Endowooza egamba nti gavumenti tesobola kutwalibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka nga tezirina buyinza kufuga gavumenti, yasibuka mu ndowooza egamba nti gavumenti tesobola kutwalibwa mu kkooti zaayo nga tezeetongodde. Omusingi guno gukutte ku ngeri amawanga gye gakolaganamu mu mateeka ne mu ngeri enfuze ebyasa bingi. Okuva mu biseera eby'edda enjigiriza ez'amaanyi ennyo ez'obufuzi okusobola okussaawo enfuga y'ennimi ne katonda w'obufuzi okusobola okulaga nti buli ggwanga livunaanyizibwa mu maaso gaalyo, okuteefuga tekusobola kuvunaanibwa mu ngeri enfuge naye nga tekusobola kuwakanya mateeka gaago. Ekitundu kino kikwata ku ngeri ebyafaayo ebireeteetera okuzingirwamu, era n'enkuŋŋaana ennene enjereere ezibaawo mu nsi yonna ze ziresembyewo.

Ensibuko y’Obuyinza obw’Okufuga Byonna

Ensibuko y'obusobozi obw'okwefuga obwa bulijjo evudde mu ndowooza eyaliwo mu myaka gya wakati nti bakabaka ne baabakulembeze baali ba waggulu ku mateeka. Mu Bungereza, enjigiriza eyo yateekebwawo okuyitira mu bigambo [[FL:0] erix ebiteefiibwako[, ebitegeeza nti "kaba tasobola kukola kikyamu. Kino kyali kitegeeza nti kabaka tasobola kukwatibwa kkooti, si lwa kuba kabaka yali tayenkanankanankana, naye olw'okuba etteeka lyagaana oyo okuwa Eddembe eky'okuddamu mu kkooti ye.

Enjigiriza ey'Olungereza: [[AKITANDIKIWA]Rex Non Potic Peccare[[Aka]]

Amateeka g'Abangereza gaayamba mu kugattika obuwangwa obw'enkalakkalira nga gagattidwako obulombolombo n'obuyinza bwa kabaka. Mu kiseera eky'omumasekkati, kabaka ye yali ensulo ey'obwenkanya; kyatwalibwa ng'ekikyamu nti kabaka yayinza okuyitibwa mu lukiiko gye yakulira. Emirala mingi nga Projitionsions del Roy [16]][16]] era ne[FLT:] era ne [FLT] Cases of Proclactive [[FLT:]] [1611])) yanyweza omusingi ogugamba nti empula teyinza kusussibwa mu kkooti ze nga tewali kkomo. Ate era ne ku nsonga endala tezikosebwa mu kifo eky'okugigoberera enkola y'emu [FFFoct:]

Ebweru wa Bungereza, entegeka za Bulaaya ezakkirizibwa mu nsi emu nazo zakkiriza etteeka erikugira abantu okwefuga wansi w'amateeka g'Abaruumi, nga princes sibus solutus est [omulangira teyetongodde amateeka]. Mu Bufalansa, enjigiriza ya munité de l’État yakyuka okuva mu bufuzi obwa Louis XIV n'afuuka ekitongole eky'ebyetwale ekya 19century ekiwandikiro ekyatwala eky'okuba ekiwato mu mateeka agatali gabwe. Kyokka, nga mu kiseera kya John Locce ne Montequieue, abafirososootaafu mu by'okusiinya enkola ey'enkola empya.

Okukkirizibwa n’Okulongoosebwa kw’Ensi omukaaga mu Amerika Eyasooka

Abaamereka baasikira amateeka ga Bungereza, nga mw'otwalidde n'omusingi ogugamba nti omufuzi tasobola kusumululwa nga takkirizza. Oluvannyuma lwa kyetwala, Ebitundu eby'Okutuula ku Amerika byaleka ensi nga birina obukuumi, naye okukyusiza okwa 'Gawulamu' kwaleetawo ebibuuzo. Mu [[FL:0], Georgia [1793], olukiiko olukulu lwakkiriza nti Akakiiko III ak'amateeka kakkiriza omutuuze w'eggwanga eddala okuzza obutuuti okuwee Georgia nga tekulina k'omukkiriza. Ekyo kyaleetera omuteebwewo ku bannaawe mu ggwanga okukaaba n'obukulembeze mu ggwanga. Georgia okukaabalwa mu ggwanga erisinga okukiikiikiikiikibwa omu ku gavumenti z'omu Amerika oba mu ggwanga erinnago. Ekiragiro kyava mu ggwanga erimu ku mu ggwanga eritali lya Amerika okugoba omu.

Kkooti enkulu eya 'Plainment of Development' teyakkiriza kitongole eky'enkomeredde kukkirizibwa mu mpagibwa. Oluvannyuma olukiiko olwo lwagaziwa mu nsonga nga Hans v. Louisiana [1890]], nga kisimbyewo nti okutereezebwa okwo era kugaana abatuuze baakwo okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, wadde ng'empandika eyo tekyogera butereevu bwe yali. Kino kyaleetawo enjigiriza y'enkola y'ekiragiro eggukako, ey'ekiragiro ekigobererwa mu mateeka g'omu U.S.

Okukula mu Mateeka aga Bulijjo

Mu kyasa ekya 19 ne ku ntandikwa y'ekya 20, omusingi ogw'okwefuga okuteefuga gwafuga mu United Kingdom ne mu Amerika. kkooti zaagaana okusanyukira empagi ezikwata ku bafuzi b'amawanga amalala nga tezikkiriza.

Enjigiriza ey’Obumu

Mu mu mateeka ga Stokes Exchange v. M'Faddon (11812), Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yakyogera ekisinziirwako ekisinziiro eky'eggwanga eritali lya nvuma mu U.S.: okubeera n'obwannannyini omugwira mu U.S. ekitundu kyatongoddewo olukalala olw'enzikiriza. Marshall yawandiika nti enfuga y'eggwanga mu kitundu kyakyo ye yekka era nga yesigika, naye eyinza okukkiriza okuzza obuyinza obwo ku buyinza obwa nnyini obwa bannaannyini munnaggwanga. Omusango guno gwatandikawo [[FLY:] enzikiriza enfugezo y'enkuuno [[FLT][20] mu nsi y'omukimumumu. [5]

Endowooza y'enjigiriza eyo etegeerekeka bulungi: okuvunaanibwa gavumenti mu kkooti z'ensi endala okutabangula enzikkiriza n'okwefuga kwa bannabyabufuzi. Naye nga byakula bya makolero ebyabuliwa obwa kampuni byeyongera(8; ennyiriri, kampuni za amafuta, ebituuti z'ennyonyi nga zikolagana n'ebitongole bino, ne biba nga tebikyalina kigonjoola butaka. Obutali bwenkanya obw'okuleka gavumenti okutunda nga musuubuzi ate oluvannyuma ne kyekweka obufuzi obwabwo ne buleetera enkyuuka ez'enkyukakyuka.

Endowooza y’Abalala ku Nninga Etasaanidde Kugobererwa

' Ekiragiro oludda lwatandika mu kyasa 20 nga kusalawo kwakolebwa mu Italy ne Bubirigi, okwawula wakati w'ekika eki n'eky'okukyusaamu ('enkola ez'okufuga) era n'okukyusa kwatandika n'okusalawo [ ('empandika ez'obusuubuzi] [[FLT]]]. Mu mpandiika nnukuta eyo, ebiteeyambisibwa bya mateeka bya gavumenti, ebikkiriza obutebenkerawo okukola emirimu gy'obusuubuzi, so si gya bya bya busuubuzi. Ek'omu Amerika yakkiriza enjigiriza enkugira [FON] mu 1952 [FFOL:][5], ebiva mu Kitongole kya Leginologme.[194]

[[Act:0] '[[KIKYAMU']]: [[OLW'OKUMALIRAKO] Ekitongole Ekiramuzi – Ekiragiro Ekiragiro kisooka okukolawo olukalala ku kiwandikiro oba akabonero aka '

Teyalina buyinza ku mateeka, naye yaluŋŋamya kkooti z'omu Amerika okutuusa Consert lwe yawandiisa endowooza eno mu project SSL Immunies Mufuzi w'amateeka owa 1976 (FSIYA). FSIA yassaawo enkola esobozesa okumanya ddi amawanga agatali gamu n'ebikozesebwa lwe biba tebirina kukwatibwa mu kkooti z'Amerika, era esigala nga y'obuyinza obusingako obufuga amateeka mu Amerika.

Endowooza nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka

Wadde nga mu maka tewaaliwo lukalala lw'amateeka olw'okukugira, etteeka ery'ensi yonna lyazibuwalidde okufulumya omutindo oguli awamu. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka (ILC) bwe kyatandika okuwandiika ku mutwe mu 1970, gwakomekkereza Convention y'Amawanga Amagatte on Jurisdiction Immunion of State and Theological [2004]

Olukuŋŋaana lw’ekibiina ky’Amawanga Amagatte olukwata ku Miryango 2004

Olukuŋŋaana lwa UN lwatongozebwa ku lunaku lwa 2 Ddesemba 2004 era ne luggulawo okusigibwako omukono ku 17/1/2004. Lwatandika kutandika nga 17/2001. Oluvannyuma lw'okuteekako enkola ey'ekkumi n'ataano mu kikumi n'ekitundu eky'okusiibya pulotunsi. Convention egatta ku nkola enkugira, okusobozesa gavumenti obutakkiriza kukugira ebiba bikolebwa mu by'obusuubuzi, ebiwandikibwa, ebikongo, ebikosebwa oba ebintu, ebikosebwako obiwandiiko, oba endagaano ez'okugobererwa. Era eteekawo n'etteeka erikwata ku "essomero" n'ebintu ebya Leta z'empandika. Nga 2025, akakiiko akafuzi kalina essente 31 nga Japan, Italy, ne mu Bufalansa. Nhlangano w'Amerika ne United States ne United States baanywera endagaano mu N'Obwakabaka bwa United States.

[[Act:0]] '[[KITANDIKI]]: [[-FLT:2]UN TTEREKERO – Juristianical Immunion Itnutments ez'omu Amerika[[[[KATANDIKI]]

Okugeraageranya Etteeka: Lirimu Amateeka ga Kitundu

Amawanga ga Bulaaya, naddala Bugirimaani ne Italy, gaabadde gagoberera enkola enkugira ennyo okuyitira mu kusala emisango. Kkooti ya Bugirimaani efuga amateeka ga Iran Case era nga ye mukulembeze wa Iran Case (1963), yakkiriza nti okukugira abantu okuva mu mawanga amalala tekwetongodde [[FL:2]] juresion [[FLT:]]ssion .

Convention eurowing on State (1972) yali ya kugezaako kwayisa mu Bulaaya okumenya amateeka agakwata ku bukuumi. Yatandika mu 1976 era kati erina ebibiina munaana. Endagaano eyo egoberera amateeka agakugira ennyo era nga erimu n'amateeka agafuga emirimu n'okukwata emisango. Kyokka, yaddizibwa nnyo endagaano y'ekibiina kya UN era n'eyaakatandika okubeera ya Bulaaya eya Bulaaya eyatongodde e Protocoography ku Bulaaya Convention on European Immony[FLY]

Ebikolebwa mu Kiseera Kino n’Ebitali bya Kiseera

Amawanga mangi gakkiriza ebiwaatwa obutuuze obwago okubutwala mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu.

EKY’OMULIMU GW’EDDAMU

Ekintu ekikulu ennyo kye ky'okwawulirira ku mirimu gy'eby'obusuubuzi. Mu ntegeka ya FSIA ne UN, gavumenti teri mu mbeera zaayo nga esobola okugobererwa mu by'obusuubuzi. FSIA etegeeza okugula ennyonyi nga enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi oba bizineesi. Ekibuuzo ekikulu kiri nti, eky'okukola ekikolwa kino kye kimu ku buli muntu eyandibadde akyayinza okukola. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti egula ennyonyi y'ennyonyi empa empa empa ebbeebwa eddembe ery'okuteeka mu kifo kyayo ate nga n'eby'obugagga ebigwira mu biseera by'olutalo kyenkana. Ssawo kkooti zirowooze ssaako obululu.

[Akabonero:]JUS[AK'AWULA][[K'AWULA]]

Emu ku ngeri ezikontana ennyo n'enjigiriza ezo ezingiramu okumenya amateeka g'ensi yonna (] jus cogens), gamba ng'okutulugunya, okutta abantu n'obuddu. Ekibuuzo kiri nti, oba gavumenti eyinza okukakasa oba esobola okwewala ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka agafuga obutonde. [[FLT:]]] Al-Adani v. United Kingdom[FFOL:3] (2001], kkooti ya Bulaaya ekkiriza nti eddembe ly'ofulume ly'abantu lirina kye likola mu nsonga ez'okutuluguzaamu ez'okutuluguzaamu. [Fjun:][5]

Kyokka, kkooti ezimu ez'eggwanga zirina endowooza ey'enjawulo. Ferni v. Federal Republic of Germany (2004), kkooti ya Italy ekola eby'okuddawo yagamba nti Bugirimaani teyinza kwewala misango na kukakasibwa mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, kubanga ebikolwa ebyo byamenyebwa [[FLT:] jus colv . Kino kyaviirako [[FLT:] Jeruriunial Immunion Ittunions's mu maaso ga Kkooti ya Bugirimaani, nga tewabaddewo ku nsonga ezireetebwawo. [FLT] Enkola za Bugirimaani ezikoleddwa mu ngeri enneeyisaamu, era ne zigaana abantu okuwangula emisango egy'amawanga.[5]

[[Act:0] '[[KITANDIKI]]: [[OLW'OKUMALIRAKO]ICJ – Jurinical Immunioncus of the State (Germany v. Italy)

Waiver ne Conseil

Gavumenti eyinza okulemesa etteeka eryo okutaasa oba okugufuula gwangu. Empuku ey'okumenya ekolebwa nga endagaano, endagaano, oba nga sinnaba kugattibwa. Gavumenti eyinza okubaamu singa essaawa ekkiriza obuyinza bwa kooti nga ekola endagaano oba singa ekkiriza okukola endagaano ey'okugikuuma. Mu kugattika, ekiwabyo kya FSIA, ekiwabyo kya gavumenti okukkiriza okukola nga addirikiti mu ndagaano emenyawo olukalala olumu. Waiver eyinza okutwalibwa ng'eyawulibwa; omukuumi w'eggwanga okutawawulibwa mu kko akkirizibwa okutazza obuvunaanyizibwa ku musango. Ekyo tekiyinza kulemesa aba agiziyiza okuzingirwamu okuva ku ku kuttibwa. Singa embeera y'emu eyinza obutakkirizibwa, ebintu byayo ne bwe bikolebwa, ebintu biyinza obutakozesebwa mu ngeri y'obusuubuzi obulungi.

Bannalukalala Bakawukana

Mu Amerika, oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi 9, 11 Congress yakyusa olukalala lw'empaka mu mpagi ey'obutujju 2016 Antitrisism ne Effective Death Penalty Act mu 1996 era ne mu luvannyuma lw'ekikolwa olukulu] olugattiddwa oluvanyusi lw'obutereevu n'olw'obutujju bwa bannalukalala oluva mu U. Eby'obulyinjabi bireetawo emisango gy'ensi nga Iran ne Busuuli, naye nga bikuŋŋaanya emisango egyo gikkirizibwa okuziganya wakati w'eby'eby'obutunzi ebikozesebwa mu mirimu gy'obusuubuzi egitaliyo mu United States.

Okusoomoozebwa n’Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu

Omuntu bw'afuna eddembe okwefuga, aba akyakolera ku ebyo ebipya gavumenti by'ekola, era aba afuga ensi yonna.

Amabanja Agafuga Byonna

Ekiragiro kino kireesezza ebbanja erya nnawookeera ku bbanja erya nnawookeera. Singa ebbanja ligattibwa mu ggwanga, abakyufu batera okusoberwa mu kkooti z'Amerika oba mu U.S. K zigoberera endowooza nti okutandikawo enkambi za bannabyabufuzi kireetawo obwannakyewa. NMLM , Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina [207] (2014, Court.S.C.C.C.C.esaalor's Argentina kiyinza okukkirizibwa okuzuula ebintu byayo mu nsi yonna. Omusolo ogwo guyinza okugukaayimizibwa mu nsi endala. Ek'eby'obusuubuzi ate bwe guba nga gulina enkyungi, nga ne mu ggwanga eritali lya Amerika ligenda kugobeetaawo

Obuteefuga Bunnemeseza − Obumu Bugenda mu Maaso ga gavumenti

Okweyongera kwa kampuni z'eggwanga (SOES) kuleetawo ebibuuzo ku obanga zigwanira okulwanyisa obuwangwa ng'obwo bwe butyo. FSIA atwala SOES nga "macations oba amakwafu" ag'eggwanga eritali lya ggwanga, era tezirina kye gakola okuggyako nga zikola. Naye Convention y'eyawula wakati wa gavumenti n'ebibiina eby'enjawulo ebirina obwawula ku ggwanga ne ku kitongole ekirina obwawula ku mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza okuyisa SOES ng'abantu ab'eby'omu mateeka ebyawuka ate nga tekikola nga tekikola. obuvunaanyizibwa obwo bumaze kukolebwa mu bibiina by'amawanga agakola endagaano ne ga ga gamafuta agakolera wamu, ga gaasi, gaasi oba ebizimbe.

Okuvunaanibwa Omumenyi w’Amateeka mu Nsi Yonna

Etteeka ekkulu ery'olukiiko lw'e Rooma liraga nti obukungu bwa gavumenti oba gavumenti mu Russia tebwasumulula muntu ku musango. Kino kiwakanya nnyo endowooza ey'ekika nti abantu balina okuteebwa olw'okwegatta bokka okuttibwa okw'ekitta oba okulwana entalo. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti Omukulembeze w'eggwanga mu Sudan Germar al MalBasir ne munnaaster Vladimin bakiraze nti omuntu akuumibwa [[FL: 0] omuntu yeewawawanyi (omukuumi w'abatuuze atudde ku ggwanga) tabasobola kubaziyiza kuwerebwa mu kkooti z'ensi yonna. Kyokka, kkooti z'eggwanga zisigala nga zisobola okuvunaana omukulembeze w'omunnaggwanga. Olutalo olwo olwo (192002) nga nga ICC lugamba nti, munnaggwanga akiikirira ensonga ezikwata ensonga munnaggwanga munnaanyi munnaanyi munnaagibwa mu kkooti z'amawanga, terundiggalaze mu maaso ne mu kkooti z'enkola mu ku nsonga zamuti.

[[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[KATANDIKI]]: [[AKATANDIKIRWA]] [[O]2] Ekitongole eky'Ebikwata ku by'enjigiriza mu buwangwa – Ekiragiro kiwandikawo olunyiriri olusinga okubaamu fayiro[[KATANDIKIRWA]]

fundikira

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga evudde mu ndowooza ez'omu biseera eby'edda ennyo ez'obutaba na buyinza bwa Katonda ku ludda lwe olumu olw'enkomeredde, okutuuka ku musingi omuzibu ennyo ogw'amateeka era ogukwata ku kussa ekitiibwa mu bufuzi bwa gavumenti n'ensonga eziba ziteekeddwawo, okuvunaanibwa, n'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna. Enjigiriza zonna ez'omu kyasa ekya 19 zatongodde mu njigiriza enkugira mu myaka 20 era ne mu kyasa ekya 21 zitandika okugezaako okugezesa ekkomo lya Katonda erina enzigereke. Ekiragiro kya UN Convention on Juriscion Immunionmental es of State and the Tracyment, so ng'obuwandikiro obwa bulijjo tebunnakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna, bukiikirira ennyimba ezisinga zonna enfuze mu ku n'amateeka agafuga? Kyokka, ebibuuzo ebikulu ebisigaddeyo nga bireeteddwawo abakulembeze b'amawanga amalala agatali gamu?

N'olwekyo, abanoonyereza n'abalaguzi balina okussaayo omwoyo ku ngeri amateeka g'ensi yonna n'amateeka aga bulijjo gye gatuukirizibwamu.

[[Act:0] '[[KITABO]] [[KITABO]]] [[-KIKYAMU]]Enclopædia Britannica – Omufuzi w'ekikongoJUPU[[KATANDIKIRO:3]