Omuteeso ogw'okutaano ku ssemateeka w'Amerika gukola ng'ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebikuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu mu mateeka ga Amerika. Nga guwagirwa mu 1791, gutandikawo enkumbula esobozesa gavumenti okukoma ku buyinza bwayo mu kiseera kya mateeka era ne gukakasa obutali bwenkanya. Abayizi n'abasomesa b'amateeka, ebyafaayo, n'eb'obuwangwa bw'amateeka, okutegeera obulungi eky'Oluvannyuma lw'amateeka olw'okutaano kikulu nnyo, so si okutegeera obutuufu bw'amateeka agafuga, kyokka n'okutegeera emisingi egikwata ku nkola y'obufuzi bw'ekitongole kya Amereka. Ekitundu kino kiwa obukakafu obw'ennono ku nsonga enkulu ennyo ez'okusoobw'okutaano, enzikkiriza okuga n'amateeka, n'okukwata ku ngeri z'okukwata ku mateeka agaagoberebwa obutuufu.

Ebiri mu Ebiri mu Ssuula Etaano ez’Omukago

Ekitongole eky'okutaano kirina obukuumi obw'enjawulo . Ebyawandiikibwa ebikigasse birimu ebitundu bibiri: “Tewali muntu n'omu ajja kutwalibwa mu kikolwa eky'omusango okuggyako ng'avunaanibwa mu Grand Jury, ... oba omuntu yenna afuuliddwa omujulirwa ku mukolo ogw'okussa obulamu oba ekimenya amateeka, oba okuggyako ng'avunaanibwa olw'okuwa obuwangwa bwa Grand Jury, ... oba okusalirwa olukalala olw'ensonga y'emu, oba okutwalibwa ekintu ekimu okukolebwako ekintu ekimu, nga tateekeddwako n'okukiteekako obulamu bwe butyo, oba okubuwanduusibwa obulamu, oba okubufiirwa, nga tewali ngeri ya kuyitira mu gavumenti y'obukulembedde:[FF] oba mu bufumbo obukya mu butongole bw'omulembe. [Fose:] oba mu buggyibwa mu buzibu obutongole bw'aliddemu: [F][5], obumu:[5] era ne mu bugfunze bwa gavumenti y'obumu: "bufunze].[19]

Ekisinga Okukolebwa ka Claus ku Mpisa ey’Okutaano

Grand Jury Claus

Grand Jury Claus esaba nti emisango egy'amaanyi giweebwe oluvannyuma lwa misango emikulu egikwata ku balamuzi okulumiriza abantu. OLUGONDO olukulu olukulu lwe kiba kibinja kya bantu abawulira obujulizi obuva eri abawaabi era nga kisalawo obanga wabaawo ensonga eziyinza okusalirwa omusango. Ekiragiro kino tekikozesebwa ku gavumenti. [Okiwandiiko kya gavumenti ekikulu:0] oluwayi lw'abalamuzi oluteekeddwa mu California [184] era nga bawulira obujulizi obwava mu kkooti nti, ekiteesiteesi kya 141 tekissa mu tteeka ekkulu erikwata ku bajulizi.

Claus

Ekitongole kya Reoparde ekikola nga Reoparde kigaana gavumenti okugezaako omuntu okulumiriza omuntu emirundi ebiri olw'ekibi kye kimu oluvannyuma lw'okulagirwa oba okulayibwa. Obukuumi buno buteekebwako kakiiko akalamuzi singa kaba kalayidde oba obujulirwa obwasooka okuyitibwa mu kusaliriza akatebebwe. Obuwagizi buno busobola okusalibwawo: omuwayirizi bw'ayinza okuteekebwa mu nkola ebbeesa oba singa omusango ogusooka gukomezebwa mu nsonga ez'okweyoleka, oba singa ekikolwa ekyo kimenya amateeka ga gavumenti (empandikaanyi eyo gyeri obwa “obufuzi obwa bulijjo”. Awomasamasa ng'olupapula lw'olukalala olwo luyinza okuba nga v. United States[FLD:32] [192])) ne kisalawo oba singa ensonga ezo zimenyebwa mu ngeri y'emu nga zikola ensonga bbiri. `ssss proseasesssss tractived'''''''''akku".

Noole

Emirundi mingi bayitibwa “eddembe okusirika.” Ekirabo eky'okusiimula ekiwaanvugirwa mu [FOLD] [[FOLT] [[FLT]] obuwagizi buno bukola mu kkooti era ne mu kiseera eky'okubuuliriza abapoliisi, okubuuliriza okusobola okulabula abantu. Ensoloozaamu [Kkooti enkulu:0] [Miranda v.[FLY] [196] tegwalina okukakaatibwa amateeka okukaka obukwasibwa okubuulibwa kino nga obuvunaanyizibwa obwa nnyini bugenda okubububububuusibwa n'okubuulirizaamu. Olukiiko olukulu era okulabula abantu nga kati lumanyibwa ng'eddembe eririmu. Olukiiko olwo bwe luyinza okumanyisa obujulizibwa oba obujulizibwa mu mu mumenyi w'emisango. Mu nzijuuni, ekibiina tekiyinza kukakala ekiwandiiko; ektongole ekitongole ekiwanyisa ebitongole kiwanira ku nsonga.

Atwala Omuntu nga Claus

Okutwala kampuni z'eby'enfuna kigaana gavumenti okutwala ebintu ebyamaguzi okukozesebwa abantu awatali kusasula. Omusingi guno, ogumanyiddwa nga ekitundu ekya waggulu, gukwetaagisa gavumenti okuteekawo ebbeeyi ey'obwenkanya nga enyanjula ez'ebifo gamba nga ebidduka, amasomero, oba okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna. Omusango ogugwagwawo gwa Kelo v. Ekibuga kya New London[[FLD] [2001]] (2005] okugaziwa mu kyamalanga ebiteesiteesi ekitongole ekyama, okugatta ku butebenkenkevu obugasaanyi obugasaanya eby'eby'enfuna, ebiwayungiza enkalu, n'okuvanyuma ku nsonga z'eby'eby'eby'eby'obukkulembedde mu bitongole bya gavumenti.[2][7][3][3]

Tutegeere Obunene bw’Ebiseera Ebitutuukako

K'akakasiza ddala nti enkola y'okukyusa taano ekkirizibwa mu nkola ya Kkooti y'emu ey'edda, etegeeza nti tewali muntu “afiirwa obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu nga taweereddwa mateeka." ebigambo bino biviiriddeko abantu bangi okunnyonnyola ebikwata ku mateeka era bye bisinze okusinziirwako okusalawo okw'omu kkooti esinga obukulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Engeri y'okugattiramu amatabi abiri: enkola esaanira okuzigoberera n'okutuukiriza ebwetaaze.

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Okusinziira ku nkola ekolebwawo, gavumenti elina okugoberera enkola ey'obwenkanya nga tennaggyako muntu yenna bulamu, eddembe oba bintu. Mu bintu bino mwe muli okuwabula, omukisa okuwulirwa, okusalawo okw'obutabaako ludda lwokka, era n'okusalawo okw'ensonga. Kkooti enkulu okugezesa okusobola okumanya engeri y'okuteeka mu nkola ekyetaagisa, " Mathews v. Eldidge[[ [6]][6]][6][6]] Ebibali waggulu: okwetaazaawo ensonga, okufiirwa obwetaavu mu nkola y'enkola eno, n'ensonga ezikwata ku by'obukulembebwa mu by'enfuna. Engerinde eyo ekakasa nti omuyizi agoberera obulagirizi obutuufu.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Kkooti enkulu ebadde egoberera enkola y'okussaawo emitindo gy'eby'enfuna esobola okukuuma eddembe erisaanyewo mu by'obufuzi ne bwe kiba nti enkola ezikozesebwa za bwenkanya. Ebbanga lino ery'okutandika lya kooti enkulu lyaleetawo okuleetawo okusoomooza mu byanno, okussaawo amateeka agatali gamu mu bya nfuna, ng'amateeka agasinga obunene mu . New York[[FLD] v' [1] [196].] (1965]) , olukiiko olwo lwako lwako olusooka ne luva mu nkola eya New Trie, naye nga luyingira mu byamalwawo ebikolebwamu bya bannannyini.[Focreeve][5][5] era ne "evention:[5] Kino kibeera nga ekitongole ekirengo ekirengo ekibadde kigikongo ekibaddeko.[5] mu kifo ekigamba ekisukka mu kifo ekya ddyo, ekimu eky'okukkeethengo ekyo kiyinza okukireetera okukkeesa.[F.'okuk'okukkeesa]

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Mpisa Etaano

Emisingi gya Amereka ey'okutaano gifunze nnyo mu byafaayo by'amateeka mu Bungereza. Olupapula Magna Carta (1215) lwakakasa nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ayinza kukwatibwa oba okusibibwa mu kkomera “bwe kubaako n'omusango ogwakkirizibwa mu maaso ga banne oba okusinziira ku mateeka g'ensi.” Ekiwandiiko kino kyatandika okuyingiza mu nnukuta etuukana n'ensonga. Ekiwandiiko kya English Bill of Rights (1689) kyakukuuma n'ekibonerezo eky'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kyameewa gavumenti ya Amerika okukomya obufuzi obupya, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukaka abantu okubuwandiisa oba okusoosa obuwaanyisa obutongole obwa bulijjo mu ku nsonga za politiki. James Madison yafumbira ekitongole ekitongole ekirye ky'etaano nga kiwandikiddwawo nga kiwandikibwa ku mateeka n'ebyo ebiragibwa mu n'ebyo ebiragibwa byabuliddwa mu nkuŋŋaana z'ebyobumenyi.

Obubonero Obuzingiramu Omutemeso ogw’Okutaano

Ebyo kkooti enkulu by’esazeewo bikutte nnyo ku makulu g’Emitemu Egyataano n’engeri gye gikwata ku bulamu obwa bulijjo.

  • [[NKULA][[:0] Mira v (1966) Kkooti yagamba nti okubuuza ekiragiro ku kika kya poliisi olw'okuba kiremedwa okwetongozaamu, era nti okukireetera abapoliisi okulabula abo abakirowooza nti balina eddembe ery'okusirika n'okukangavvumula.
  • [[NKULA][FLT] Kello v'. Ekibuga New London (2005]) ( Court yasalawo nti okutwala oba okuyingiza ebintu ebya gavumenti ekkiriza gavumenti okutwala Claus ebibye ku buwagizi okusobozesa okuleetawo enkulaakulana mu by'enfuna ne bwe kiba nga mu kigendererwa ky'omulimu gwa gavumenti, mu nkomerero ensi ne gigenda mu nnono ku ntegeka za gavumenti. Ekiragiro kyasalawo ne kisalawo okuzza ettuuti ezigoberera eddembe ly'eby'obugagga.
  • [[AKYONGERA:0][FLT][FOLT]] v. Ohio [[FLT]] Mu nsonga eno ey'akabi ak'emirundi ebiri], kkooti yatandika okukozesa enkola y'ekitongole ekikebera ebizingirwamu nga kiwandikidwa [ obutakkiriza kiwandikiro eky'okusiba oba obutakkiriza kusiba oba okusiba.
  • [[NKULA][[:0][FLT] Hurtado v. California (1884):[ Kkooti yasalawo nti ekyetaagibwa ky'omulamuzi eky'okutaano tekituuka ku masaza okuyitira mu muteeso ogw'okubiri ogukkirizibwa okugattidwa, ogukkiriza enkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka okukozesa mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI][[FOM]] MATHEws v. Eldridge Kyuma kino kyagezesa okukebera ebitundu bisatu eby'empandika ez'okusengeka ekikolebwawo mu ngeri ereetebwawo procratic Kino kikikola ng'eyagattiseemu ekikola omulimu gavumenti w'egenda okusobola okuzisasulirako.

Awo nga galaga engeri Omutemu ogw’Okutaano gye gutuuka ku kigero ekinene era n’obusobozi bwagwo obw’okutuukana n’embeera empya ng’ate era gakuuma emitindo gy’empisa.

Okunyigirizibwa kw’Omutemu ogw’Okutaano mu Mateeka ag’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Ekiyinza Okuviirako Omusango Okusalirwa Omusango Omulungi

Ekirabo kino kikakasa nti abo abakiikirirwa basobola okusirika obusirisi ne basaba munnamateeka. Ebibuuzo ebireetebwawo okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'ensi ez'enjawulo, abantu gye bayinza okukyogerako okusobola okwewala okuwa obujulizi mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Omusango bwe bagezaako okusibawo, gavumenti eyinza okugaana abawaabi b'abawaabi abawaabi abangi okuvunaanibwa, era singa wabaawo obukakafu obuppya bwonna obubaweebwa, ne kiba nti tebwalimu bulaga nti waliwo abamenyi b'amateeka ab'amaanyi.

Amateeka ga Munda n’Ebikolwa by’Obwakabaka

Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kiteekwa okussaawo okukigambirawo ddala nga bwe kiremesezza layisensi, emiganyulo egiva mu kufiirwa oba okubonereza. Okutwala Claus kukwata ku bantu abalina eb'obuyinza oba etteeka eribakugira okukozesa entebe. Mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo, okusala emisango kuwakanya nti gavumenti esobola okuwakanya abagikozesa (nga si ba nvubuka) abateresi b'ebintu byabwe. Okugaasa embaga ey'omunda era kikubiriza gavumenti okunyagaanya ebintu ebikolerwako, gavumenti w'ebbeewawawa abantu bye kiyinza okuggyako obumenyi bw'amateeka. Abavumirira endowooza nti, singa basuubira bannannyini bintu bye babawawa.

Okuba n'Emyaka nga Ddowansi n'Okwemalirira

Tekinologiya aleetawo okusoomooza okuppya mu kussaawo tekinologiya okusobola okuzuula ennukuta ey'enjawulo eya Claus. Kkooti enkulu ekakasibwa okutandika okukozesa kompyuta? Kino kyeyolekera mu [FL:0] Carplaten v. United States (2018), ekirina nti abasirikale beetaaga akakwango ak'okuzuula ebiwandiiko eby'ekifo ekiri mu butoffaali obwa bulijjo. Kyokka, ensonga eziba ziteekeddwa okukaka okuzza obuwandiisibwa ku sistemu y'ekiragiro, era zigamba nti okukaka abantu okuyingiza erinnya lyayo ku ntandikwa y'obubonero, olwo zijja kweyongera okugezesa amateeka.

Obusobozi bw’Okuyigiriza Okuteebwa kw’Omutemu ogw’Okutaano

Okuyigiriza obulungi Omuteende ogw'Okutaano kyetaagisa okuyigiriza abayizi n'ebiwandiiko byagwo, ebyafaayo, n'engeri gye bigobererwa.

  • [[NKUMBO: 0] Okwetegereza n'okulambula okw'ekiragiro: Okwekenneenya ebiri mu biyingizibwa nga [Manda[, Kello[, ne [FLT]] Kino kisobozesa abayizi okulaba emisingi egitali gigikwatako. [[[FLT:]] Ekireetera omulimu ogw'okulaga ebikugibwa oba ebiba bikkugibwa mu kkooti enkulu.
  • 'Printary Document Review':[ Okwesomesa James Madison bye yasooka okukola nga tail'adding, state Retafication profiles, ne Bill of Rights ey'Olungereza eyamba abayizi okuzuula olunyiriri lw'obuzangi obw'ebiragiro. [FLT]Stitution [ okuva ku tterekero lya fayiro entegeka y'ekitongole kya congresstuation ewandikiro awawandisizza ennyinzivu.
  • [[NT:0]] Kkooti ey'ekika kya Moot: Yannyonnyola ensonga ekwata ku nsonga ey'okutaano ey'okukyusakyusaamu.]
  • [[NKULA] Emboozi eziriwo kati ziraga nti:[ Oluvannyuma lw'enjawukana eziriwo olwo(*'empaka ez'ekika kya waggulu), oba okukuba empaka ku ebyo ebiba bitegekeddwa mu kikolaDNA.]
  • [[AWULA:0] Ku lukalala Olukalala ne Vidiyo:[[KITANDIKA] [[KIKYAMU:2] Ekiragiro kino kiwa ekiragiro ekitongole [ amateeka ag'eggwanga] nga kigawa obusobozi, omuyivu n'ebiruubirirwa ku mulongo ogw'okutaano n'ebirala ebireetebwawo eddembe ly'obuntu.

Nga bagatta ennyiriri eziriraanyewo n’engeri gye zikozesebwamu mu kiseera kino, abasomesa bayinza okuyamba abayizi okutegeera nti Emisingi egy’Okutaano tegyawandiikibwa mu 1791 wabula ng’ekisuubizo eky’obwenkanya obujja okubaawo nga bakolagana n’abantu.

fundikira

Omuteende ogw'okutaano gukyafuga enkola y'amateeka ga Amereka. Ebitundu bitaano ebyasalirwawo okusobola okugonjoola ensonga.[1] Ekiragiro kino bwe biba nga bivudde ku tekinologiya, obusosoze, engeri gye butyo, era n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, n'okufuga omu ku muntu. Ekiragiro kifuga gavumenti era ne kikuuma omuntu obutabaako kye yeesalirawo. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti buli lukiiko lw'amateeka olw'ensonga. Okusoomooza okuppya bwe kuba kuva ku tekikkirizibwa mu tekinologiya, obukuumi bw'eggwanga, n'enkyukakyuka mu by'eby'enfuna, n'enkyukakyuka mu kkooti z'amateeka bijja kweyongera okunnyonnyola n'okugoberera enteekateeka y'ensonga ez'embali. Abo abayigiriza amateeka oba okuyigiriza abantu okumanyisa obutuufu tekuli ku nteekateeka ey'obutunzijijira ddala. Okugobejja kw'obutebenkenkera mu mateeka ne mu ngeri y'obutebenkenkevu mu nsi y'ejja, nga bwe kujja mu kukolebwa mu kujja mukikkusobozesa okukkutaasa ssa mu ssa mu bya ssa mu Ame.