Enteekateeka y'amateeka ekola ng'enkola y'enkola eya buli kibiina ekikulaakulanye nga kituukiriza enkaayana, eddembe likuumibwa, era nga n'abavunaanyizibwa eteekeddwa okugobererwa. Ku nsalo z'enteekateeka eno, ze nkomeko nga ssekasa ezatongoze amateeka okutaputa, okutegeeza obukulembedde, era n'okukakasa nti obwenkanya buwagirwa. Abayizi n'abasomesa mu byafaayo, enzivuunula z'amateeka, n'abayizi, okutegeera engeri kkooti gye zikolamu n'ensonga mu ngeri esaanira. Ekitundu kino kikebera ennyimba n'emirimu gy'amateeka, emisingi egikwata ku ku nsonga ezizingirwamu, n'enjigiriza ez'eby'ebyafaayo ebifudde enkola y'okulamuzi.

Engeri Ebyo Kkooti gye Bikolebwamu mu Bitundu

Kkooti zikola ng'ensambalampola bwe zigonjoolwa okusinziira ku mateeka n'enkola.

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] era n'okuteeka mu nkola amateeka:[[Akakiiko:1] bye bisalawo amakulu g'amateeka n'ebiragiro mu nsonga ezimu, era n'amateeka agafuga enkola nga bigobererwa, nga bikakasa nti amateeka gayimirizibwa bulijjo era mu ngeri ennukuta zonna.
  • [[AKM:0]] Okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu:[ nga beekenneenya, kkooti zikuuma eddembe erya nkomeredde nga "eyogera]."
  • [[O]0] Tteeka okusala omusango mu bwenkanya:[[O] Kkooti ez'omukitundu ekimu] ziwa abakosebwa ebifo eby'okufuniramu obudduukirize, abo ababawandiddwa okubaako kye bakolawo okusobola okulwanirira ensonga, era abantu okuvunaana abakozi b'obubi nga bayitira mu misango oba mu kugobererwa abantu.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Okukuuma emirembe mu bantu:[[AMERI 1] nga bagonjoola obutakkaanya mu mirembe era nga bafuga, kkooti ziziyiza obusosoze mu bwenkanya era ne zinyweza obwesige mu bantu mu mateeka.

Obwetwaze bw'amateeka y'ensibuko y'amateeka gano. Abalamuzi bateekwa okusala emisango egiba gigyesigamiziddwa ku mateeka gokka, nga tebatya kubonerezebwa oba buyinza okuva ku matabi ga bannakyewa oba gavumenti. Amawanga agalina abalamuzi ab'amaanyi era abeekulembedde geetongodde gayinza okweyongera ku by'enfuna, obulyi bw'enguzi ne ku nkulaakulana ey'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi.

Ebika by’E kkooti

Okutegeera amakooti ga ngeri za kkooti ez'enjawulo kiwa kalonda yenna ageetaagibwa era ne kooti ki esobola okufuga ensonga.

Kkooti z’Omusolo

Kkooti ezo zikola kinene nnyo ku misango egizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti n’egyenyi, oba okuwozesebwa mu Amerika (emirundi egisinga gye bayita kkooti za disiturikiti enkulu).

Kkooti z’Abamenyi b’Amateeka

Kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka zisala omusango ku muntu oba ku kibiina ky'abantu abamenye etteeka ery'okumenya amateeka.

Kkooti za Banamu

Kkooti zikola ku butaka wakati w'ebibiina, ebitongole, oba ebibiina nga “eby'obufuzi, obuvunaanyizibwa, n'enkizo. emisango gya gavumenti gizingiramu endagaano, enkaayana ez'eby'amaguzi, okwekosebwa kw'emisango, n'ensonga z'amaka. Omugugu ogw'okusala emisango gy'abantu guba mutono okusinga ku mu kkooti z'amateeka: omuwaabi ateekwa okukakasiza ddala nga asinziira ku bujulizi (kirabika nti obutuufu bulaga oba bukyamu).

Kkooti Ezaawulwamu

Ebitundu bingi eby'obuyinza bissaawo kkooti ezirina obuyinza butono nnyo okusobola okukola ku nsonga ezimu ezikwata ku mateeka:

  • [[Akabonero:0] Kooti z'omu maka:[[Akabonero] zikwata ku kugattululwa, okukuza abaana, okuwanirira abaana, okukuza abaana, n'okuyisa obubi abaana. Kkooti zino zikola ku kisanja ekyangu, nga zissa essira ku birungi abaana bye bayinza okufunira.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti eza Juvenile:[[[NKULA]] Zoolereza abaana abavunaanibwa nti bajeemu oba abo ababeera ku musingi kwe kubalirira (abakkiriziddwa oba abayisibwa obubi). Essira liba ku kukyusa mbeera mu kifo ky'okubonereza.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Empagisa:[[AK'AWULA:1] Kino kitegeeza okutunuulira entegeka y'eby'okukola nga ebiwandiikiddwa, empandika, n'enkola ez'okubuuka.
  • [[Act:0]] Tsomero':[[AK'AKATANDIKA] Gigonjoolera enkaayana wakati w'abasolooza b'omusolo n'ab'obuyinza obunene ab'omusolo.
  • [[Aka]] Kooti eziba ziwayiriziddwa:[[OLW'OMUTEGO] zoogera ku kwegayirira abantu kinnoomu oba ebikolerwa mu maduuka aganoonya obuweerero okuva mu bbanja wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti agaasobeza.
  • [[Act:0]] Kooti ezifuga:[ Zisobola okusala enkaayana ezikwata ku bitongole bya gavumenti, gamba ng'emiganyulo mu by'obukuumi, okubuuka, oba abakugu. Bino bitera kukolera ku ttabi erifuga naye nga biteekwa okuteekawo ensonga ezituufu.

Olw’okuba waliwo kkooti ez’enjawulo ezikola ebintu mu ngeri ey’enjawulo, kiraga nti amateeka mangi nnyo era nti waliwo obwetaavu bwa maanyi obw’abalamuzi abalina obumanyirivu mu bintu ebitali bimu.

Engeri y’Omu mateeka: Amateeka Gye Gaateekebwawo

Okusinziira ku mateeka, n'ebitundu ebyo, n'emitindo gye bigoberera enkola eyagobererwa okusobola okukakasa nti ebimenyebwa bitegekebwa bulungi. (b'omu mateeka oba abamenyi b'amateeka) okutegeera emitendera gino kiyamba abatuuze okumanya engeri emisango gye gigenda nga gigonjooleddwamu.

Okwemulugunya oba Okwemulugunya

Mu nsonga ezikwata ku bantu, omukungu wa gavumenti ateeka olukalala ku kkooti, n'ategeeza obutuufu bw'ensonga, era n'obuweerero ne busembebwa. kkooti ejulira omuwaabi, era n'eraga omuwayitirwa. Mu musango, omumenyi w'amateeka atandika n'okukwatibwa, okusa emisango gy'omuwaabi, oba okuvunaanibwa omusango.

2. Baddamu era Bakubiriza

Omuntu awayiriziddwa alina okubaako ky'akolawo ku nsonga eyo mu nnaku nga 20 oba 30. Ayinza okukkiriza oba okwegaana ebyo ebiba bimuwaayiriziddwa era ayinza okugattika obuwagizi oba okugattika obuwanguzi. Singa agaana okuwa emboozi eyo, kkooti eyinza okusala omusango.

Okuvumbula 3.

Okunoonyereza kulaga engeri ebintu gye biyambamu abantu nga tebannakebera kunoonyereza.

  • [[AKITANDIKI]:[[AK'AWATANDIKWA] Ebibuuzo ebiteekwa okuddibwamu nga kiragiddwa.
  • [[AKATANDIKA]] Obujulizi obwakolebwa nga tekinnaba kukosebwa, busobola okukozesebwa oluvannyuma.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Kwetaagibwa okukola:[[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Bye bikwetaagisa mu biwandiiko, ennamba, obuwandike bw'ekisawo, oba obukakafu obulala bwonna bwe bulaga.
  • [[Act:0] Ebijulizo ebitegeeza okuwayirako:[[Act:1] Evvuunulo omu z'asaba munne okukkiriza oba okugaana obukkirizi ensonga.

Mu misango egikolebwa abamenyi b'amateeka, abo abavunaanibwa baba n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi (ku ludda lwa [[FLT]] Brady v. Maryland) okusobola okubikkula obujulizi obulaga nti waliwo okuwaayirizibwa --eSeesoodoosis'.

4. Emirimu n’Okuwulira Obulungi Ebiriwo nga Bikyali

Nga tebannawozesebwa, buli omu ku abo abawaabirwa ayinza okusaba kkooti okugonjoola ensonga ezimu nga tasoose kugoberera bubonero.

  • '[Act:0] Kino kitegeeza okugobawo:[[NKULULA] Arguero ezitegeeza nti okwemulugunya tekuwa bukakafu oba nti kkooti terina buyinza kufuga.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kinoonyaamu omufuzi aleme okutongozebwa mu bufunze:[[AK'AMENTI] Anoonya engeri y'okufugamu nga tewaliiwo mukemo kubanga tewali kuwakana kwa mazima ku nsonga ezizingirwamu.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwa obukakafu obw'okukubisaamu obujulizi: mu misango egimenyedwa mu mateeka, ngawa obukakafu nti obuwagizi bwafunibwa mu ngeri etali ya mu mateeka era nga bulina okububaamu.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Motion in Limune:[[Akawayiro:1] Kano kaleetera ekiragiro obutafuna bujulizi bulaga nti omuntu tajja kuyisibwa mu kkooti.

Okugezesebwa

Omusango guba okusala emisango mu nkola ekkirizibwa mu nkola gye giweerwa omulamuzi oba abalamuzi.

  • Ebiwandise ebibuuka oba ebiwandikidwa:[[Aka] Ebiwandikiro biragako oba nga biwandikidwa nga biwandikidwa.
  • [[AK'OMUKIRAmo:0] Obujulizi bukkirizibwa:[ Abajulirwa bayitibwa ne beekenneenya (ebbanga, enkyuukanya y'okukulembedde, okugazzaamu empandika ez'ennono). Ebiwandiiko, ebifaananyi, ne lipoota ez'abakugu byewa ziyingizibwa biyingizibwa mu buwandike.
  • [[NKULULA] [[Aka]] Buli ludda lwo lulaga obujulizi mu bufunze era ne kiwa obukakafu okulaga nti waliwo ekibonerezo.[[NTL]
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obulagirizi butegeeza nti amateeka ag'okugikoleramu gayinza okugireetera abali ku kakiiko akalamuzi okuyisa obulungi ensonga.[[AK'AK'AWULA]
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro ekiyisa omusango oba ekkomo:[ Ekiragiro kisala emisango ku kabaga ne kisaamula omusango mu bugenderevu ne kiddizaamu omusango.

Mu kulamula okw’abamenyi b’amateeka, ekibonerezo kirina okusalirwa mu masaza agatali gamu.

6. Obulwadde bwe Bwaviirako Obuzibu

Singa omuwawaabirwa asangibwa nga muvunaanibwa omusango, ekibonerezo ekyetongodde kikwatibwa ku mulundi gumu. Omulamuzi alowooza ku nsonga gamba ng'amaanyi g'ekibi, ebyafaayo by'omumenyi w'amateeka, ebigambo ebivunaanibwa ebiva eri abo abawaabirwa, n'ebyasalibwa abawaabirwa.

Applet 7.

Omuntu afiiriddwa ayinza okujulira mu kkooti esinga obukulu. Awo nga bajulira ku kkooti, era nga baddamu okwekenneenya ebiwandiiko ebiwandiikiddwa ku nsonga eziyinza okuba nga zaakwata ku ekyo ekiba kibaddewo. kkooti essaabaza eyinza okukkaatiriza, okuzza obuwanguzi, okuzza obulala oba okuzza omusango omulala.

Enkola y’okussa essira eyinza okutuuka ne ku kkooti esingayo obukulu mu buyinza.

Ebizibu eby’Empisa ne Bwe Biba Bigeddwa

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti emisango gijja kuba gya bwenkanya era nti abantu bajja kulabibwa ku ngeri gye gikwata ku ddembe lyabwe era n'omukisa ogw'okuwulirwa.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Kino kyetaagisa gavumenti okuggyako obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu nga bigoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya.

  • Nooti [[FOLT:0]:[[Akabonero:1] Oyo avunaanibwa alina okutegeezebwa ebyabaliko omusango oba ebyo ebibavunaanibwa.
  • [[AKITANDIKI] Kalina omukisa okuwulira:[[Akabonero:1] Kakisa ak'amakulu okuwa obujulizi n'ennyimba mu maaso ga k'oyo agikolako eky'okusalako ekikula.
  • [[AKITANDIKI] Omulamuzi ow'Eby'obufuzi:[[AK'AK'AWULA] Omulamuzi ateekwa obutabaako ky'asoosa era n'obutabaako bukuubagano buli lwonna.
  • [[AGUMENTI] Ekola nga bw'owabula:[[NKULA] Mu kukyusa okw'omukaaga mu Amerika, abawayirwa mu nsonga ez'ekika kya mukaaga, baba n'obuyinza okukwata ku nkola y'omu mateeka; bwe batasobola kufuna munnamateeka, omuntu ateekwa okulondebwa (laba nga Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • [[Act:0]] Okuzza ebikyamu:[[Act:1] Ddambe okuwa obujulirwa ku bannaalukalala n'okutuukirira abo abatuyisa.
  • Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa omujulizi okutegeeza obubonero obutuufu obw'ekika kya [[[Act:1].
  • [[Act:0] Okugeza olukalala lw'ebiragiro: Okuggyako nga waliwo embeera entono, ebigezo biteekwa okukkirizibwa eri abantu okusobola okubaako olukusa olw'enkola gye biyitamu.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Okuvunaana okwamaanya:[[[LT:1]] Abawayirizibwa balina obwannannyini okuwozesebwa awatali kulwa.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Kkooti enkulu eyinza okukoma ku nkola gavumenti z'ebadde ekozesa, ka kibeere nkola ki ezikozesebwa. Esobola okukuuma eddembe ekkulu nga eryo eritali lya kika kya bantu, oba ly'abo ab'omukwano, n'ery'okwefuga kwefuga kwokka nga gavumenti emaze okweyingiza mu nsonga, okuggyako ng'ewandikiddwawo etteeka eribawaliriza. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. ekozesebwa mu nkola e'ekiragiro okuwera okuwera amateeka agakugira okuziyiza okuziyiza obusigisa oba obutazaala ([[FLT:]]][FLT]]]]) n'obufumbo bw'omubutyo ([[FLT:]]]

Emisingi egy’Omu Mateeka ag’Ensi Yonna

Eddembe ery'okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya likkirizibwa mu byuma ebikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu nga mw'otwalidde ekirango Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Artle 10) era n'Essomero ery'ensi yonna ku ddembe ly'obuntu (Atuuti), emitindo gino girina okusalirwawo obukwasiddwawo kkooti ezeetongodde ku nsonga z'ekiwangwa oba ez'obufuzi.

Ebyafaayo Ebiraga Engeri Amateeka Gye Gagenda Gakolebwamu

Endowooza egamba nti ebintu tebyajjawo byokka n'ebikwata ku ngeri gye bikolebwamu mu byafaayo.

Magna Carta (1215)

Emirundi mingi ebyawandiikibwa ng'omusingi ogw'enkola ey'okutuukiriza, Essuula 39 eya Magna Carta'eraga nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ayinza kusibibwa, kuggibwa mu nsi oba okuggibwa mu mateeka ga banne oba etteeka ery’omu nsi. Ekiwandiiko kino, ekyakakasibwa Kabaka Yokaana abajeemu, kyassaawo omusingi nti kabaka afugibwa amateeka mu kiseera ekyo.

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe (1689)

Oluvannyuma lwa Glounion Revolution, Bill of Rights mu Bungereza yagaana okusasula ssente ezisingawo, okubonereza okw'amaanyi era okwewuunyisa, era n'okulagira amatabi okukkiriza ebikolwa ebimu ebya katonda.

Ekiragiro kya Amereka ne Bill of Rights (1787-1791)

Ekiragiro kyatandikawo amateeka mu lukiiko olwo ne kiteekawo abalamuzi (Article III) era ne bateekawo ekifo ekikulu ennyo mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Bill of Rights, naddala eya Olwetaano, olw'omukaaga, olw'okutaano, era n'olw'okukyusa kwa Semiteesere, ne Seveni, ne lwekukakasa nti tewaaliwo kunoonyereza kuteetegeera, okweteekako n'obuteeteeka mu kabi, era ne kiba kyetaagisa okugezesa okugezesebwa amangu n'okubuulirira. Ekiwandiiko kino kya 145 ekiwerezaamu nga kimaze okuweza ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti.

Emisango Emikulu mu kkooti

Ebyo ebisaliddwawo kkooti ey’oku ntikko mu Amerika Ennyo byongedde ku ddembe ly’okuwozesa emisango mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya:

  • [[AWULA:0][[OKATANDIKA]] Miranda v (1196) kyali kyetaagisa poliisi okumanyisa abo abagisalirawo nti balina okusirika n'okubeerawo ne mu kiseera eky'okubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku lukusa.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): kye kyakakasa eddembe ery'okubuulirira abawayirizibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka, ne bwe kiba nga tebasobola kugula muteesiteesi.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[:1] 'BRAdy v'. Maryland[[KATANDIKWA:2] (1963): Kino kyazuulibwa nti abawaabi bawaabi bawa bujulizi obulaga ebyo ebizingirwa mu kwewozaako.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[FLT]] Batson v. Kentucky (1986): Obuzibu obulala obuva ku langi oba ekikula.
  • [[AWULA:0][[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Taylor v. Louisiana Kyali kyetaagisa okuva ku bidiba by'akakiiko akasalirako abaakola okusobola okulaga olukumbo olutuufu olw'ekitundu ky'ekitundu.

Ebikulaakulana mu Nsi Yonna

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II, ebitongole by'ensi yonna ebiyitibwa Nuremberg Trials byassaawo enkola enzijuvu ez'omusango abantu gwe baavunaanibwa era n'emitindo egikwata ku bwenkanya gikola ne mu kkooti z'ensi yonna eziwozesebwa.

Obukulu bw’Okufuna Obuyigirize mu Mateeka

Omuntu omumanyi obulungi eby'obufuzi asobozesa enkola ya demokulase okukola obulungi.

  • [[Act:0] Kino kitegeeza nti omuntu bw'aba ategeera ensengeka ya kkooti:[[AK'AMENT] Kino kimuyamba okumanya kkooti ki efuga omusango oguba guyimirizidwa kiyambe okugonjoola obutakkaanya n'okutuuka ku kika kyagwo ekiba kizzeeko enkola ey'okukwata obulungi.
  • [[NT:0] Okweyigiriza ebikwata ku ddembe n'obukuumi eby'omu mateeka: Kino kisobozesa abantu okutegeera ebiwandiiko ebigoberera amateeka, eddembe lya bantu, n'enteekateeka z'abamenyi b'amateeka okumenya amateeka n'okunoonya ebyo ebiba biteekeddwa mu nkola ebibavunaanibwa.
  • Okusoma amateeka kuyigiriza okunnyonnyola, okutegeera obujulizi, n'okutandika ebigambo ebisendasenda, nga bino biyamba mu mulimu gwonna.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Okutegeera enkola z'amateeka kikubiriza abo ababa basembedde okulonda, okulonda, n'okusazaamu amateeka okusobola okutereezaamu.

Eri abasomesa, okugatta emitwe gy'amateeka n'egy'ebigo, kiyamba abayizi okukwataganya emisingi egitali gya mateeka n'ebiriwo mu nsi ebibaddewo ddala. Amakulu ng'ebyo nga Ekiragiro kya 'Fudiary'Slear Educational Outformation[ ne Institute ewandikibwawo oluyiga olutuufu ku mateeka biwawa bikozesebwa okuwa abantu ebintu ebyangu okusobola okulabika.

Ebizibu Ebijja Okujjawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Wadde nga wabaddewo okukulaakulana mu byasa bingi, okugezesebwa okw'obwenkanya kukolebwa. Okusibibwa mu nkambi, okusalirwa enzivuunula mu mateeka, obutakkirizibwa mu mateeka, n'okubuulirirwa kw'abaavu, n'okusabibwa kw'emisango nga 90 ku buli kikumi mu Amerika, bisobola okulemesa enkola ebadde egobererwa.

Kaweefube ow'okugonjoola ebizibu bino azingiramu enkola ey'okuwaayo ssente ezikozesebwa okulwanirira abawagizi, okugoosa ssente, okukuba ekirabo, n'okukozesa eby'enjawulo mu bya tekinologiya okwongera obulabiko okubungangabuuka mu kkooti. Ebibiina by'ensi yonna nga International Commission of JURT [[FL:1] bifuga obwetwaze mu nsi yonna era ne biwagira enkyukakyuka mu mateeka.

fundikira

Kkooti n'enkola z'amateeka si ngeri za njawulo; ziteekamu obuvunaanyizibwa obw'abantu ku bwenkanya, okwenkanankana, n'okufuga amateeka. Nga zikakasa okugezesebwa okw'obwenkanya era n'okuwagira enkola ebadde egobererwa, entegeka y'amateeka ekuuma obuvunaanyizibwa obwa buli muntu kinnoomu era n'ekuuma endagaano mu nkolagana. Olugendo olw'ebyafaayo okuva ku Magna Carta okutuuka ku ntegeka z'abantu ez'omu kiseera kino lulaga obwenkanya obwa buli kiseera. Era lukyakola nga tekinnabayo obujjuvu obwa bulijjo. Abayizi n'abasomesa bategeera entegeka y'enteekateeka eno era n'emisingi gyayo si geetaagisa wabula geetaagisa. Ng'abatuuze ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso, bajja kutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukuuma entegeka zino ezizimbirwamu era n'okuwagira enkola y'obwenkanya.