Okutegeera Obukakanyavu

Jurispruudence, etera okwogerwako ng'obufirosoofo oba sayansi ow'amateeka, enoonya okuddamu ebibuuzo ebikwata ku butonde, ekigendererwa, n'ensibuko y'amateeka. Ebibuuzo bye bisingawo ku kwekenneenya obutereevu ebiwandiiko ebimala okumanya engeri z'okukwata ku mateeka n'ebyobufuzi. Abakugu mu mateeka, abasomesa, n'abayizi, abakola emikolo egikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka tebaako kakwate n'kaseefube; giwa bikozesebwa mu kunnyonnyola mateeka, ne kikebera endowooza ezigobeetaanyezebwa mu ngeri y'ensonga, era ne kisobozesa okumanyisa amateeka okuganyula obutuufu. Okukangavvula okuva ku mateeka aga bulijjo ku mateeka era n'okunoonyereza okw'eby'amateeka eby'envumivumivumu, okunoonyereza ku ngeri gye gaatuukirizaamu amateeka. Mu ngeri eyo, banoonyereza ku ngeri y'okunoonyereza ku nsonga zino ey'amaanyi mu mateeka.

Mu byafaayo, amateeka gaasibuka mu bitabo bya bafirosoofo ab'edda nga Aristotle, eyayawukanya wakati w'obwenkanya n'obwenkanya, okuyitira mu basososoofo ab'omu biseera eby'edda nga Thomas Aquinas, eyagatta emisingi gya teyokulase mu mateeka, n'abakugunjula ba leero nga H.L.A. Hart, Hans Kelsen, ne Lon Fuller. Buli kiseera kyayamba mu kukulaakulanya amateeka agakyakola ne kibeeyambisibwa okuzza mu ku nkola y'obwenkanya ey'amateeka mu kiseera kye kimu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Hartsssssssssssss by'amateeka bisigala nga bitegeera bulungi amateeka, agatakyaliwo, era n'ebigambo ebigo ebigobe nga bigobeegobeetaasa mu ku mateeka.

Obulombolombo Obukyamu mu Mateeka g’Omunda

Ekiragiro kifuga enkaayana wakati w'ebiwaatwanya ebya gavumenti,(individic, ebibiina, oba ebirala, nga byogera ku ddembe, emirimu, n'eddagala. Bizingiramu ebifo nga amateeka agakola endagaano, amateeka ag'okugootaananya ebintu, n'amateeka g'amaka. Ekiragiro kya Jurisprance kirina ekifo kikulu nnyo mu kukyusa engeri amateeka gye gataagibwamu, engeri gye gagobererwamu, n'engeri gye galongoosebwamu. Kunsi wano, ebintu ebikulu ebikolebwa mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'eggwanga bitongole.

Okunnyonnyola Ebiwandiiko by’Omu Mateeka

Ekiragiro kino kiwa abalamuzi obulagirizi ku nnyinyonnyola ennyinnyonnyola mu mateeka. Empalana entuufu wakati w'amateeka n'okuteeka essira ku makulu g'ebigambo, era nga mu mateeka aga bulijjo, n'enkola z'ebisalibwawo ebigootaanye ebyassibwa mu kkooti. Empaka ez'enkola ziwandikibwa okusobola okunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka. Empaka ez'enkola ezimanyiddwa ennyo wakati w'ebigambo (okuteeka essira ku makulu g'ebigambo) n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka oba ekigendererwa ekya b'amateeka) y'ensonga enkulu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu mateeka agakolera awamu, emisingi egikwata ku kukkiriza n'okukwata ebintu ebirungi, tegitera kubaako kabi ak'okuva mu ngeri eyoleka obutuufu mu ku kukolagana n'okukolagana n'okukolagana obulungi. Era, okusinziira ku mateeka, “ng'ensonga enkulu ey'ensonga y'ensonga enkulu eri mu mateeka, eyoleka ensonga z'obufirosoosooteego awatali ku nsonga enkulu ey'enkola ey'enkomere ey'enkola ey'enkomere ey'enkomere mu mateeka mu mateeka.

Okussaawo Ebitiibwa by’Omu Mateeka n’Obunywevu

Mu nkola z'amateeka ezimanyiddwa, enjigiriza ya etegeeza obunene obwa (okusobola okunywerera ku bintu]) ekakasa nti okusala kw'amateeka kutuukiriza enkola ez'ekika kya bannasayansi oba okusendasenda mu nsonga ezijja okubaawo. Jurisprudence ennyonnyola ensonga lwaki okuteerawo ekibadde kissibwamu emitindo egy'okulagulwamu, n'okutuukiriza enkola eno nga bwe kirina okukolebwa.[4][3][F][3][3]

Okukwata Obusobozi n’Obvunaanyizibwa

Ekiragiro kino kiwa abalamuzi obulagirizi obwa waggulu ennyo ku bikwata ku kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka. Kkooti z'eggwanga emirundi mingi zeetaagisa okupima eddembe ery'enkomeredde erya nnamba okusobola okugonjoola enneyisa za gavumenti nga zirina obwannannyini okuwakanya eddembe ly'eggwanga, oba eddembe ly'ebintu ebireme okukkirizibwa mu bantu okusobola okukuuma obutonde. Jurisprance era kiwa abafirosoofo eby'okussaawo eby'enjawulo ebyakozesebwa mu kusengeka amateeka, gamba ng'omulimu gw'obufirosoofo obukwata ku ddembe n'obusobozi obwa bulijjo ku ddembe n'obusobozi bw'obuyinza obwabwewatunzi. Mu mateeka, “okwekebereza obutuufu bw'ebyakyemalibwa mu mateeka, okugezesa ensibuko ebiruubirirwa eby'okwemalirira obwabweya obwabwe mu ngeri y'okwerinda n'ekitiibwa kya mateeka. Ate, endowooza y'obufirosoboofu mu ngeri y'okukuwagira mu mateeka, John Fz ateekwa okuteekawo obulagirizi mu nsonga ez'okuteekawo mu nsonga ez'amaanyi.

Okugaba Ebitundu eby’Omu Ddoboozi

Bwe twekenneenya obulungi endowooza ezo essatu ezisinga okuba ez’amaanyi, tumanya engeri gye ziyambamu abantu okumanya amateeka agatali gamu.

Enjigiriza y’Amateeka ag’Obutonde

Amateeka ag'omu butonde gagamba nti etteeka lirina okubeera n'emisingi gy'empisa egyasibuka mu butonde oba egiva mu nsonga. Amateeka ga gavumenti, endowooza z'amateeka ez'omu butonde zisimbyewo enjigiriza gamba ng'okulemererwa mu ndagaano, kkooti gye ziyinza okugaana okukakaatika endagaano eteri ntuufu oba eteri nnyangu. Era likozesa ekitegeeza nti abantu balina eddembe erya nnamaddala. Wabula, ng'eddembe ery'obulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu, nga n'amateeka agafuga ebbeeyagalimu. Mu mateeka g'ebintu, omulimu gw'omuntu gukkirizibwa ne ebikozesebwa mu bintu nga John Locke.[6] Gugatta omulimu gw'ebintu n'ebintu bye yeetongooyamaliddemu, guleetawo empagibwalimu ey'amaanyi mu butonde. Wadde tewali mateeka ga n'enkola ya bulijjo, amateeka agaayinza okugoberebwa mu ngeri ennongoofu.

Okulya Emmere ng’Eyali mu Mateeka

Ekiragiro kino kyawula amateeka ku mateeka nga bwe gasaanidde okubeera. Okuteeka mu nkola amateeka okusobola okugatuukiriza, gye kisinziirako okuteekawo amateeka. N'olwekyo, enkola eno ey'omuganyulo naddala mu mateeka ga bantu (g., Bufalansa, Bugirimaani, gye gasuubirwa okuba ensibuko y'amateeka n'abalamuzi, okussa mu nkola ebiwandiiko byago nga bagoberera enkola ezaateekebwawo.) Enjigiriza eno esobozesa obutuufu n'obukakafu mu mateeka ga bantu okumanyibwa nga bukulu bwa mateeka. Kyokka, Abasosoze mu Bugirimaani, Bugirimaani, gye kisuubirwa nti amateeka okuteeka mu nkola emitindo gya mateeka ne mu mateeka amakyamu. Kyokka, Posivivesssss assa essira ku nsonga ezisinga obukulu mu by'eggwanga awatali kugonjoola njjulukuka.

Okweyisa ng’Omwagalwa Wo Omu mateeka

Obutuufu bw'amateeka, obwatandikawo mu kyasa ekya 20, busoomooza ku bikwata ku mateeka ag'omu butonde nga bugamba nti abalamuzi, bannamateeka, ne bannabyabufuzi bategeera bulungi olukalala lw'amateeka. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka bakmanya nti ebigambo, enkola y'abantu, n'eby'obufuzi birina kye bikola ku misango. Mu mateeka ga bantu, okugannyiza ddala ensonga lwaki abalamuzi ab'enjawulo batuuka ku nsonga ze zimu, era lwaki okunoonyereza ku mateeka okw'enjawulo kukulu nnyo. Ekyakulabirako, okukkiriza obutuufu ku nsonga z'ebyobufuzi ku bikwata ku nsonga z'abantu kinnoomu, n'ebyobufuzi ku nsonga z'eby'eby'obufuzi, birinaawulawo mu ku ngeri y'okulabirabira oba ey'okunoonyereza mu by'ebyenfuna, nga tekusobozesa kumanyisa oba okumanyisa engeri amateeka gye gayinza okukwata ku mpisa (emirundi egimu ebiyitibwa “okwawuka by'eby'eby'eby’enfuna bya bya ssente”. Wadde nga tewa bulungi endowooza ey'amateeka eby'okukwata mu mateeka eby'okukwata amateeka mu nsonga enkulu mu n'okugo ago a

Engeri Amateeka g’Omumenyi w’Amateeka gye gakwata ku Bujeemu

Etteeka erikwata ku nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka erigaana era ne libonereza, kubanga liteeka obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi, obutebenkevu, oba empisa.

Okunnyonnyola Engeri z’Obumenyi bw’amateeka

Etteeka ekkulu kwe kuba nti ebiba biteekeddwako bikyulibwa bitegeeza nti obusosoze busobola okumanyisa ensonga enkulu. Okussaawo ekikolebwa ku nsonga eno tekirina kuba kya magezi oba kya magezi.

Okugumira Ebizibu Ebiba Bizzeewo

Eddembe ly'obw'okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya y'ensonga enkulu eviirako omusango okukolebwako, era amateeka agafuga enneyisa gannyonnyola lwaki kikulu nnyo okuleka omuntu atalina musango okugenda mu kifo ky'okunenya omuntu atalina musango.

Okukulembera Abalenzi

Okusalawo mu kusalawo kwa programu z'aba Kanstan kulaga nti ekibonerezo kirina okusalirwawo olw'ensonga y'ensonga lwaki omuntu aba agwanira okubonerezebwa. Nkuteekamu endowooza zino: okugonjola, okugonjoolebwa, n'okugonjoolebwa, bitegeeza nti ekibonerezo kisaanidde kubanga oyo akoze ekibi alina okukigwanira, era okusiimula ekisukkiridde. Okugoba okusobola okukebera obumenyi obw'amaanyi mu biseera eby'omu maaso, n'okuleetawo obulumi obusukkiridde. Hargyzzz'okukomya empatizo mu nkola enziji z'empaka, oba okutereeza ekikolebwako, mu ngeri y'okusiibya obukusiikusiikufu, nga mu n'omutemu obukulembezo bw'omumenyi w'ekibiina ekigonze okusobozesa okugonjoola ebizibu. Jurisruppence, ayamba okukebera ebiruubirirwa bino mu n'okukyusiza mu ngeri ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'enjawulo, gye yafulumizibwa mu lukalala mu 1980, mu n'okukyusizza mu kukkuzza,

Obwenkanya Obukubiriza

obwenkanya buddiŋŋana: kyetaagisa abamenyi b'amateeka okubonerezebwa olw'okuba bagwanira. Endowooza eno ekwatagana n'endowooza egamba nti ekibi kirina okukolebwako nga kisaanira. Mu nkola, okukkiriziganyiza obwenkanya kiwagidde okusalira omuntu omusango /'empalana, ate bo emisango egy'amaanyi gifuna ebibonerezo eby'amaanyi. Amateeka mangi agava mu ttuluba lya U.S. Federal Sentensigning Guides, gaayimbibwa okwetooloola emisingi egitali gigye. Kyokka, abawakanyisi abagamba nti okusalirako omusango ogw'amaanyi gusobola okuleeta obubonerezo obw'amaanyi era tegasalwawo n'ekiviirako obumenyi bw'amateeka okubonero.

Empandiika y’Obusawo n’Enkola

Ennaku z'okukwata omuntu akwatiddwa omusango, nga zigoberera Jeremy Benham, ziwa ensonga ennungi: okubonereza olw'emiganyulo egivaamu, naddala okukendeeza ku bumenyi bw'amateeka. Omusolo akugira okulemesa abalala okunyiiza omuntu nga bateekawo ekyokulabirako eky'omuntu avunaanibwa; okukoma ku kukugira omuntu oyo obutamuggyamu maanyi. Wadde ng'enkola za bannalukalala zikutte ku mateeka ng'asatu, n'okubonereza okwandikulembedde abamenyi b'amateeka, era ziyinza okulungamya omuntu atalina musango singa okukola ekyo kivaamu emiganyulo mingi mu bantu. Ate era, obujulizi obw'amaanyi buleetera okugattiŋŋana, obuviiriddeko okuzza ebirowoozo ku ngeri endala ez'okwesambajja mu njigiriza ez'enjawulo.

Okuzzaawo Obwenkanya

obwenkanya bukiikirira okukyuka okuva ku bantu ababonerezebwa mu buwangwa. Enzijuvu okusingira ddala eyoleka obumenyi bw'amateeka ng'obulabe eri abo ababakosebwa era n'abantu ababeera mu bitundu ebirala era nga enoonya okuzzaawo enkuŋŋaana nga basobozesa abo ababa bakoseddwa okusasulwa oba okusasulwa. Enjigiriza eyo ereeteddewo obusinziivu okusobozesa abantu okuzzaawo emitindo gy'empisa ez'ekika ekya bulijjo okuzza obuggya, okuzza obutuufu bw'amateeka, n'okutegeera amateeka. Amagamu mangi gayinza okuzza obutebenkevu mu nkola zaabwe ez'amateeka, naddala eri abaana oba obumenyi obutonotono. Enjigiriza eno esoomooza obutuufu ku bukuubazibwawo, okuwo n'okusasula omuntu.

Empalana eriwo wakati w’Amateeka g’Omukungu wa gavumenti n’Agaali Gakolebwa ng’Omumenyi w’Amateeka

Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abantu okutegeera ensonga lwaki kikulu nnyo abamenyi b'amateeka okutegeeza abaguzi ababa bazzeeyo mu nsonga ez'enjawulo, gamba ng’okusobya, okusiba obubenje, n'okuvunaana omuntu olw’ebibi byabwe.

Emisingi gy’Empisa Egigattiddwa

Emisingi gy'amateeka mingi gikola mu nsonga ezikwata ku bantu ab'eggwanga n'egy'abamenyi b'amateeka. Endowooza ya obwenkanya, naye nga ginnyonnyolwa mu ngeri za njawulo, byombi: amateeka ga gavumenti gagenderera okusasula abagwiriddwako era n'okuzza obutebenkevu mu kifo ekyamu abamenyi b'amateeka, ng'ate abamenyi b'amateeka banoonya okubonereza n'okukugira emizeeko egimenya amateeka. [[FLT:] Etteeka lya [FLT] likuuma emitindo gyokka egifuga emitindo gyombi egy'okuwulira, naye nga gikuuma obutuufu n'okuwulira, wadde nga gikulembeddwa mu nsonga ezisinga obungi, gigobesebwa. [FLT:] Empala eteeka essira ku nsonga ezikwata ku bizibu. [[FLT:]] Empala eyinza okuteekebwa mu nkola eyo temu.] Ddirimu enfu] Ddirimu ku nsonga eziyinza okulagira okulagira okutereeza.

Okukuba Emiggo Ennyo n’Okukubira Emirambo

Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuvuzi w'emmotoka bw'asibawo akabenje ayinza okulumizibwa mu kkooti y'amateeka era n'alumiriza omutemu oyo atamidde. Mu ngeri y'emu, kampuni evunaanibwa mu ngeri ey'obukujjukujju era eyinza okuvunaanibwa mu kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka olw'okumenya amateeka. Emitindo egy'obukujjuzi giyinza okukontana.

Obubonero Obukola ku Buwanguzi mu Bbuwaanya gy'etwale

Endowooza z'abalamuzi ezikuziddwa mu nsonga emu ez'amateeka zitera okukomyawo ku ndala endala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, endowooza y'amateeka ku nga tegobereddwa, ekiba kigendererwa era nga tekirina kutwalibwa nga ky'omululu, ekikosebwa kitwalibwa mu mateeka agakwata ku nsonga ez'obwannannyini. Mu ngeri y'emu, Ensolell Server Skull Leur [], era nga toodooze'atwala omumenyi w'amateeka nga bwe anoonya oyo aba akikoze mu ngeri eyolekamu n'etteeka erikwata ku ku ku kusalira omusango bwe guba nga ogw'obuzibu obw'amaanyi. Ekiwandiiko eky'omusaze ekigo kiyinza okunnyonnyola ensonga endala eyinza okugobeetagibwa mu ngeri endala ey'okwegoberamu. Ekko mu ngeri y'emu, ekigoberebwa mu kunoonyereza ekirala kiyinza okugoberebwa mu kubaako akalaga ensonga endala ey'okunoonyereza ekirala ekiyinza oku

Okuddirira kw’Etteeka ery’Obulombolombo mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Mu kiseera kino eky'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkola n'eby'obukugu, amateeka gaago gaayongera nnyo. Olwo nno, abantu okweyambisa amagezi agatali ga nnukuta, bannalukalala, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'obudde, era n'enkakaanya ezikwata ku by'amakulu ku nsonga ezikwata ku kumanya ebiba ku muntu kinnoomu, byonna bireetawo ebibuuzo ku mateeka ebinoonya obukenneenyeze mu ngeri ey'okunoonyereza.

Ate era, okukolagana mu nsi yonna kuviiriddeko enkolagana wakati w'amateeka okuleetawo obwetaavu bw'ebitongole ebikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Amateeka g'eddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna geesigama ku bulombolombo bw'amateeka, kyokka okukkiriziganya obutongole bw'eby'obusuubuzi okw'ensi yonna okwesigamye ku ndowooza z'ekibiina eky'okweraga we kiri. Jurisprudence ewandisizza enteekateeka ez'okugeraageranya, enjereere, era n'okutuukana ebiragiro bino eby'enjawulo. Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka gamba nga William Twining ne Sally Engle Merry beesigama ku ku bizibu ebireeteendwawo ku ku bikwata ku njawukana mu nsi yonna.

Ku nkomerero, amateeka galina kinene kye gakola mu kuyigiriza mu mateeka.

fundikira

Omulimu gw'amateeka okusala emisango mu mateeka ga bantu gukoma ku ngeri gye gatayinza kumanyibwamu. Guwa ebiwandiiko ebigoberera enkola nga bigootaanya ebiwandiiko, nga bissaawo emitindo egitajjuluzibwamu, nga bituukiriza ebbeeyi, nga bikakasa enkola ennungi, era nga bisobozesa enkola z'okusalira abalala omusango. Nga beeyingiza mu bufumo obunywevu obwa bannassaayansi mu by'amateeka ne mu by'amateeka, kiki? obwenkanya bwa ngeri ki? Leeteeteekako obuyinza obw'okuvvuunula empandika y'enkola mu ngeri enjjulukufu n'obutajvu mu ngeri ey'okweyisa obulungi. Amateeka bwe gagenda nga gagenda nga gatandika n'okukwata ku tekinooneso, okusoomooza okw'ensi, n'okukyusa mu by'eby'amateeka, ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'omu mateeka. Ebitongole ebikolebwa mu matendekero n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu mateeka bikubiriza okumanyisa obulungi.