Table of Contents
Olukiiko lw'Abayindi olukulu olw'oku Buyindi lwalina obuyinza ku Buyindi. Olukiiko olwo lwali lukulu nnyo ku bakungu aba waggulu abaafuga ensi erimu obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde. era nga lwali lukozesa lwa maanyi; era nga kye kintu Obufuzi bwa Bungereza mwe bwayitiranga okukulembera, okukuŋŋaanya ssente, n'okufuga ekimu ku bintu byabwo ebisingayo okuba eby'omuwendo. Ekyamasingibwa kyabugagga ekyo kye kisinziirwako ekyokulabirako eky'obulungi n'entegeka ennungi. Abalala baateekawo ekizimbe eky'ebyuma ekikuba ekikuba enkanyi. Ekitundu kino kiwagidde ddala amatwale ga Bungereza, emirimu, ebiva mu n'obuwagizi, n'obutebe bwakyo obunywevu.
Ensibuko y’Enjigiriza n’Ebyafaayo
Emirandira gya mampuku ga Indian Civil Service gye gisimiddwa mu nkola y'obufuzi bwa East India Company. Mu myaka gyayo egyasooka, kampuni eyo yeesigama ku basuubuzi, abaserikale, n'abagenderera okuddukanya ebyayo mu Buyindi. Abasajja bano baalina okutendekebwa kutono era nga basobola okwetongoza obulyi bw'enguzi n'okwemalirira bokka. Act eya Leajanti ya India mu 1773 ne Pit's'Ski ya Bulawumbi bwa Buyindi bw'amalaaya, yatandika okukakaatirira obutunja bw'essaza ne bukyungizaamu ebikolebwa okukolanga ebikugunja. Kyokka, yali Parter Act mu 1833 eyasooka okutandikawo obuweereza bw'omu Buyindiya, era n'enkola mu ku kunoonyereza okw'okuvuganya mu 1853, ekyatandikawo omulimu ogwa waggulu.
Mu mwaka gwa 1855, okunoonyereza okwasooka okw'okuvuganya kwakolebwa mu kibiina kya Indian Civil Service mu London. Enteekateeka eno yali evudde ku kulondebwa okwali kukubirizibwa ba sseminsion. Ebiwandiiko bya syllabusi byali byangu nnyo okunnyonnyola ennimi ez'ennimi ez'edda, ebyafaayo, okubala, amateeka, n'eby'eby'obufuzi. Ekgezo lyateekebwawo nga emyaka 18 okutuuka ku 23, era ne k'ab'oluganda ba Buyindiya baazimba oluyimba olw'okusiima abo abaali mu masomero ne mu yunivasiteebwe, naddala Oxford Oxford ne Cambridge. Kino kyatandikawo obuweereza obwali nga buyigirize obwa waggulu, obwa bulijjo, nga bukwatagana bulungi n'obuwagizi bwa Bungereza. Embaliro yaggulwawo mu 1864, era n'ow'omu Buyindi aw'ebventi ya Satrathrath Tagre, ow'omunnaborce.
Okuzimba Ekizimbe n’Okutendeka: Okuzimbisa Eddaala
Okulonda abantu okuva ku bikumi n'ebikumi by'abaasaba, kyabazibuwalira nnyo. Abaalondebwanga baakoma ku kkumi na babiri. Abaatuuka ku buwanguzi baatendekebwa mu Haileybury College okutuusa mu mwaka gwa 1858, ate oluvannyuma mu Oxford, Cambridge, ne University of London. Ebigezo bya essira ku nnimi ez'enjawulo, jurisprudence, ebyafaayo bya Buyindi, n'ennimi nga Sanskrit, Tungali, ne Buperusi.
Oluvannyuma lw'okuyita ebigezo byabwe n'okumaliriza ekiseera eky'okulabirirwamu, abo abaatwalibwanga mu Buyindi baatwalibwanga gye baatendekebwa mu bya disitulikiti, mu by'enkola, ne mu buwangwa bw'omu kitundu. Omusirikale omuto, ng'akyali muto ng'aweza emyaka 20 egy'obukulu, yaweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi mu disitulikiti emu nga buli wamu wamu n'abantu nkumi na nkumi. Obuvunaanyizibwa obwo obw'amaanyi bwe yalina mu myaka gy'obuto bwali mu kifo eky'enkola y'ekitongole kya ICS. Obuweereza obwo obwa waggulu bwali busikiriza abamu ku bantu ab'amagezi ab'omu Bungereza, abasajja, abasajja, n'abasinga obungi okutuusa mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri.
Abo abaali bagenda okulondebwa baasosolwa. Baasabibwa okukeberwa mu London, omulimu ogw'ebbeeyi era ogw'amaanyi ennyo. Emirundi egisinga obungi, Abayindi baaweebwanga emirimu egya wansi ku gya Bungereza egyali gikyayibwa, naye nga baayisibwa mu ngeri ennungiko ne mu basososokerwa mu bibinja ne mu bifo ebirala. Wadde nga bino byaleetawo okusoosa kwa maanyi mangi, emirundi mingi Abayindiya baanyisi baayingira mu ICS mu nkomerero y'ekyasa ekyasooka ne mu byasa nga 20. promoteero ezisingako, nga zisobola okuvaamu emirimu egisookerwako mu kibiina ne mu kifo eky'okuva mu ttabiina.
Obuvunaanyizibwa n’Obuvunaanyizibwa
Omukungu wa disiturikiti oyo era eyali amanyiddwa nga Magi, yakozesebwanga mu nkola y'obukulembeze bwa Buyindi. Buli luno lwali luwagizi lwa disitulikiti nga 250 mu Buyindi olw'okuba yali wansi w'obuyinza bw'omu ku bakulu b'amasaza n'eby'amagoba mu ggwanga lya Bungereza, era nga yagatta wamu bakulu b'obuyinza, n'eby'amagoba.
Okugaba Ensimbi n’Ebigambo
Omulimu omukulu ogw'omukungu wa disitulikiti eyo kwe kukuŋŋaanya ssente mu Buyindi. Enteekateeka essatu enkulu ey'ensi yonna ey'okugisasula. Ssente ekkirizibwa mu Magal (1793), n'enjawulo ya Ryoswari mu Madras ne Bombay, era n'enteekateeka ya Mahalwari mu Bukiika obwa Buyindi — byonna byakolebwa era ne bikozesebwa bakulu ba gavumenti ya ICS. Entebemallment, eyatandikibwawo Lord Cornwallis, yasigeebwawo ssente mu pertuity, n'esobozesa ekitongole ky'ensi okutandikawo ekitongole ky'amazannya (abaami) n'abalimi mu bitundu by'ensi bingi. Rywaotriotri, yaweereza nga payoniya eya Sir Thomas Mund mu Marodra, nga ssente ezigibwawo ku ngeri y'omulimi omunyansi wa Bulaayansi.
Sistemu zino zaddamu okukyusa engeri ez'enjawulo ez'okubeera n'obulimi mu Buyindi. Omukungu yakebera ettaka, okupima obulungi n'ebibala, okusasulira ensalo z'ensi, n'ebikolerwamu. Kino kyali kizibu, kireetawo emirimu egy'amaanyi, era kitera okukaayana. Enzitoffaali ya ICC yazinoonyezebwanga okuyitira mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, nga mw'ebayimiriza ebibya, okusibawo ebibanja, okuteekamu ebbeeyi, n'okuteekamu ebbeetaa, era n'eby'amaanyi amangi.[FLT'okuggyamu eby'obugagga mu nsi kikolobeeyambiddwa bannabyo.
Amateeka n'Ensengeka n'Omusango
Buli mukungu ICS yaweerezanga ng'omulamuzi, era ng'alina obuyinza ku bamenyi b'amateeka ne ku lukiiko. , Code eya 1860, ekkuuti y'e Buyindi, era ne k'omu 1861, ekiragiro ekya Buyindi ekikakasa obukwasiddwawo obukwasi mu 1872 kyakola olukalala olumu olw'amateeka mu nsi eyo. Omulamuzi yavunaanyizibwa okunoonyereza ku misango, okusaasaanya ebimenyesebwa, n'okuyisa emisango.
Enkaayana mu Ilbert Bill eya 1883 yayanika obukuubagano bw'eggwanga obwaleetebwa mu nkola y'amateeka. Ebiwandiiko byawa abalamuzi n'abalamuzi b'e Bulaaya ebbeetuka okugezesa abantu b'omu Bulaaya mu misango. Ekibuuzo ekyo kyaziyizibwa nnyo Bungereza mu Buyindi nga mw'otwalidde n'abakungu bangi ab'eggwanga lya ICS, abaagamba nti kyali kigenda kumalamu ekitiibwa n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga ery'abazungu. Etteeka eryo lyayisibwa mu ngeri ey'ekika kya Bulaaya ne kikkiriza ab'okuwozesebwa mu b'ebulungu okuwozesebwa mu Bulaaya.
Emirimu gy’Abantu Bonna n’Enjala
Abakungu ba gavumenti baalabiriranga emirimu egitali gimu, gamba ng’okuzimba n'okuddaabiriza enguudo, enzijanjaba, emikutu gy'amazzi, eggaali z'omukka, empandiika z'amatuudo, n'ebizimbe ebirala.
Kyokka, ebyafaayo ebikwata ku ICS ebireetebwawo enjala bibuutikiddwamu nnyo era nga biwaanyisiddwa nnyo. Orissa Enzala eya 1876-78, era ne Indian Nzala eya 1899-190 , byatta obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu. Gavumenti eza gavumenti zaateekawo obuwere mu budde obw'okugaba obuyambi mu bya bya bugagga ne mu kifo ekisooka eky'okukuŋŋaanya ssente. Empeences, zaakolebwa bakungu ba ICS nga Sir Richard Temple ate oluvannyuma ne balongoosebwa Sir John Woodhead, ne bateekawo ekiteesiteesi kya kukolamu obuyambi, n'okugaba emmere. Kyokka, amateeka gaateekangawo obutono, era n'ebbula bw'ennanyinyiinyonnyo. Ate era n'obutundu bwa Bhoonzijiri, nga bumaze okuteebereza obusatu bwa nnawooka ne ku kutuuka ku bantu abasatu, ngasatu, nga nze.
Enzijanjaba y’Abayindi n’Eby’Eby’Eby’Endala
Obuweereza bw'eggwanga lya Indian Civil Service bwe bwakozesebwanga okuggya mu nsi ya Buyindi, okukuŋŋaanya omunnyo, opiyuula, obuwangwa, n'ebirala bingi. Ssente ezo baakuŋŋaanyanga mu nsi, ne mu nsi, ne mu nsinsi, ne mu nsaasaanya za Bulaaya, zaakozesebwanga mu kuddukanya amagye ga Bulaaya, ne mu kuzimba ebizimbe by'obutunzi. Omuntu okusobola okusasula ebizingirwamu mu mateeka ga Bungereza, yakkirizibwa okusasula ssente ze ya pensoni, era n'ebbeesaagula ebizizo ebya Bulaayansi mu London. Obusuubuzi bw'obuwabuzi obwavanga mu ggwanga eryafugibwanga lya Bungereza era bwakkirizibwanga okusasula ebizimbe by'omulemberwamu.
Gavumenti z'eby'enfuna zaakolebwa okusobola okukola ebigendererwa bya Bungereza. Gavumenti za Bungereza zaawagira okukolebwa kw'ebintu, okusuula obuddukiro bwa Buyindi. Embalirira ya yuree yakolebwa okuganyula Abangereza ababugunjuba n'abakessi. Omukutu gw'eggaali y'omukka, ekimu ku bintu ebyasinga okukolebwa mu buwanjufu bwa gavumenti, gwakolerwa okusobola okuleetera abajaasi okusaanyawo amangu obujeemu n'okutwala eby'okulwanyisa ebitali bya maanyi (bakyukibwa, eŋŋaano, ettu) ku bbugwenyusi bw'eby'eby'enfuna by'ensi ya Buyindiya kyali kya maanyi nnyo era nga kyeyongera amaanyi mu ku ku kumalawo ez'obusuubuzi, okugoba obuwabuzi bw'amaduuka bw'eby'amaduuka, n'okutwala eby'obusuubuzi bw'obukuse.
Abasirikale ba ICS Abamanyiddwa
Ekitongole ekikolera ku nkola y'ekitongole kya Indian Civil Service kyakola abantu bangi ab'enkukunala, nga bano be Bungereza ne India, abalina emirimu egiraga engeri ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo. Mu b'ekitongole ekya Bungereza, Sir John Lawrence, eyaweerezaako ng'Omukulu w'ekitongole kya Punjab ate oluvannyuma nga Viceroy, y'omu ku abo abaalondebwa mu kugatta obufuzi bwa Bungereza oluvannyuma lw'obuvubuka bwa 1857. Sir Henry Lawrence, muganda we ow'enjawulo, yali omukungu mu ttendekero lya Bungereza Residential in Macknow. Sir Richard Temple yali mufuzi wa b'enjala ey'amaanyi, wadde nga ebiragiro bye byavumirira nnyo. Sir Arthur Hirtzelkselk ne Sir Malcolm baali bakulu mu Bukiiko ekkulu mu Buyindi.
Abakungu Abayindi abaafuuka abatutumufu mwe muli Sayendrath Tachore, eyamenya ensalo y'eggwanga mu 1864. Sir S.D. Das ne Sir B. Rau baali balamuzi ba waggulu era baakola omulimu ogw'amaanyi mu kuwandiisa gavumenti. V. P. Menon yali mukungu mu buyinza bwa Sardar Pateral oluvannyuma lw'okwemalirira. Sir. Ramaswami Aiyar yaweereza nga Diwan of TravanCre era nga ye muntu omututumufu mu bya bufuzi bw'omu bukiikaddyo. Abakungu bano ab'eggwanga, nga baweereza mu ggwanga eri lya Bulaayansi, nga bassar ssemasaza w'eggwanga, nga batera okumanyisa enfumo n'obukyuzi.
AMAGEZI n’Eddembe
Enkolagana wakati wa Buganda ne Buganda ne okulwanyisa obwetwaze yali ya njawulo nnyo. Ku ludda olumu, ICS kye kyakozesebwanga okusalira ddala abantu obutakkiriziganya, okusiba abawanguzi mu makomera, era n'okukuuma obufuzi obwali bufuga amatwale ga ggwanga. Abakulembeze b'eggwanga nga Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhiandhi, ne Jawaharlal Nehru baasooka era ne batwalibwa nga bagezaako. Obuweereza obwo bwali kikolwa kya bannaluddaala bawakanya gavumenti, era baabukubaayiira "steel" nga kibiina ekigoba Abayindi mu bifo ebyesudde obutebe bw'amakulu ennyo ebyebwe wadde nga baalina ebisaanyizo.
Ku luuyi olulala, abakungu ba Buyindi ba ICS baawagira mu bufunze ensonga za Buyindi. Abamu baakolagana bulungi n'abakulembeze b'eggwanga. Abalala, oluvannyuma lw'okuwummula emirimu, baayingira mu by'obufuzi era ne baweereza mu gavumenti ya Buyindi eyeetongodde. Obukyayi bw'eggwanga lya Montagu-Chelmford Reformations mu 1919 ne Gavumenti ya India mu 1935, era ne gavumenti y'Abayindiadia Act mu kifo kya bannaabakulembeze ne mu sistemu, naye ICS kye kyasigala nga kitebenkera Bungereza ku mitendera abantu mu mitendera okusobola okwetongola obwetwaze.
Okugobererwa n’Okukyusibwa mu Buweereza obw’Omu Buyindi
Ku nkomerero ya Ssematalo II ne lwewattule mu 1947, gavumenti ya Buyindi eragimu mu Bungereza yakkiriza Abayindi okwetongola era ne banyawuza mu 1946-1947. Abakungu ba Bungereza bangi baawummula oba baava mu Buyindi, ng'ate bo abasirikale Abayindi be baatandikawo ekifo ekikulu eky'obuweereza bwa gavumenti mu Buyindiya (IAS), ekyateekebwawo wansi w'Akatundu 312 ku ssemateeka wa Buyindi. Ekiragiro IAS kyasikira ekitundu ekisinga obungi eky'ekika kya Itos, ethos, ne obulombolombo bwa ICS: enkola y'omuweesi, ekitongole, ekitongole ekikola nga kissa essira ku bannabyabufuzi, ne ku by'obufuzi.
Endagaano eyo yaleetawo okusoomooza kwa maanyi mu Buyindi kubanga abakungu ba ICS ne IAS baawalirizibwa okusengukira mu bitundu bya Buyindi ebipya ne Pakistan, nga biri mu mbeera ez'akabi ennyo. Obusika bwa ICS mu IAS bweyoleka mu bukulu bw'omusolo gw'enfunda ya disitulikiti, alipoota eza kyama kyama ekya buli mwaka (ACRS) ezaakozesebwanga okukebera emirimu, n'okuteeka essira ku buweereza nga "sselmenti" eri eggwanga. Kyokka, IAS ekolera mu mbeera ez'enjawulo ez'ebyobufuzi.
Eby’Obusika n’Ebyafaayo
Obusika bwa Buganda bukyasimbibwa okukaayana ennyo mu byafaayo. Alipoota za Bungereza, ezaatumbulwa abakungu nga Lord Lloyd ate oluvannyuma ne zikomezebwa abawandiisi abawandiisi oluvannyuma lw'okuva mu lukalu, ziggumiza omulimu gw'omulimu gw'okukuuma obulyi bw'enguzi, okuziyiza n'okukakasa okukolebwa kw'enguzi. Mu kino, ICS kye kikoze ku glugi eyabeeranga mu Buyindi mu mbeera ez'enjawulo n'obutabanguko. Empandiya yakolebwa — ebijulirwa eby'amasawo, ebibalirwawo, ebibalwa, ebinoonyeze ebikwata ku Buyindi, eby'obuwakule, n'eby’obuwakule.
Endowooza eno ebadde ya maanyi nnyo era nga nnywevu. Abakugu baggumiza enkola ya demokulase, ey'okuggyamu obusosoze mu langi n'ey'eggwanga ebya ICS. Obuweereza obwali bufuga nga tebukkirizibwa mu nkola ya demokulase. Abakungu baago baakuuma obusosoze obw'amaanyi, emirundi egisinga obungi ne batabaako kye bavunaanyizibwa kisinga. Enkola z'eby'eby'eby'enfuna ez'obugagga za Bungereza ezigagga ne Buyindi nazo zaakolebwa ng'ekkomera — enkola ekolebwa okugaana Abayindiya okufuga obwannannyini n'okukuuma obutoffaali. Enjala, okugoba obuttujjukiriranya, n'okujoowa obutono mu ebyo byonna byabanga bikwatagana bulungi n'ebyo okuva mu byafaayo bya ICS.
Bannasayansi basobodde okunoonyereza ku nsonga eyo. Abakungu ba ICS tebaalina ndowooza za njawulo. Abakungu ba gavumenti baafaayo nnyo ku bantu era baayisaganya aba bulijjo ne bannabyabufuzi n'abo abaayisa obulungi ennyo obukulembedde. Obuweereza obwo bwali nkola ya nkola ya kuleetawo entegeka n'okuggyamu ennukuta ez'enjawulo. Okutegeera enkola y'ebyobufuzi, enkola y'eby'obufuzi, enkola y'eby'amasaza, enkola y'eby'amagoba, okubala abantu, n'okukola emirimu gya bantu — byeyongera okusobozesa okumanyisa enfuga Buyindi. Okutegeera ICS okusobola okutegeera obujawukana mu n'obukuukulula bw'obuwabuzi bw'ebyobufuzi n'obukulu bwa Buyindiinde.
Ensulo ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa mu kitundu kino ziwa obuwayiro obulala obulaga olusenyi lw'empandika n'ensonga ezikirimu. Ebyafaayo n'enkyukakyuka mu ICS, gye biyingira mu kibiina kya Butuuti bwa Buyindi ekitongole ekya Bayindi. Ekiragiro ekiwandikiro kiwandikiro ku bufunze obwa n'obuterekeseera mu bujjuvu. [[[FLT:]] ekitundu ekyo kiwandikiro kya ICS ebiwandikiro ebinoonyezebwa [[FLT:]] era nga kiganyula abanoonyereza. PNT][FFFF][FLT] [FF] ekivanyunzirwako ekiva mu ngeri y'akabonero.]
fundikira
.CS kye kimu ku bibiina bya bannabyabufuzi ebisingayo okuba eby'amaanyi era ebikola ennyo mu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekumi n'etaano. Kye kimu ku bitongole ebyafuga era ne biwakanya gavumenti za Bungereza, era bye byakozesa okufuga n'okuggya obugagga mu nsi za Buyindi kumpi emyaka kikumi. Ekiragiro kyaleka akabonero ku ntegeka za Buyindi ez'okufuga, entegeka za gavumenti, enfumo z'amateeka, n'ebitongole bya bya bya bya bya bunnakye. Obusika bwazo si mulimu gwa maanyi era tewanguyira ddala — okutaataaganya obulungi n'okunyigiriza ebyafaayo by'okukula n'okufuga, okukula n'okufuga. Obuweereza buno bwakolebwa mu Buyindiya, era n'obusobo bwonna obw'enkola ya demokulaafu, era n'obusosoze obw'enkola ey'enkola ya demokulase.