Okutegeera Ettabi ly’Omulamuzi mu Ngeri y’Obufuzi bw’Amerika

Ofiisi y'ettabi erikola ku lukiiko olukulu era n'eyisa amateeka agayisibwa ofiisi y'eggwanga. Okuyitira mu mulimu guno ogunnyonnyolwa, ewa obukakafu nti enteekateeka zonna ezikolebwa gavumenti zigoberera Amateeka era nti eddembe ly'abantu likuumibwa. Ng'ettabi ly'abalamuzi bwe liwandiika amateeka era n'ettabi lya gavumenti ligawaliriza, ettabi ly'okusala emisango liba lirina kusinziira ku nkola y'obusambajja bw'amateeka. Olukiiko luno luteekawo enteekateeka ey'okukebera n'okugeempanya eziziyiza amatabi gonna obutaba na buyinza bwa n'obuyinza kusukkulu. Abayizi, abasomesa, n'abatuuze, bategeera engeri obuvunaanyizibwa obukolebwamu mu mateeka gye bukulu nnyo okutegeeramu amateeka.

Foundation, Constitution, Federal Jjusipiya

Akatundu III ak'enkambi y'Amerika katongoza ofiisi y'amateeka. Obutafaananako ennyinnyonnyola zonna ezikwata ku kizimbe era ne denabbiganti, ekitundu ky'amateeka ku lukiiko lwa jaji kimpimpi nnyo. Ekitundu 1 kigamba: "Ekireengera kya Amereka, kiriweerwa mu kkooti emu enkulu era mu kkooti za gavumenti ez'ebutebenkevu. Olulimi luno lwewa obuyinza okutandikawo kkooti era n'okusalawo obuyinza. Abakosiikusi baasa amateeka baaleka kalonda bingi okukolebwa nga basinziira ku milembe egya mulembe egyaddirira, nga bakitegeera nti Kootikko za Kkooti z'abalamuzi zisobola okutongozaamu abantu n'okussaawo.

Ekiragiro era kiwa abalamuzi aba bulijjo obuyinza okubeera abalamu mu kiseera "Endowooza Ennungi" era kigaana okukendeeza ku ssente ze basasula nga batuukiriza emirimu gyabwe. Obukuumi buno bwakolebwa okusobola okusobola okusala emisango egyetongodde ku mateeka ne ku muntu ow'omunda mu kifo ky'okutya okwesasuza oba okupikirizibwa mu by'ensi. Obwetwaze buno butwalibwa ng'ejjinja ekkulu ery'amateeka ga Amereka.

Ebitundu by’Ekizimbe mu Kkooti Erifuga Obunene

judiary ya gavumenti etegekeddwa mu bakulu b'emitwe esatu, nga buli mutendera gutegekebwa nga buli lukalala lw'abasibe bawaabiriza n'okusasuza.

Kkooti za Disitulikiti: Okuwozesebwa

Kkooti za disiturikiti ze zikola nga embalaasi eza gavumenti. Waliwo ebibinja 94, nga mwe muli n'ebitundu nga waakiri kimu mu buli ssaza, nga mw'otwalidde ne disiturikiti y'e Columbia ne Puerto Rico. Buli kkooti ya disitulikiti efuga emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka n'ebitundu. Okugezesebwa kukolebwa mu maaso g'omulamuzi, era mu buli nsonga nnyingi, olukiiko lwa disiturikiti lusala emisango. Buli lusala emisango egizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti, ebibuuzo, n'enjjulukuka z'amateeka, n'enkakaago, n'eb'enkaayago wakati w'abantu ab'amawanga ab'ensi ez'enjawulo (ab'obuyinza mu Puertoliro ezisukka mu doola z'obutaano mu mwaka ne mu bitundu ebimu ebiwerako nga R55,000, ne ku nsonga ezimu ezikwata ku gavumenti z'ekibiina kya United States.

Abalamuzi ba disiturikiti balamula ku misango egiba givunaanibwa, era basala emisango ku kutuusa butuusa mukolo, era balina kinene kye bakola mu kuwandiika ebyafaayo ebituufu ebikwata ku musango oguba gulabiddwa nga gugenda okusabibwa.

Kkooti ez’Ebyabuliro: Ekipimo ky’Ebyasambibwa

Wadde nga waaliwo obutundu 13 obusukka mu 11, enzivvuunuzi y'entebe y'ekitundu mu Columbia, era ne disitulikiti y'e Disitulikiti ey'e Columbia, ekitongole ekifuga ensonga ez'ekika ekimu, gamba ng'amateeka agatongoza gavumenti era n'ebyo ebireetebwa gavumenti.

Kkooti ez'apikiriza teziwa bajulirwa abappya. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, abalamuzi basatu beekenneenya emisango gya kkooti ya disitulikiti okusobola okumanya obanga ensobi zaayo zibaddewo. Bakebera ebiwandiikiddwa, basoma obuwandiike obuwandiike obuwandiike obwatuweebwa obuwandiikiddwa obuwandiikiddwa obujulizi. Kkooti esobola okukomyawo omusango gwa kooti entono, okuguzza obujulizi oba okuzza obujulizi obw'amadda mu nkola endala.

Kkooti y’omu Amerika Esingira Ennyo

Kkooti enkulu ye kkooti esingayo obukulu mu nsi. Kano kakolebwako abalamuzi mwenda abasala emisango ku ludda lulala. Nnyangu, era nga munaana basala emisango ku lukiiko olukulu. Nnyangu okulonda kkooti. Omulimu gwa kooti okusingira ddala kwe kwekebera ebyo ebisaliddwawo mu kkooti entono era ne kkooti enkulu. Kkooti zino zisalawo ku nsonga zirina okusalirwa omusango. Kkooti eyo ejja kusalawo nga emaze okusalibwa mu nkola eyitibwa okuwa bannannyini ekiwandiiko ekigamba ekya Certiorariari. Ku ebyo ebisukka mu 7,000, kkooti ekkiriza okuwulira buli nsonga nga 70 okutuuka ku misango 80.

Kkooti enkulu bw'esalawo ku nsonga, kisalirwawo mu ggwanga lyonna. Ennyinnyonnyola zaayo ez'amateeka era n'amateeka ga gavumenti gonna galina okugobererwa. Kino kiwa kkooti zino zonna amaanyi ag'enjawulo okumanyisa embeera z'abantu mu Amerika, nga bwe kiragibwa mu nsonga nga Brown v. . Ekiragiro kya 'FLT' [1954]), ekyakomya obusosoze bw'eggwanga mu masomero ga bantu, ate bergefell v. Hodges[[FLD3] (20:5]), ekyateekawo obufumbo obwa ddyo obutuufu.

Obusosoze n’Engeri ez’Engeri ez’Obulamu

Kkooti ezikola ku bupidiyo zirina ekkomo eriri mu buyinza obwa bulijjo obwa bulijjo.

[[[NT:0]] Obusobozi bw'okubuuza ekibuuzo busangirira ob'obubaka obujjawo wansi wa mateeka ga gavumenti, amateeka ga gavumenti, oba endagaano. Kino kizingiramu okulumiriza abantu olw'emisango egyali gibagwiddwa mu gavumenti, empalana eziraga nti etteeka limenya amateeka ga gavumenti, n'okusobya eddembe ly'eggwanga.

Obubonero obufuga ettuuti buleka kkooti za gavumenti okuwulira emisango wakati w'abatuuze ab'ensi ez'enjawulo oba wakati w'omutuuze ow'omu U.S. singa wabaawo akajjulukuka n'omutuuze atamanyidde, kibayamba okussaawo akakattuluku kasukka mu doola z'Amerika 75,000. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti abantu okuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo balina obusosoze era nti tebabaako ludda lwe bawagira mu kkooti za gavumenti.

Okugatta ku ekyo, kkooti z’ensi zirina obuyinza ku nsonga ezimu, gamba ng’okuwaayiriza obwetongodde, okuwandiisa n’obusobozi bw’obusobozi bw’obuntu, okulonda abaami n’okukwata amatondo g’ennyanja, n’obutyabaga obuvunaanibwa ekibiina kya Amerika.

Okwetegereza Omusango n’Enkongo zaagwo

Amaanyi agasingayo obukulu agaragibwa ofiisi y'ettabi esala emisango kwe kukebera ebirengo ebyawula() obuyinza okuyisa amateeka n'ebikolwa ebya bakungu ba gavumenti ebitali mu bufunze. Ekiragiro kino tekikola butereevu buyinza buno, naye kkooti enkulu yakiteekawo mu kifo eky'akabonero ak'obubonero butto. Madison

Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall, ng'awandiikira Kooti, yagamba nti Amateeka ga ssemateeka lye tteeka ekkulu mu nsi era nti galina okutaputirwa abalamuzi. Yawandiika bw'ati: “Kyenkanankana essaza era n'omulimu gw'ekitongole ekisala emisango okwogera amateeka bwe gali. ” Ekyo kyagatta ekifo ekya judiary okuba ettabi lya gavumenti eririna ekipimo era ne kiteekawo akakebeefube ku bannaakyewa b'amateeka n'eby'obuyinza.

Kkooti eno esse ebiragiro bingi nnyo mu by'ensimbi, okuva ku mateeka ga New Fair n'amateeka g'eby'ebirimba n'okulabiriza eby'obujjanjabi.

Abalamuzi Abafuga Obufumbo: Okulonda, Okutwala Obuwaŋŋanguse, n’Okuwamba

Okulonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna kuragiddwa mu Artiku II ey'Ekiwandiiko: Prezida atwala abagenda okulondebwa, era Olukiiko olukulu luwa amagezi era ne lukkiriza abalamuzi abasinga obungi okulonda. Abalamuzi ba kkooti entono, obulombolombo bw'ensimbi butera okukkiriza abakozaamu enkiiko z'ewaffe okusimbula okuyita mu nkola eya "bubonero obutono". Kkooti enkulu enoonyereza ku buli muntu era n'eviirako abalabirowo okunoonyereza ennyo mu bantu.

Abalamuzi bwe bamala okukuba ebiwandiiko, baba baawulirizibwa ne babaako kye bakolawo mu kupikirizibwa gavumenti era ekyo kibawa eddembe okusala etteeka eribayinza obutakkirizibwa mu kiseera kitono.

Enteekateeka y'obulamu esobozesa abalamuzi okwetongoza bokka, naye era kitegeeza nti pulezidenti omu asobola okutegeka kkooti z'ensi okumala amakumi g'emyaka ng'ekola enteekateeka. Kino kiviiriddeko abalamuzi okwongera okussaawo enjawukana mu by'obufuzi naddala mu kkooti esinga obukulu.

Bulombolombo Obukwata ku Kunnyonnyola Amateeka

Abalamuzi bayita mu nnyinnyonnyola z’amateeka nga bakozesa ebintu eby’ekifirosoofo eby’enjawulo, gamba ng’enjigiriza z’eddiini ezaatondebwa n’amateeka ga Katonda.

Okutandikibwako

Abakugu mu by'ennono bagamba nti amateeka galina okutwalibwa okusinziira ku makulu gaago agasooka mu kiseera we gaakkiririzibwa. Bakkiriza nti abalamuzi tebasaanidde kukakaatika mitindo gyabwe oba okusengeka ekiwandiiko ekyo okwoleka engeri gye kitwalibwamu. Ekiwandiiko eky'okusindekaanya kirina akakwate n'abalamuzi aba bulijjo gamba nga omugenzi Antonin Scalia ne Clare Thomas. Abawagidde okugakugira era n'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola za demokulase, kubanga enkyukakyuka mu mateeka tezirina kuyitira mu nkola y'okukyusa endowooza ya demokulase.

Ensengeka y’Amateeka Ennyuma Eganaatyo

Abawagira ssemateeka awakola n'enkola eya ssemateeka batwala ekiwandiiko ng'enkola eya bulijjo eteekwa okugobererwa mu ngeri egoberera emitindo gy'empisa. Bakkiriza nti ebigambo ebigazi nga "ekikolwa eky'okutuukiriza emitindo egiragiddwa nga "dro" ne "obukuumi obwa bulijjo" birina okutaputa okusinziira ku mbeera eyaliwo mu kiseera kino. Enkola eno ekwataganyizibwa n'okusala emisango mu ngeri eya bulijjo nga Ruth Bad Ginsburg ne Stephen Breyer. Abakuuti n'awakanya endowooza eyo bagamba nti ebigambo ebyo biwa abalamuzi amagezi mangi era ne banyoola amateeka nga bakkiriza ensalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku muntu kinnoomu.

Mu nkola, tewabaawo balagulwa ba mateeka abangi abakwata obufirosoofo obutono; abasinga obungi bateekamu endowooza ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku byawandiikibwa, ebyafaayo, n'ebibuuzo ebitegeerekeka obulungi. Kyokka, endowooza zino ezikontana ziviirako okuleetawo ennyo okukaayana mu kkooti enkulu.

Emisango Egikwata ku Kkooti Enkulu n’Ekyagikwatako

Ebyo kkooti enkulu by'esalawo birina kinene kye bikola ku bulamu bw'Amerika. Ekitundu ekyasooka kyogera ku misango esatu, emirala mingi n'okusingawo gigwana okugobererwa. Wansi wano waliwo emirala emirala emikulu egiraga ekifo kya kkooti.

  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] Marbury v. Madison (103])[[AKMLT:3] – kyatongozanga omusingi ogw'okulambula.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[:1] McCulloch v. Maryland (119) – 'Okabonero akalaga nti gavumenti y'ensi eno y'efuga era nti eri mu bufunze'ebitundu bya Convents'ebukulembeze bw'ensi yonna, nga kikwata ensonga eyo tesobola kusasula magye g'ensi eyo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[FLT][1]Scott v. Sandford [1857]] – kyalaga nti Amerika tezisobola kuba batuuze era nti katembaana teyandiweereddewo buddu mu bitundu; oluvannyuma yajjuuzibwa olw'obukaavuzi obwa 13 n'obw'obu 14 mitemereko.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[AK'AWULA] v. Ferguson (1996) – Abaakawyiro balimu ekika ekimu ne bakisanga nga kyenkanankana ate ate nga bali mu nzijizo eyo yokka; baaguyiribuza [B]brn v. Agoogo g'Eskompyuta z'enjigiriza[
  • [[:0][Akawayiro][NAMBA] Miranda v (1966)[[OLW'OKUMALIRA] – Abapoliisi abakulembedde okumanyisa omuteesiteesi nti alina eddembe ery'okusirika n'okutegeeza munnamateeka nga tannababuuza bikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ery'okuleka okusirika.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] New York Times Co. v] United States (1971][[FLT]] – eddembe ery'okuteeka mu bifulumira mu empapula likireetera okufulumya ebiwandisibwa ebiwandisibwa ebiwandisibwa ebirengo eby'enyongeza.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[A:1][FULT][.FALT[.FLT:2]] (2010) – 'Yakiyisizza nti empupulo mu bya bufuzi ebikozesebwa kampuni n'ebibiina biwandiikibwa zisobola okukuumibwa ne kiryoka kisigala nga kya ddembe okwogera, oba nga kizza tteeka erikwata ku by'embalirira.

Enkolagana Eriwo Wakati wa Kkooti Ezifuga Obuwaguzi n’Eggwanga

Amereka galina enkola ey'emirundi ebiri: etteeka erikwata ku balamuzi ab'ensi yonna likolera wamu mu kiseera kye kimu. Kkooti z'ensi za gavumenti zisala emisango mingi nnyo ku buli nsonga.[1] Bisinga 95 ku buli kikumi ku buli nsonga ezizingirwamu. Mu byo mwe muli n'amateeka g'amaka, okukaabiragana, obuwambe, n'ensonga ezisinga obungi ezikwata ku musango. Kkooti ezikola ku mateeka oba ebitongole by'ensi ez'enjawulo zikwata ku nsonga.

Enkola za kkooti z'ensiri zifaanagana, naye ziyoleka engeri y'okuwozesebwamu, n'enkiiko z'ensi mu kkooti ez'ekika kya gavumenti. kkooti z'ensi yonna zikola ng'ez'ebiwandiiko ebikomyawo eby'amateeka ga gavumenti okuggyako nga waliwo ekibuuzo ekizingirwamu. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika esobola okwekenneenya ebyo kkooti z'ensi bye zisazeewo ebisibukako ensonga ez'amateeka oba ebyo ebiba bikyusizza ku nnyinyo.

Enkola eno esobozesa enkola eno okukulaakulanya obukugu mu nsonga zayo ez'amateeka nga eteekateeka obukwasi bw'entegeka obumu ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Era ereeteewo engeri ezisoomooza: abasirikale bateekwa okusalawo oba nga baleete omusango mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, ekiyinza okukwata ku kiyinza okuvaamu.

Okwefuga n’Obwesige mu Bantu

Obwetwaze kitegeeza nti abalamuzi bayinza okusala emisango okusinziira ku mateeka ne ku nsonga nga tebatya kubonerezebwa oba nga tebalonze kabi. Omusingi guno gulina okugobererwa mu bwenkanya n'amateeka awatali kusosola.

Mu myaka egyakayita, abantu abamu bagamba nti okulumba abalamuzi, okubatiisatiisa, n’okugezaako okuteeka amateeka ku kkooti oba okukugira amateeka mu kkooti z'ensi, kyewunyisa nnyo ensonga lwaki abalamuzi balina okuba abeegendereza okusobola okukuuma obusosoze bwabwe.

Omuntu bw'akkiriza nti abalamuzi ba bwenkanya era nti enzivuunula ya mateeka, kiyinza okumuleetera okukkiriza ebiva mu kkooti era n'okugoberera ebiragiro bya kkooti.

Ebirabo n’Empaka Ennungi: Ekifo ky’Ettabi Erisalira Omusango

Amatabi amalala gombi bwe geetegereza engeri ettabi lino gye likolamu ebintu, liba teririna buyinza kubikola, naye oluvannyuma lizikebejja.

Ab'obuyinza bakwasisa amateeka n'enkola enkola. Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi, naye akakiiko k'abalamuzi kalina okukakasiza ddala ebyo ebisalibwawo. Conset inga ekola oba esazesezza kooti z'ensi, era eteekawo omuwendo gwa kkooti enkulu, era n'eteekawo nkyukakyuka mu mateeka okuzza emisango ku nkola y'enkola y'amateeka.

Kkooti zino zikakasa nti tewali n'omu y'afuga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kooti enkulu bwe yakuba olukunkumuli lw'amateeka mu Shelby County v. Homer , kakiiko kayinza okukyusiza etteeka eryo mu kifo kya ssawa y'ebyobufuzi. Kyokka, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon bwe yagaana okuwa olukalala mu kiseera eky'obuswazi bw'omu Watergate, kkooti esinga obukulu yawalagira okuteebwa, ne Nixon ne yeegattibwa.

Obuzibu Obubaawo mu Kiseera Kino

Obusawo bw'abalamuzi buzze bweyongera era ne kiviirako obuwambe okulwawo okusasulibwa. Wadde ng'omuwendo gw'abo abasala emisango gukyagenda mu maaso, obusaze obwo bweyongedde nnyo.

Ekyokubiri, okukakaatika obujulizi ku balamuzi kusiimye nnyo. Okusingira ddala, kkooti enkulu ewa abalamuzi obusaze obwawula abakungu ba gavumenti, era nga n'ebifo ebiba biweereddwa mu myaka egy'okulonda bireetawo okukaayana okw'amaanyi.

Eky’okusatu, tekinologiya aleetawo ebibuuzo ebirala ebikwata ku nsonga y’amateeka ageetaagibwa abantu kinnoomu, eddembe ly’okwogera, n’obujulizi obulaga nti kyetaagisa abalamuzi okunnyonnyola amateeka agaliwo mu bitabo ebitali bimu.

Obusobozi bw’okumanyiira embeera nga bwe zigoberera emisingi egikwata ku bwenkanya n’obwetwaze bujja kulaga nti obujja kuvaamu emiganyulo mu myaka egijja.

Olupapula: Amakulu g’Ettabi Erisalira Omusango Amangi

ettabi ly'ettabi ly'esalako teriba lya kuyisa butunuulizi ku mateeka kyokka naye liba mukuumi wa mateeka. Okuyitira mu ntegeka yaalyo(_ddigion, kkooti ez'ebitundu, ne kkooti enkulu) y'empandika n'empala ez'okukikkaatiriza. Amaanyi ag'okusala emisango gagonjoolezza obusosoze mu [[[FL:] Madison[[FL:1]], gawayirako omugabo ogw'okulaga obuvunaanyizibwa bw'amatabi mu kukuuma musingi. Ng'otegeera engeri etteeka gye likolamu, abatuuze bayinza okusiima ennyo ensibuko y'obufuzi bwa Amerekawo n'ensonga endala. [FFF][5][F] era n'ensonga ezisingako: [F]