Mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu by'obufuzi mu Amerika, sirvanments ze zikola ng'embalasade ezisinga obungi ez'okufuga Amerika ezisukka mu bukadde 330. Bwe kiba nga kye kitebe kya U.S. ekitebe kya gavumenti mu Washington, D.C., kye kitongole ky'eggwanga ekirina kye kikola ekiteerewo ku bulamu bwo obwa bulijjo. Ekiragiro kino eky'obuyinza mu ggwanga kirina ebiruubirirwa ebyangu eby'okukufuga mu nsonga z'eby'enjigiriza, eby'obujjanjabi, eby'obujjanjabi, eby'emiteeko gy'amateeka, n'eby'obutebe by'obulamu.

Okutegeera engeri ebibiina bino gye biddukanyaamu enkola y'obuyigirize, kusobola okumanyisa engeri amaanyi gye gakozesebwamu mu Amerika.

Emiwendo gy’Eby’Okukola n’Ebigambo by’Eggwanga

Ku kigero ekisingira ddala, amasomero ga gavumenti ge gakola ebitongole ebikola amateeka mu gavumenti. bye b'avunaanyizibwa mu kukola emirimu, okukuba obukugu, n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga abantu b'omu ggwanga.

Amaanyi ag’Okukola Amateeka

Obutafaananako gavumenti ya gavumenti ey'ensi yonna ewa abantu obuyinza obwategekebwa mu mateeka ga Amerika, amakanisa gawa obuyinza obunene okussaawo "masaza ga gavumenti""." obuyinza obw'okufuga ebika by'abantu okussaawo enzijanjaba z'obulamu, obutebenkevu, n'empisa ez'omu mpisa. Ab'obuyinza obwo obusinga obungi bubasobozesa okussaawo amateeka mu mateeka ga gavumenti, okussaawo amateeka ga gavumenti, okuva ku ku kussaawo amateeka agafuga amateeka okumenya amateeka okumenya amateeka okumenya amateeka okumenya amateeka. Balabirira enteekateeka z'eby'obuyigirize, okugobererwa eby'obujjanjufu, emitindo egikwata ku masomero, era n'ebyebiruubirirwa by'omusomesa. Bafuga ebya insuwa, amateeka g'abyo (okugattiramu n'okugattululwa kw'obufumbo), n'okukwata ku nsonga za gavumenti. Amaanyi ago ge gakola ku nsonga ezisinga obungi ez'obutebe bw'obutebe bw'eggwanga.

Amaanyi g’Emmere

Ekimu ku biragiro ebisinga obukulu ebya sitaagilala yonna erina "obwannakyewa obwa sawo"" obuyinza obw'okusasula emisolo n'okusasulira ssente za gavumenti. Gavana ayinza okutegeeza embalirira, naye mu nkomerero ssomiina y'asalawo engeri essente ezikozesebwa gavumenti gye zigobererwamu era n'okubikozesa. Kino kizingiramu okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku misolo gy'ensi, okusemba ssente, era okusasula embalirira ssente eza buli kintu okuva ku ku luguudo okusasula essente ez'okusasula ssente ez'okusasula essente ez'okusasula mu ssente ez'okusasula. Amakanisa mangi ga gavumenti gago gakolera wansi w'empaka ne pakitundu ebitongole ebikola enziina ebizikozesa mu ku ntemwalo.

Kizecutivu eky'Okulabirako n'Okukakasa

Enteekateeka za gavumenti tezituukiriza bukwasi mateeka ne ziddayo eka. Balina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi obw'okulabirira ofiisi y'ettabi, nga bakakasa nti amateeka agafuga gagobererwa bulungi era nti n'ebitongole bya gavumenti bikola bulungi. Obulabirizi buno bukolebwa ku ngeri ez'enjawulo. Akakiiko kalina bye kasalawo ku bikwata ku mirimu gy'ekibiina, okukuba eb'okukuba ebiwandiiko, okukuba eb'enkola n'okukebera ebikolebwako, era nga "obujulizi obukolebwa okukebera" bukozesebwa okulaba oba nga wabeewo. Mu matabi ga gavumenti mangi, Olukiiko era lulina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukakasa nti ebitongole biwandikiro ebikulu bya kakiiko, oba obugattiddwa ku bukiiko bwa gavumenti. Kino kiwandisizza ekiwandiiko ku maanyi n'obukulembeze mu gavumenti.

Okukendeeza ku busengeke

Buli myaka kkumi, nga bwe giwedde enzivuunula za Amereka, sirval sesvior ziwagirwa enkola ey'amaanyi ennyo ey'okulonda enfuumuulo. Balina okussaawo ensalo empya eza disiturikiti eza gavumenti, era mu masaza mangi, mu Amerika, ennyumba z'ababaka. Kino kikakasa nti buli ssaza lyenkanankana abantu. Kyokka, ekkomera liba lya bya bufuzi. Ekkomera lirina okulonda ennyiriri ezaawula enzivvuwamu okusobola okuwa ekibiina kyazo obululu. Kino kimanyiddwa nga Ggermaninging'okusobozesa buli kitundu okuba n'omuwendo gw'abantu okulingana. Wadde nga waliwo ensonga ez'amaanyi mangi nnyo. Kyokka, olukiiko olukulu olw'eby'obuyinza teruyinza kuwulira kkooti z'eggwanga ezikola ergergermantinumusssssssssssssssss zikyusa obubonero obuvunaanyizibwa obungi ku ngeri y'okulonda obutuufu ez'okulonda eby'okulonda eby'ebyakerooooooooooooolee

Okukyusa Endagaano y’Eggwanga

Wadde nga kizibuwalira nnyo okukomya ekiwandiiko kino, amateeka g'ensimbi agasinga obungi gaddamu okukyusibwa emirundi mingi. Amakampuni ga gavumenti gakola kinene nnyo mu kukyusa enkola eno. Mu bitundu bingi, etteeka eryateekebwawo liyinza okukkirizibwa okulonda akalulu ka ka kakiiko akafuzi ak'enjawulo. Kino kisobozesa akakiiko ka ka kakiiko akategesi okussaawo entegeka y'ebitongole ebikulu okutongoza eddembe ly'ekika kya gavumenti nga(*) okuva ku mateeka g'eby'omusolooka erifuga ettuuti (okuvvulizo) era abantu bakkirize nti kawansike akasembayo.

Entegeka ey’Omu Nsi: Okufuga Obukiiko n’Obufuzi

Okusobola okutuukiriza obulungi obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe, amasomero ga gavumenti gakoze enteekateeka ezeewuunyisa.

Obukyayi n’obulyi bw’enguzi bikontana n’ebigambo ebiri mu Baibuli

Enteekateeka eno egobererwa ddala nga akakiiko akafuzi ak'eggwanga erya United States, kategekebwa okulaba obanga kalina obuyinza ku gavumenti. Kalina ebiwandiiko bibiri ebigattika: ennyumba entono (Ennyumba ey'ababaka oba Enkuŋŋaana ennene) n'ennyumba entono. Ennyumba eno egoberera enkola ya U.S.C. etegekebwa okukebera ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti. Ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti byagooka okusobola okutwalibwa ng'ebibiina bibiri eby'enjawulo ebirina amateeka agaawukana, ebizirimu enzirowo, ebigwana by'enkola ya ssomero, ebigwa ku mutwe gw'ensi, ebikongojjufu n'ebiba byayo. Ekyeyawuka kino kye ky'ensonga ey'enjawulo eyategekebwa mu ggwanga lya Nebras, ate nga mu ngeri y'enkola y'enjawulo, era nga mu ngeri y'okugezesa obula mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Kyokka, enteekateeka y'obulabisi ey'ebitongole ebivanyuma by'ebitongole ebivamu bisangibwa mu bitundu byayo.

Obukulembeze Obukulu

Omuntu afuga ekisenge ky'enkola ey'okussaawo amateeka yesigamye nnyo ku bukulembeze bwakyo. Omuntu asinga okuba ow'amaanyi mu nnyumba entono y'oyo ayogera ku Nnyumba[[FL:1], afuga akabonero ka kalendabirwamu, awaayo obukiiko, era alonda obutuuti n'ebitundu. Omuwagizi w'obutebe bw'eb'eb'ebbanja, okusobola okumanya ebbanja eriwo ddala eriwo n'ery'erya n'eryabyo ebizifa. [[FFFFOM], alondebwa n'abakulembeze bano awamu n'abakulu bannaabakulembeze. [FFFFOLT],[3], era n'ekitongole ekitongole ekibadde kiwandikiro. [FFFULA], ekitongole ekitongole ekibadde kiwandikiro.[10][3], ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekyo kiyinza okulonda ek'okuteekawo olukalala.[F.][10]

Entegeka y’Akakiiko: Enjini ey’Okukola ku Bukulembeze

Tewali muwi wa mateeka asobola kumanyira ddala buli kakiiko ka kakola mu ngeri y'emu. Eyo ye nsonga lwaki obukiiko obuyimiridde bukulu nnyo. "bukiiko obwo busobola okubaamu okunoonyereza okw'enjigiriza, akakiiko akafuzi ak'enjigiriza, akakiiko akayitibwa Judiary, oba akakiiko aka Approppies(macationsss) era nga madaala agakola ku nsonga ezimu. Ekiragiro bwewandikibwa, bujulizi ku ka ka ka ka ka kakiiko akafuga entegeka za gavumenti. Akakiiko kano ke kanyweza obukiiko obuwuliriza bannaabwo mu kifo kya bannaaw'abatuuze, oba abaddusi b'abakuumi gye bawandikidde. Ate era ne bateekamu ebbaago w'ebbaaweebwe mu lukiiko.

Engeri Ebiwandiiko gye Bifuuka Amateeka g’Eggwanga: Ebitundu Ebiba Bikkiriziddwa

Wadde ng’amateeka agafuga gavumenti gaawukana okusinziira ku mateeka, etteeka erikwata ku sirvant ligoberera enkola enkulu ekyetaagisa okutegeera.

Omutendera 1: Okutandika n’Okuddamu Okuyiga

Omuntu yenna eyakola amateeka asobola okwanjula etteeka. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwandiisa abakola ku lukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka, etteeka eryo liweebwa ennamba era lisomebwa omulundi ogusooka ku kaseti. Oluvannyuma, omukulu w'ekitongole akiikirira akakiiko akayimiridde.

Omutendera ogw'Okubiri: Ekikolebwa ku Kakiiko

Eno ye siteegi esingayo okuba ey'amaanyi. Akakiiko kateekawo ebbali ku bikwata ku nteekateeka z'obukiiko. Akakiiko kasaba okulumiriza abantu basobole okuyingiza ebizingirwamu. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira, kakiiko kayinza okusisinkana mu kitundu eky'okussaawo ssente. Akakiiko kasobola okulonda okuyisa ebiwandiiko nga-di, okuyita mu biterekebwa, n'okubizzawo obutereevu ne kateekako akantu "wsututitule," endagiriro gye kalina (eba nga kagiteeseteese), oba nga tekakozeeko kye kakola. Singa akatundu tekayita mu kawandikiro, kasobola okufulumya ssente ezo ziba zimaze okuzibwawo.

Omutendera 3: Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo n’Engeri ez’Okunyumya

Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kiriko ekiwandiiko ekisigalawo, kiba kiteekebwa ku kalenda okulaga ekigenda mu maaso. Kiba "Obwokubiri," ekisobozesa okuwakana n'okukyusaamu ebirala. Ekisembayo, kiweebwa "Okwesatu okusoma" ku nsonga gye kivvuunulibwa ekisenge eky'empandika. Engeri y'okulonda ekyukakyuka. Obuvwoooze bw'ebifo obusukka mu kimu [[[FLT:]] obukawumbi obukola ku lupapula] bukozesebwa ku butatuukiriza bye bawandisi. [[FLT:] Buli lupapula olusooka [FFFFFF:5]] lusaba ababalibwa mu ngeri gye banoonyamu ebibanja ebibalwawo. ['akawumbalo nga baakyusaamu, nga bakyusawo olukalala lw'otaawula olumu olumu.[FLT:]

Omutendera ogw’Okuna: Olukiiko Olulala n’Obukiiko Obukola Olukiiko

Oluvannyuma lw'okuyita ekisenge ekimu, omumwa ogwo guyimiririza mu kisenge ekirala gye gugenda, era nga guyita mu kakiiko konna ne wansi. Ekisenge eky'okubiri kiyinza okuyita mu nkyusa y'omusolo gyemu oba kiyinza okugiyisa nga kitereezeddwamu. Bwe kiba nga buli kisenge kya njawulo, enzigi ey'ennya y'ennyanjula eteekwa okukwatagana n'enkyukakyuka. Bwe kiba nga tekigikkiriza, akakiiko kakkirizibwa mu nzivvuunuzi yombi nga tewali kitebe kya kugikoleramu. Akakiiko kano kakolebwamu ebitundu ebitonotono ebiba bya kiseera kitono okuva mu buli kisenge ekipya.

Omutendera ogw'Okutaano: Ekikolwa eky’Okukola nga Wesseroosiyamu

Ekisembayo kye kikolwa kya gavana. Gavana alina by'ayinza okukola ebiwerako: asayo etteeka mu mateeka; ate avuse etteeka eriritwala eriyago; aleke etteeka lifuuke tteeka nga teritaddeko siginaamu oluvannyuma lw'ennaku ezimu; oba, mu bitundu bingi, kozesa ekiteesiteesi [[FL:0] kyennown'empandika[ okusaanyawo ebintu nga bikkirizibwa. Ekiragiro bwe kisemba ebbanga amateeka, kiyinza okumenya etteeka nga likkiriziddwa. Singa gavana arwo aryuuka, agezaako okuddukanya etteeka eritwala obuwumbi trikito, ayalina kye kiwandikiro kye kikolawo mu bisenge byombi. Kino kiba jjulo kya waggulu, naye kiwandikiro kya waggulu ku buyinza bwa bannakye.

Ani Aweereza: Omuntu Wamu Namukadde Omutendeke w’Akakiiko Akakola ku Bukulembeze

Omuwendo gw'abantu abaweereza mu sinooni za gavumenti guli mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ng'ensi ezifuga zokka.

Omukungu wa gavumenti y’omu Amerika ya Buwandiike

Olukiiko lw'eggwanga olukulu olw'Emitemere y'Eggwanga (NCSL) lufuula amakanisa agamu. [[FL:0] Ekiragiro kino kifuula amacalala oba "Red" communferences[ (nga California, New York, ne Pennsylvania]) emirimu egy'ekiseera kyonna egisaasasulwa, n'abasiize abakulu mu by'enkola. Basikiriza bannabyabufuzi ate ne baba n'abakukola eby'ekitongole eby'amaanyi. Ku nkomerero endala babaako obutono, oba babaako bye bafunirako obweyansi mu mirimu emirala egibaliraanyi.[[FOLT][2][F][F][FF] Kino kiyinza okukolagana ne gyeyanjula mu mateeka amalala amalala ag'omuteego ag'ensi yonna. [NN]

Ebifa ku Bulaadi n'Ebifo

Mu myaka egiyise, sirvanton'ebitundu bya gavumenti eby'enjawulo naye nga tebiraga muwendo gwa bantu mu nsi zaabwe. Abakazi kati bakola omugabo omunene eri abawi b'amateeka (kaakati ka 30% mu nsi yonna), okuva ku 5% mu 1971. Obusosoze n'obusosoze era n'obusosoze obw'ebika ebirala era buleetera abantu okuba n'entebe ez'enjawulo, wadde nga buli kiseera abantu bamalako obulembedde ddala. Wabaawo okukaabya ku ngeri amakanisa gye gakiikiriramu ab'ebiva mu masaza n'ebirimba nga bwenkanankanankana emirundi 30%, obunene n'omusaala obutono.[8]

Ddi lw’Osaanidde Okukoma

Mu masaza 15, abawi ba mateeka bayisibwa nga ba ddonde. Mu myaka gya 1990, amateeka gano gaayisibwa ng'enkyukakyuka mu kulwanyisa emirimu n'okuleetawo endowooza empya ku gavumenti, ekendeeza omuwendo gw'emyaka omuntu gy'asobola okuweereza mu kifo ekimu. Obuwagizi obukwata ku kigambo bukoma. Abawagizi bagezaako okuziyiza okukomya amaanyi n'okukaka endowooza empya mu sistemu. Abakugu bawakanya endowooza empya nga balemesa abantu okufuna okumanya n'amaanyi okuva ku bannannyini mateeka era ne ku baggya amaanyi mu kifo kya bannakyewa, era ne ku bannakyekereza abakozi b'amatabi, ne bannassawa w'ekitongole ekiwandikiro.

Ebizibu Ebiraba Abakulembeze b’Eggwanga

Amakanisa aga gavumenti tegakola mu kifo kimu, wabula buli kiseera gatuukiriza enteekateeka empya ez’obufuzi bw'Amerika.

Kitundu Ekiyamba Emirandira n'Okwawula Omufumbo

Nga bwe kyali mu Conseils, sistemu za gavumenti ez'Amerika, okukendeera kw'empandika z'enjawukana mu nsonga eziragibwa abavvuunulizi. Okweyongerayongera kwago mu ngeri esaanira, okugatta awamu okulonda kikikifuula kizibu okuteekawo amateeka, naddala mu gavumenti z'ensi ezigattiddwa omu ezifuga akakiiko ka ppaawunti era n'endala endala. Olukalala luno luyinza okuziyiza gavumenti okugonjoola ebizibu eby'amangu, okuva mu by'eby'ensimbi eby'ensimbi okutuuka ku n'ebbeeyi y'eby'obujjanjabi.

Gerrymandering n’Olutalo olw’Okukuba Mmaapu Ennungi

Enteekateeka y'okulonda abanyazi efuuse ya maanyi nnyo olw'okufuga eby'obufuzi. Komputi eza kompyuta ez'enjawulo era n'obusobozi bwa kompyuta obw'enjawulo, ekiwagizi kya maanyi nnyo okulonda nnyiriri nga kikubawo obulagizi ne kikendeeza amaanyi g'abavvuzi b'ekibiina ekiwakanya. Kino kiremesa ekiragiro ekya demokulase mu kulonda abatuuti n'abatuuti abava ku buvanjufu.

Obuddukiro

Mu nkola za gavumenti, abantu bassawo amateeka "okugoba" gavumenti w'eggula amateeka oba agakugira amateeka g'omu kitundu okugobererwa ebibuga ne b'ebifo. Kino kye kirowoozo ekikulu ku nsonga gamba ng'empeera entono ezisasulwa, empewo z'obulwadde, amateeka ageetaasa, n'enkyukakyuka mu ba poliisi. Abawagizi bagamba nti okusumululwa ku mateeka agafuga enfuge mu bibuga ne kuziyiza amateeka agakontana. Abaziyiza gavumenti zireeteezza gavumenti okufufuggaza demokula ne gavumenti z'etwale okulemesa ebibuga okukola ku byetaago by'enjawulo eby'abantu.

Ensonga Lwaki Obukulembeze bw’Eggwanga Bukulu mu Bulamu Bwo Obwa Bulijjo

Kyangu okussa essira ku muzannyo mu Washington, D.C., naye ekituufu kiri nti, akakiiko ka gavumenti kako kalina kinene nnyo kye kakola ku bulamu bwo obwa bulijjo. Omulamuzi Louis Brandeis mu ngeri ey'enjawulo ebitiibwa "butongole bwa demokulase" era wano enguudo z'eby'obufuzi zigezesebwa. Ekkubo ly'ovugako, okusasula ebigo abaana bo bye batambuliramu, amateeka agakwata ku lukusa lwo, amateeka agafuga eya insuwa n'amazzi, era n'empewo zonna zisalirwa mu kko.

Ka kibe nga gavumenti egenda yeeyongera okugaziya engeri y'okulondamu, okukyusizaamu omululu mu mateeka, okwongera omusaala ogusingawo oba okukuuma eddembe ly'okuzaala, ekikolwa kyeyongera okubaawo ku mulembe gwa gavumenti. Amaanyi ga gavumenti ga gavumenti ganene nnyo, naye gava eri abantu. Okumanya akukiikirira, okulonda ssente ze bawagira era n'okulonda, era n'okulonda mu ntegeka y'emu ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku ntegeka y'obutuuze.

Abo abanoonya okukwatibwako, eby'obugagga nga NC biwa nyunzi ku ma kapaaliyo g'eggwanga. Ebitabo nga ] Bifuula ebiwandikiro ebifuga [ Kino kiyamba ebituuka ku ddaala erikusobozesa okufuna amateeka mu mbeera yo. Ebikwata ku nsonga eza kakiiko akaawyiro, Balpentiantia[ kye kikolamu ku ku bikwata ku ngeri ebitongole eby'amaanyi gye bikolamu, kisooka okufuuka ekitongole eky'okumanyisaamu omulimu ogwa tewandikiro.