Obusosoze mu Masimu

Constitution y'Amerika ebadde ekola ng'olutalo mu kugonjoolera ddala amasomero ga Amerika. Okuva ku kufuulibwa kw'empewo n'ekangaanya z'ebiragiro bya kkooti enkulu, olukalala lwa Ssaze olw'enkyukakyuka mu by'enjigiriza. Wadde nga olugendo oluva ku [[FL:0] Plavey v. Ferguson [[FLT]][FLY]BN v.[FLY][FLT]] era lutaddewo olumu entegeka y'enjigiriza y'enjigiriza mu by'empaka ez'enjawulo mu by'enjigiriza. era oluva mu kifo ekisukka ku kikolo, olusingako oluva mu ku kisuubizo ekiva mu ku ku kuyigiriza. mboozi eno egoberera enziro y'ekirango, n'ensonga enkulu ezigobeegobeenkala, n'ebkiiko ek'enkala enneenkala mu Amelika z'enka za Amerika ze ze ziyongera okuziko.

Entegeka ey’Okuzzaawo Entebe y’Okufuga n’Ekisuubizo eky’Abantu Abali ng’Abo Obwannakyemalira

Ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku kuggyamu obusosoze mu masomero tekitandika mu myaka gya 1950, naye mu myaka egyaddirira oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo w'omunda. Emperamyamyanti (1865) yaggyawo obuddu, era ne kkomo lya 1450 ery'obusika (1868) ne lissaawo obusika obw'enkomeredde obwali bwenkana wansi w'amateeka, era ne ligaana okutongoza obusosoze bw'eggwanga (1870). Bino byonna byali bigendererwa okuteekawo olukalala olupya mu mateeka obwetandireeseeyo obwannannyini omuntu w'enkwasibwa.

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala Eddembezese ekya 14 (Eddembe eririna entegeka ya 14) kya njawulo nnyo ku kusalawo okw'enjawulo. kigamba: "Tewali gavumenti... ejja kugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka nga genkana." Olulimi luno olulabika ng'olutuufu lujja kuba mutwe gwa mpaka mu mateeka okumala emyaka nga kikumi. Ekiwandiiko ekyo tekyogera butereevu ku buyigirize, naye okusinziira ku mateeka, okuba nti buli omu alina obwenkanankanankana kirina kye kiyamba abawagira eddembe ly'abantu abawandiikirirwa enzikirizo ez'enjawulo.

Enjigiriza ya "Wayagala Waakiri Obe Wenkanankana" Fulls v. Ferguson

Wadde nga yasuubizibwa okuzzaawo ebiwaatiro by'enjjulule, kkooti enkulu yatongoza mu olukiiko olwo mu 1896. Plassity v. Ferguson yasala omusango ogw'okuleetawo okuyonoonebwa kw'enjawukana mu langi. Kkooti eyo ya Louisiana yawagira etteeka eryali liragira abantu okukaka obusosoze mu langi ku ggaali y'empala, n'enjigiriza egamba nti, okuteempala ekiwandiiko ekyo kyali kigendererwa okukaka obusosoze obwa bulijjo mu mateeka obutavaawo obuva mu ggwanga.

Omulamuzi John Marshall Harlan, awakanya obulimba bwa gavumenti , yawandiika bw'ati: "Etteeka lyaffe liba lizibye langi era terimanyi era terireka bantu baalyo kusomera wamu." Amateeka ga Harlan tegandibadde gamateeka ga nsi okumala emyaka emirala mukaaga, naye yamenyawo akakwate n'akakwate nti bannamateeka b'eddembe ly'abantu bajja kukozesa enkola eno okumala emyaka mingi. Mu myaka gyakumi nakumi, ekitundu ekisooka eky'ekyasa, "Banverone" eky'enjigiriza ya Harlan teyafuganga mmotoka za ggaali era n'ebigiro bya bantu nnaddala, naddala mu kika kya Crow South.

Enjigiriza Enkyamu Ekwata ku Kwenkanankana mu Masomero Agabaawuddewo

Mu mirimu gye gimu, amasomero agaawulwawo ku baana aba Baddugavu gaalinga tegayinza kugeraageranyizibwa ku ga bazungu. Gavumenti ez'omu bukiika ddyo nga ziwagirwa obusosoze obutonotono, essente entono, ebizitookebwa by'abasomesa, ebizimbe ebikadde, n'ebitabo ebyavaako ebyakakolebwa. Mu myaka gya 1930, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) zaasooka enkola ey'omu mateeka okwawula obusosozevumu obusosoze mu misomo gy'obuyigirize obwa ssesengo. Mu kifo ky'okukusoomooza obuteeyambibwa [[FLT:] PLY[FFF:1], NACCP], ekyasooka kyagamba nti, okusobola okuteekawo ebifo ebisanyunzi eby'obusobo obutuufu eby'obusobozi obwa Claase.

Kaweefube w’Omulembe gw’Eby’Omu mateeka n’Ekkubo Erituuka ku Brown

Kaweefube wa mu mateeka ogwa NAACP, akulemberwa Charles Hamilton Houston ne Thur Good Marshall, baayisa mu ngeri ey'amagezi mu kkooti. Mu nsonga nga [[FL:0] Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada [[38], .Sipuel v. Board of Reget of Oklahol[FLT] era ne 'FLT] mu matendekero gaayo. Ebiwandiiko bino byatongola ebimanyiddwa nga [[FLT:] (1988]), ate [FLT] Sutt v. Part[FLT:] (1950]), ekitongole ekya NACPCP [exCM], kyawangula mu kunoonyereza n'okumanyisa. Bino ebyayawuna bye byatongola ebinyuse mu masomero gamu, ate ne mu ngeri endala tebyawulibwamu na byawunjawulwamu.

Ematandika ga 1950, ekyalo ekya NAACP kyali kituuse okusoomooza oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga. Ekibiina kyasaabaza ensalo mu bitundu ebitali bimu nga kigamba nti amasomero okwawukana gaayoleka obutali bwenkana. Obusosoze obwo bwateekebwa mu Brown v. Komiti ey'Escation of Topaka, era kkooti enkulu gye yakkiriza.

Brown v. Akakiiko k'Eby'Enjigiriza: Akakwate akaakozesebwa mu mateeka

Nga Maayi 17, 1954, Kkooti enkulu yawa okusalawo okuteeba okusoosa mu [FLT]. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren, nga yawandiikiriza kkooti, yayisa ekiragiro nti "Essomero ly'essomero terisobola kukuuma baana abadduseemu wansi w'amateeka. Kkooti yeesigama nnyo ku bujulizi bwa sayansi, nga mw'otwalidde ne ku bye bannassaayansi abanoonyereza ku bya ssaayansi, Kenneth ne Mamie Clark, ebyalaga nti ebikongo eby'okulaga obukongo n'obusosoze bw'obwo buvudde mu mateeka.

[[NKULA]] Okusala kw'okukyusa kuvuunudde [[FOLT:2] ku ky''empandika. Ferguson ku bikwata ku buyigirize obwa buli omu. Kkooti yagamba nti okutongoza olukalala mu masomero ga gavumenti kwamenya amateeka agaba tekireetera bantu kutegekawo enkola ey'okukwata ku mulongo ogwa KGUSEMBA ogwa 14. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nti mu mateeka kya mateeka era nti ebigambo ebiri mu mateeka bigendera ku mpisa. Warren Warren yagamba nti: "Tusalawo nti mu by'obuyigirize obwa buli mu kibiina kya 'Foset' naye tebyenkanankanankanankanankana na 'obusokeera'."

Brown II: "Ku sipiidi eya All Delibrate"

Omwaka ogwaddako, kkooti yayogera ku nsonga ekwata ku kugikolera mu [[FLT] Brown v. Ekiragiro kitegeka nti obuyigirize buli (butera okuyitibwa ]rown II[), mu kifo kya 'ekiragiro kya kkooti efuga enkola y'okugifuga amangu, kkooti efuga essomero okukomyawo obukwasifu "bumanyirivuvu mu bwangu obwa bulijjo'." Olulimi luno olubut'olubukiika obwa bulijjo lwalina okukkirizibwa okukyusiza enduuko ez'amasaza okuziganyaamu. Kyokka, olukyakkirizibwa okukkirizibwamu okumala emyaka mingi, singa tewagirwa makumi g'emyaka.

Amawanga ag'omu bukiikaddyo gaakola ku ebyo ebyayitibwanga "Massive Resistance" Ekiragiro ekimu kyayisa etteeka eriggalawo amasomero mu kifo eky'okugasazamu. Ebitongole ebirala byassaawo kampuni ne biwa amasomero okweyimirizaawo nga gagobererwa bokka. Ekisuubizo kya mateeka kya [ BrowN[ kiba kyetaagisa okulwanirira okusobola okugobererwa.

Okunnyisa Obuyinza: Okusalawo okw’Akakiiko Akafuzi

Mu makumi g'emyaka egyaddirira [[NKUMENT:0], kkooti enkulu yayisawo olukalala lw'ensalaze olwalaga nti amateeka gaalina okugoosa amasomero. Ebiragiro bino byagaziya okutuuka ku Claus era ne biwa kkooti obuyinza okutongoza enteekateeka ez'ekika kya Constantive.

Cooper v. Aaron (1958)

Oluvannyuma lw'obuzibu obwali mu Central High School mu Little Rock, Arkansas, Gavana Orval Faubus gye yakozesa bakuumi b'eggwanga okulemesa abayizi ba Baddugavu okuyingira mu ssomero eryo, kkooti enkulu yatongoza obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Mu Cooper v. Aaron[FL:1], kkooti yawagidde wamu nti abakungu ba gavumenti tebayinza kulemesa mateeka ga gavumenti.

Green v. County School Board (1968)

Mu Obwakilu obweru bw'essomero eririna okusaze. Kkooti y'omu New Kent County], kkooti enkulu egaana entegeka "eddembe ery'okwesalirawo" eyalemererwa okuleetawo entegeka ey'amakulu. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti obukiiko bw'essomero bwali buteekeddwa kukakasa nti obukwafu bwa bussibwa buteekwa okuggyawo ebiwandikiro byonna eby'okuggyamu olukalala "root ne ettabi." Ekiragiro kino kyakyusa kukyusa mu nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ezikwatagana na buli lukalala.

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

[[NKULA:0][[NKULA][ Summent[ Kino kyagonjoola ensonga ey'okukwata obujjanjabi mu by'enkula. Kkooti yawagira okukozesebwa kw'enkula okusobola okutuuka ku sistemu ey'enjawukana mu masomero. Kkooti Kkooti K'e Disikiti ya Kenne Burner yagamba nti okubba bba si si sistemu y'etongodde ekkirizibwa okuzza essomero ezimaze okusaasaasa, naddala mu disikiti gye kinyweresezza obusokereza ku by'amasazero.

Millawn v. Bradley (1974)

Okwawukana ku kusalawo okunene okwakolebwa mu myaka gya 1960 ne mu matandika ga 1970, okusalawo kwaleetawo ekiwayi mu kulagira obusosoze mu bitundu bya disiturikiti ne mu bitundu ebirala, okusobola okukifuula eky'enjawulo, yasalawo nti okugoba obutundutundu tekiyinza kuleetera bayizi kusalawo kwa disiturikiti ez'omu bibuga okusosolamu. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti obutundutundu bungi obwa bulijjo obwava mu birala by'amasaza, ne kileka amasaza g'abayizi okubaamu abaana abatono abangi. [2][FLT:][5][5][5][5]

Obusosoze mu Mateeka n’Eby’Obusosoze

Wadde nga gavumenti ya Amerika ewadde amateeka ageeyisa mu kulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu, lipoota 2022 okuva ku gavumenti yazuula nti abayizi abasukka mu 75 ku buli kikumi basomera mu masomero agasukka mu 75 ku buli kikumi. Obusosoze obwo bukubirizibwa ebintu nga: obuwangwa bw'abantu, okuddira obunene, okugoba obunene, ekkomyuuka kw'ebitongole ebikola ku mataba, n'obusosoze mu kkooti enkulu byeyongera okugezaako okwekenneenya ekiwandikiro kya bayizi.

Abazadde Baayingira mu Masomero g’Omu Community n’olumu mu Seattle (2007)

Ekiragiro mu 2007 abazadde abaakwatibwa mu Essomero erikola mu n'aw'omu Seattle School No. 1 era kyasoosa nnyo ebigobererwa mu mateeka. Kkooti yasazezza enteekateeka z'emboozi ku ssomero eza kyeyagalire okusobola okuleetawo enjawukana mu nsi, nga kisinziira ku kuba nti enteekateeka ng'ezo zikontana ne enteekateeka y'okuziyiza obusosoze mu ggwanga. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts yawandiika nti, "endlela ey'okuziyiza obusosoze ku langi kwenkanankanankanankana olwo kwe kulekera awo okuggya olubala ku ggwanga." Ekyo kyasobozesa essaawa buli disitulikiti z'esso okusobola okukola enteekateeka ez'okwegatta awamu.

Enkomerero ya Kkooti Ennimi

Mu myaka gya 1990, kkooti zaatandika okulangirira nti ebifo ebibeera mu matendekero byali biwandikiddwa nga "bumu," ekitegeeza nti byali biggyemu obutundutundu bwonna obwali busobola okusaasaanyizibwa. Disitulikiti emu bwe yatongozebwa, okuddukanya enkola ya kkooti. Ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ebibiina by'amasomero mu nsi eyo byasumululwa okuva mu biragiro ebyava mu mateeka, era bingi byalaba nti wazzeewo enkola endala ez'okwetongozaamu. Ekiragiro kya 'system' ekyali kyadda mu kifo ky'okusoosa obusosoze.

Amawanga Galwanirira Okunyigirizibwa mu Nsi

Wadde nga waliwo ebigootaanya bino, etteeka ekkulu lyeyongera okussaawo ensonga ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka ezisobozesa abantu okukolagana obulungi. Abawagira ekitongole ekyo bagamba nti, Community Protection Claus tegaana kukwata langi naye obusosoze. Gavumenti ezimu zooleka ku gavumenti okuba nga zikubiriza abantu ab'enjawulo mu by'enjigiriza mu bifo ebya waggulu, ebiyinza okusobozesa obusosoze obw'ebika by'ebika by'obuva mu matendekero okubuteeka wansi w'omukutu gwa Clauslease. Bollinger[2003].

Okugatta ku ekyo, etteeka erya Kkonteeka likakasa nti empagi ez'eby'amateeka zirina okugolola enjawukana eziva mu kukyusa ebitongole ebirongoosebwa mu mayumba. Okunoonyereza kulaze nti enjawukana mu masomero ekwataganyizibwa n'enjawukana wakati w'enkyukakyuka mu b'amayumba, era nga zenyigidde mu nkola eza gavumenti gamba ng'okugoba obukiika n'okugoba obuwangwa. Abeekenneenya abamu mu mateeka bagamba nti amateeka gagala gavumenti okuko obutundutundu okuko obutundutundu obukola obukola kino, wadde nga tegasibuka mu butongole bwa masomero.

Engeri ssaakausiyo z’Eggwanga gye Zirina Okukolamu

Wadde nga tteeka erya ssemateeka liwa ekkomo okusobola okussaawo obukuumi bwe bumu, ssemateeka ga gavumenti era gakoze kinene nnyo mu kulwanirira amasomero. Ekiragiro kino gavumenti kitwaliramu obukalu obw'enkukakkalira ku kuyigiriza oba obw'okutuukiriza emitindo egisukka ku mu mukutu gwa gavumenti. Mu byo, gamba nga Abbott v. Burke mu New Jersey ne SSRA v. Paakpaaza w'eggwanga yeesigama ku kiwandiiko bya California, kkooti z'amateeka zeesigama ku mateeka okutegeka ebitongole ebisinzidde mu by'eddwawo.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kigattibwa mu mateeka g'ensi n'egw'ensi kisobozesa etteeka eryali liba liba libi nnyo. Mu bitundu ebimu, abafuzi baasobola okukozesa tteeka eribafuga okusoomooza ensawo z'ensimbi eziba zikosezza ennyo ebiwandiiko ebizingirwamu mu kukyusa engeri gye ziyinza okugootaanya enzige mu by'empandika y'ensi yonna. Bwokkati zino biraga nti Amateeka, mu ngeri ya ga gavumenti, gakyasobola okumanyisa enfuze empya ez'obwenkanankanankana era n'obwenkanya.

Enkaayana Egenda Egenda Eyitawo: Enjigiriza y’Okuzibya Obuwangwa, Endagaano Ennungi, n’Ebikwata ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Empaka ezikwatagana n'amateeka agakwata ku ntegeka y'ebika by'amasomero ziraga obutakkaanya obw'amaanyi ku ngeri Amateeka gye galina okutapukusibwamu. Abakugu bawakanya nti amakulu g'amateeka gaateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okukyusizaamu era nti, okusobola okugonjoola obutakaanya obwo, abawagizi ba mateeka baagezaako kuziyiza njawukana wakati w'enkyukakyuka mu bantu era nti BrowN bennyini kyali tekigendererwa kuziyiza kussaawo lukalala lwa busobosokero.

Ebibuuzo bino ebinnyonnyola birina omuganyulo. Abasinga obungi mu kkooti ey'oku ntikko bakiraze nti tebeekakasa bikwata ku nkola za langi era bakendeezezza ku maanyi g'eggwanga mu by'enjigiriza. Mu kiseera kye kimu, gavumenti ezimu zikoze kyonna, zitaddewo amateeka agasobozesa obusosoze mu byafaayo by'eggwanga oba okukugira enjigiriza z'eggwanga. Ebiwandiikibwa bya kkooti eno eby'omulembe n'ebyafaayo by'amateeka bisigala nga tebimanyibwa bulungi, naye era nga n'ebyo ebiri mu mateeka byeyongera okuwa obuyinza n'okukubiriza abo abaagala okufuna okufuna obusokezo.

Olufundikira: Ekisuubizo eky’Etteeka Ekyokulabikira

Constitution y'Amerika kye kitongole enzijjuvu mu by'amateeka mu kugobererwa kw'amasomero ga Amerika. Okuva ku kugattika ebiva ku ttuluba ly'empaka ez'eby'enjigiriza okudda ku Brown v. . Kkulu ey'Essomero lya Essomero[ era nga n'esingako, etteeka likuyigirizza okulwanirira enjawukana mu langi mu mateeka amakulu. Kyokka, ekiwandiiko kino tekikoma kuggwanika.

Obuvunaanyizibwa bw'amateeka mu ntegeka tebuli mu byafaayo. Etteeka lino lisigala nga likola era abayambi ba bulimba, abasomesa, era n'abayimbi ba mateeka we balina okukolera. The cumeter Protection Claus, Supremacy Claus, ne enkola za gavumenti zonna zikwata ku ngeri y'okukolaganamu. Eggwanga gye ligenda litandikamu okugonjoola ekisuubizo kya Brown[FLM:1], Amateeka gaalyo gajja kusigalawo ku mukolo gwa buwanjufu.

Olugendo okuva ku "yawukanya naye nga yenkana" okutuuka ku "nga sipiidi ya mu bugenderevu" okutuuka ku mu kiseera kino lulaga nti enkyukakyuka mu mateeka ekolebwa mpolampola, tewabaawo mpaka, era tewabaawo kkomo. Naye Amateeka gaakakasa nti gasobola okukula n'okunnyonnyola amakulu gaago. Mu bigambo bya Mulamuzi Harlan, omuntu bw'aba nga tamanyidde ddala langi zeetaagisa, aba ng'ataddewo ddala ekigendererwa kyago.