw'okwekweka, luyinza okuddiramu ekintu nga gavumenti ewalirizibwa okumala ekiseera kiwanvu.

Obulwadde Obulina Ekintu Ekikulu Ennyo Ekinyweza Enkolagana Yaabwe

Wainwright (1963)

Mu Gideon v. Wainwright, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti ey'okutaano teyinza kutongoza ku kuwabula kwa gavumenti mu kifo kya Sixth Amendment era yawalirizibwa okutuukiriza etteeka lya Claus mu nteekateeka y'obuwereedi bwa 144th Ame Ame Amerekation. Clarence Earl Gideon yasalibwa omusango okumenya oba okuyingira mu kidibiina mu Florida, naye nga tayinza kusasula munnamateeka. Gavumenti teyakkirizibwa kuweebwa magezi gaaweebwe, ate Gidiyoni yawalirizibwa okwekiikirira; yasalirwa omusango n'asalirwa omusango okumala emyaka etaano mu kkomera. Kkootikko, okulumiriza nti “mujja w'omusango, omuntu yenna eyagenda mu kkooti, atalina muyagalibwa nnyo okusasula omuwawaabi, era tayinza kuweebwa kuweebwa mutemu kuwabula mulungi okuggyako ng'okuteesa okugattirizibwa. Ekyo kyamu kusinziira ku ku kusinziira ku kusinziira ku kusinziira ku ku kusinziira ku kubaako omusango. Kko: te

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

[[NKULULA] Mira v. Arizona yayogera ku ngeri gye batwalamu ebigambo nga babuuza ebibuuzo abo. Kkooti yagamba nti enkizo ey'okutaano okusumulula ekiwandikiro n'okumenya amateeka ekwetaagisa okuyisa obukwasibwa obwannannyini obwa n'obusobozi obw'okusinzira ku munnamateeka.[1] Okusobola okubuuza omuwaabiro n'okubuuza omuwaabi. Kkooti eyo yakigyewa nti, omuntu bw'avunaanibwa obutatuukiriza byonna ebiba bivuddemu, aba alina okukakasibwa ku mateeka okumanyisa abo abakiikibwa nga tategedde ddembe, okwetuliriza n'okutwala ng'obutuufu okusobola okukyusiza omukunguzizza omusango. Kko kiggumiza nti “okusiba ekibakikkirimu kiyinza obutakozesebwa mu ku kukebera ku nkuumi w'okukusiikiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okugibwamu okusobola okusobola okuwangula.

Mu kuwangula era (1970)

Omusango guno gwayisa mu nkola ebyakolebwanga abavubuka okumenya amateeka, naye endowooza yaagwo ekola mu ngeri engazi. Omulamuzi Brennan yawandiika: “Omuwaabi avunaanibwa mu kiseera kya mumenyi w'amateeka aba mu mateeka aba mu kabi ak'amaanyi, olw'okuba ayinza okufiirwa eddembe lye olw'obumativu era olw'obukakafu nti ajja kutwalibwa ng'obwesige.” Awa obujulizi obusingira empandika obusingira ewala okubuusabuusa, yamalirira nti, kye “kisaanyizo ekiteebwawo obwa nnyini obwanditeekeddwa mu nkola esaanira era n'obutali musango. [[FLT:]] Kino kiraga bulungi engeri obuzigizigi bw'obukakafu gye bukwataganamu wakati w'emisingi ebiri.

Coffin v. (1895)

Wadde nga wayiseewo katonotono, Coffin v. United States kyeyoleka bulungi kubanga kyalangirira nti omuntu atalina musango kuba ‘ mubereberye'. Kkooti eyo yalaga nti ekiteeso kino kisobozesa omuntu okuyisibwa mu ngeri eyoleka obutuufu. Kkooti eyo yalaga nti omuntu oyo okusalirwa omusango gulina okussibwamu ekitiibwa mu buli nsonga.

Obuzibu mu Bugazi bw’Eby’Ebya Leya mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Obuteefiirayo n'obuteerabirira

Ekimu ku bintu ebiyinza okulemesa ennyo okuteeka obulamu bw'omuntu mu kkomera nga tannaba kutwalibwa mu kkooti. Mu magye mangi, abantu basibibwa mu makomera okumala wiiki nnyingi oba emyezi nga tebannawozesebwa, olw'okuba tebasobola kusasula kasawo. Alipoota ya 2018 ya Political Eractive [] Eraasangibwa nti abantu abasukka mu 470,000 bakuumibwa mu makomera mu Amerika mmotoka ezilindirira okuwozesebwa, era abasinga obungi batwalibwa ng'abataliiko musango. Oluvanyuma lwosibe baanyinyinyizza okutaaza, okutaataanya emirimu n'ab'ab'ab'omu maka, era ne basinga okuteeka ennyo obujulizi obukyayiri mu mbeera wakati w'obuvuzivuzi. Kkolukiiko ek'ebitongole ekya waggulu mu United States:[F2][5]

Endowooza ya Bannamawulire n’Ey’Abalangirizi

Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okutegeeza nti empapula z'amawulire 24 ez'essaawa 24 n'enkola ez'oku mukutu gw'oku mukutu gw'oku mulembe zirina kye ziyinza okuleetera endowooza ey'okwewala okubaamu ekikyamu. Empuliziganya ez'enjawulo zitera okusaasaanyizibwa mu kkooti nga tebannatuuka ku kkooti. Lipoota, obujulizi obuggula, n'ebiri ku Internet, era n'ebiwandiiko ebizikwata ku nsonga, bisobola okubaleetera okulumizibwa olw'omusango. Okusoomooza okw'ekinnansi kulina okubeera okw'ekitongole: okusookereza okugezesebwa okulina okubeera okw'omuganyulo era n'okuteeka ku nsonga ezigenda mu maaso.

Ago Ago n’Akakiiko k’Enkola mu Kusala Omusango mu Ngeri ey’obwenkanya

Ekiragiro kino kikebera enkola z'amateeka okusobola okuzuula obuzibu mu nsawo, okusala emisango, n'okuteekawo enkola eza bannabyabufuzi. Ebyuma bino emirundi mingi byekeberera ebintu gamba nga ebyafaayo by'abamenyi b'amateeka, emyaka, ne zippes kusobola okukola obubonero obugamba nti omuntu bw'aba alina kye yakola tekijja kutuuka ku kabi. Abawakanya nti enkola ng'ezo ziyinza okuleetera abantu okubonerezebwa olw'obusosoze obw'ekika n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, ekiviiriddeko okumanyibwa nti obukaawuka obubangibwamu busobola okuwakanya obujulizi obubawandiikibwa. ]

Empandika z'Empandika eriwo mu: Kyongera ku Kkubo Kyokulabirako Erya Ssayatiika

Enkolagana wakati w'obutali bwenkanya n'okusuubira nti tebalina musango eba y'emu mu nsi yonna. Mu mateeka aga bulijjo (United States, United Kingdom, Canada), okunoonyereza kuyinza okukuumibwa nnyo kubanga tekutegekebwamu nkola za grauditional (Ebuvanjuba bw'amateeka) era kutegeera ekiteeberezebwa, naye enkola ez'onoonyereza teziyinza kukwata ku nsonga. Wadde nga waliwo abakugu abamu mu Bufalansa, enkola eno eyinza okukwekasa omulembereza wakati w'okunoonyereza n'okumanyisa oba okufulumya obuwangwa. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okubaamu amateeka agatali gamu. [[FLT:][Foct: 1]

Obuyambi Obuweebwa Abatendeke mu by’Omu Mateeka

Abakungu ba bannamateeka abasobola okwekuuma, balina okusobola okulaba nti tewali kabi kavuddemu. Buli lukuŋŋaanye nga tekunnasaanyawo bujulizi.[1] Kaba nga kusobola okukweka bujulizi oba okubunoonyereza ku nsonga.[1] Kye ky'ekyuma ekyetaagisibwa ekiwanirira enkola y'okuteekawo ekkomo. Abatuluguza nabo balina okussaamu ekkomo. Ekiragiro kibaba Model Lessions of Proviductive P [[ nga bategeeza nti omuwabuli w'oludda oludda olulimu tekiteekwa kubaako musango awatali nsonga yonna eyinza kuweebwa. Abalamuzi balina okukola omulimu guno ogw'enkola ekyetaagisa okumenya amateeka.

fundikira

Enteekateeka ekkirizibwa era n'ebiruubirirwa ebikyamu tebirina makulu; bigoberera emisingi egifuula enkola y'obusobozi. Enkolagana yaabwe ne symnario. Empalana eyo esobozesa ekibya okuteekamu ekikolero, era n'okukiteebereza nti talina musango kukyusiza. Singa kkomo lya maanyi, obwenkanya bwonna bubeera mu kabi. Ebikwata nga Gideon[[, [[FLT]] , era [[FLT]], [[FLT] era [FLT]] olukya bulijjo] n'olw'ensonga zonna ez'ensonga [FLT:] ziyinza okukyoleka nti kkooti zimanyira engeri eno ey'okukikuumamu. Kyokka, ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'okukiikirira, ey'okumanyisaamu, tezisobozesa okumanyisaamu obwenkanya okunnyonnyola obulungi ensonga. Era, endowooza y'enkola ku nsonga eziba nga ziteekwa okumanyisa mu ngeri zonna ez'ebituufu ez'okumanyisaamu, ziteekwa okumanyisa