Enkolagana wakati w'enkwaso z'entegeka za bannaggwanga n'obukuumi obukiikirirwa kinnyonnyola empimpi z'amateeka ga Amereka n'enkola zaago. Ekiragiro kya Amereka tekimenya kakwate ka nkola y'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Wadde nga kiri kityo, obukakakakakasa bwalwo obwa ku kutuukiriza emitindo gy'amateeka n'obutebenkevu bukoma ku kuba nti obusobozi bw'eggwanga bukoma ku kubeeramu. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku n'obutebenkenkera z'entebe, engeri abantu gye batwalamu enkola y'okutwalamu abantu obuvunaanyizibwa mu nsi, n'enkyukakyuka ezibaliraago n'enkulembezo ebibakwata ku n'obukuumi ebibaliraawe.

Ebyafaayo: Okuva ku Maanyi Agatali gamu Okudda ku Ddembe ly’Eddembe

Mu byafaayo bingi eby'Amerika, etteeka erifuga abatuuze liri wansi w'enjigiriza y'obuyinza obufuga, eriwa gavumenti obuyinza obutakugirwa ku kukkirizibwa oba kuggibwawo kw'abantu abatali ba nnukuta. Kkooti enkulu yakakasa omusingi guno mu Cahee Chan Ping v. United States [1], nga kikutte akakiiko ako kalina obuyinza obwa nnamba okufuga okutegeka abatuuze mu nsi gye babeera. Enjigiriza eno yategeeza nti abasenze mu nsi eyo baalina obukuumi butono mu ngeri y'okuyingira mu ggwanga lyabwe.

Kyokka, waatandikirawo okukyuka wakati w'ekyasa ekya 20. Omusango ogw'enkomeredde gwatandika okukolebwa mu masekkati ga United States. , okugattikanya kw'enkola ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, era n'okumanyibwa nti abagwira “bava mu ggwanga” mu buyinza bwa Amerika, byaleetera kkooti okuteeka amateeka mu ntegeka gye gandimu n'okusobozesa okuteekamu obukalu. Omusango ogw'enkyukakyuka Mathews v. Diaz[FLT][FLT] [1976] giraga nti Consertsss esobola okuyisa obulungi abatuuze n'abo abatali bannazo mu Amerika mu ngeri ya njawulo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, omusango ogukwata ku by'eggwanga guyinza okukyusizaamu envumbo.

Leero, abantu abasumukeddwa obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo obukkirizibwa mu mateeka balaga nti eddembe ly'abakkiriza okuyingira eddiini y'emu lyali lirina kukendeezebwa ku busobozi bw'abantu.

Entegeka: Ddembe Ki Eri Abagenda Okutwalibwa mu Ggulu Eryonna?

Ekiragiro kino tekikoma ku kukakasa nti “abantu bakyama.” Okukyusa kwa Kutaano ne kwa kkumi na Kumiina, nga kuno kwe kutegeeza“ bantu,” ekitongole ekiri mu ttaka lyonna ery'omu Amerika, ka kibe nga abatuuze ba ggwanga ki. Mu ngeri y'emu, eky'okuna eky'okugaliza abantu obutasendebwa bugwizi oba obutakwatibwa bukwatibwa bukwatibwa bukwatibwa bukwatibwa bukwatibwa bukwatibwa buggya, naye abagwira baba n'ebbeewa eddembe eriva mu mateeka, wadde nga eddembe lyabwe lyabwe liyinza okuba nga lya njawulo mu kusalawo okuyingira mu nsi eyo.

Eddembe ly’Okusalawo

Omuteeso ogw'Okutaano guwa omuntu yenna etteeka nti obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu tebiriggibwako nga tewali nkola ya mateeka. Kkooti Supper ebadde egamba nti abasenze nga baggibwawo mu mateeka balina okubaamu okusalwawo. Kino kitwaliramu okulagula kw'emisango, omukisa ogw'okuwulirwa, n'okuwulirwa mu maaso g'omujulizi atasosola. Wang Sung v.Grath [1950], Kkooti yasalawo nti okugoba obuwulizi ku nsonga kulina kutuukirizibwa mu nkola y'emu.

Kyokka, obusobozi obusembe obw'okusengukira ku endukusa ez'abanoonyi b'obubbi tebufaanagana n'obwo obuba mu kkooti ya bannalukalala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abasenze tebakakasibwa kukangavvuwa kwa gavumenti, wadde nga balina obwannannyini obw'amateeka okukusaba munnamateeka nga bakozesa ebbeetu zaabwe. Kkooti eri mu ]INS v. Lopez-Mendoza [19984] Kino kikakasa nti amateeka gavaawo, agafunibwa okuyitira mu kunoonyereza okw'abamenyi b'amateeka, tegakkiriza kutwala buwandikiro.

Eddembe ly’Okukuuma Emirimu Egnkana

Ekiragiro Aumeter Claus Protection of the 14th Amendment ekigaana omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwe kimu n'etteeka eryo. Ekiragiro kino kikwata ku bantu n'abo abatali ba ggwanga lya Isiraeri, wadde nga emitindo egibakwata giawukana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti teyinza kusosola bantu ab'enkomeredde mu kugaba miganyulo gya bantu okuggyako nga balina ensonga entuufu. Kyokka, gavumenti eyinza okusala obuwaze mu nzikiriza yaazo nga egoberera emitindo gya g'obuyinza bwa gavumenti gibawandikiddwamu abantu ab'enjawulo.

Abaana abataawebwa bawangula obuwanguzi obw'amaanyi obw'ekikungo obw'engeri eyo mu Plyler v. Doe (1982) gye yakutula etteeka erya Texas erigaana okuyigiriza abaana mu buwangwa. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti gavumenti teyinza kusigira guluupu ey'enkukunala awatali kusinziira ku bukakafu obw'amaanyi.

Eddembe Eryasooka

Ababunda mu nsi balina eddembe ery'okwogera, ery'eddiini, ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu. Gavumenti tesobola kugoba oba okubonereza omuntu atali wa gavumenti olw'okwoleka endowooza oba olw'okukkiriza, nga tewali bujulizi bulaga nti akubiriza ettemu oba olulimi olulala olutali lukuumi. ] gridgets v. Wixon [1945] [1945] Kkooti yagobera okugoba omutuuze w'enkalakkalira mu kibiina ky'Ekitujjukizo, nga kiraga nti okuteebwa kwa Amereka okw'Abakomu kwa Bannakyewa kwava mu ggwanga kwava mu nsi yonna.

Wadde kiri kityo, etteeka erikwata ku butebenkevu mu nsi erikwata ku by'obutuuze lisobola okugobera ensonga z'eggwanga, era n'etteeka eriggula amateeka ne ligaziya ebiwandiiko ebisinziirwako okugoba abantu mu buwaŋŋanguse olw'omulimu “ogw’obuwanguzi,” abawakanyi kye bagamba nti abantu bakozesa ebigambo eby'obutiitiizi era eby’entiisa mu nsi.

Eky’Okuna, Okukyusa Ebibiina Kikukuuma

Ekitongole eky'okuna ekikuuma abakuumi obutassa n'okukwatibwa kawumpuli. Kukwata abantu bonna kireetawo okukaayana. Abasawo bwe babadde nga baagala olukusa okuyingira mu maka, bayinza okulekera awo okuyimirira okumpi n'ensalo oba ku kisaawe ky'ennyonyi. Kkooti esala ku nsonga mu United States v. British-PH [7] era ereesa abakuumi brignoni'ensaze] okukoma okukoma okuko okukomya emputtu ku nsaze ebbaliro, nga bewagidde abalambula ensalo ezibagirwa okusinziira ku nsaze, nga tewali nsonga eyinza kuviirako bangi okuwakanya obusosoze obw'ebibala.

Obubonero obwakayita nga [[NT:0]Utah v (2016) bukendeezezza etteeka erigobererwa, ne kifuula kizibu okukweka obujulizi obukkirizibwa ab'obuyinza abatuuze bwe bafunye mu ngeri etali ya mu mateeka. Obubonero obwo buleetera abagwira obutakkirizibwa kukwata bantu nga bamenyi b'amateeka nga basinziira ku ku kubattira mu kkooti y'amateeka. Ebibiina by'abamenyi b'amateeka bisabye okuteekawo obukuumi obusingako obunene mu kutegeka ebitongole ebikola ku ntambula.

Omusango Aguggibwa mu Buwabuzi ne Gwaka Gugaana Eŋŋamira

Okunnyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku kusala emisango kibadde kikulu nnyo mu kuyamba abagwira okutegeera obulungi etteeka ekkulu erikwata ku kukuuma abagwira.

[[Akabonero:0] United States v. Wong Kim Ssark[[:1] (1898)

Omusango guno gwakakasa obusika wansi w'Empeereze ey'ekkumi n'ena. Kkooti yagamba nti omwana eyazaalibwa mu Amerika eri bazadde Abakyayina abagwira yali munnaggwanga wadde ng'amateeka g'ensi eyo mu kiseera ekyo gaawerebwa olw'enjawukana mu langi. Omusingi gwa guba gutegeeza li [ekifo ekiba kikyali mu ggwanga lya Amerika], wadde nga gwabadde gulina okukaayanyizibwa mu by'obufuzi mu myaka egyakayita.

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Zadvydas v. Davis[[AK'AWULA] (2001]

Kkooti yasalawo nti gavumenti tesobola kukugira bagwira kumala kiseera kiwanvu oluvannyuma lw'ekiragiro ekyasembayo eky'okuva mu nsi yaabwe singa tewaliwo kuddayo mu nsi yaabwe. Omusango guno gwakakasibwa nti Kkooti ya Claus eteeka ekkomo lya myezi mukaaga ku kusibibwa oluvannyuma lw'enkola ya denderedzwa.

[[Akawayiro:0]Plyler v. Doe[[=KYUMA] (1982]

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, omusango ogwo gwakakasa abaana obutaweebwa buyigirize bwa K-12. Kkooti yasazezza abaana nti etteeka lya gavumenti teryalina kye lyagasaawo kya maanyi era nti liteeka ekibonerezo eky'obulamu bwabwe bwonna ku baana . Plyler kye kiragiro ekikulu ekiva mu kuba nti abaana bakkirizibwa okugenda mu ggwanga eriba libatwala mu kifo ekimu nga basinziira ku ntambula ya gavumenti.

[[AGUMENTI] MAthews v. Diaz[[AK'AWULA] [[:1] (1976]

Ekiragiro kino kyawagira etteeka lya gavumenti eryali liteekeddwa ku myaka etaano egy'okutuula mu mateeka, naye era, kkooti yakiggumiza bulungi nti ebbeetuka lya Claus ekkomo erya SCTED Claus era ne lissawo etteeka erikwata ku ku kuyingira mu ggwanga.

Ebiraga Obukuumi bw'Etteeka n'Ebikolwa eby'Obwenkanya

Ng’oggyeko eddembe ly’okuva mu mateeka, Consell Congress n’ettabi ebikola ku nsonga eyo bitaddewo amateeka n’enteekateeka ez’enjawulo ezisobola okukuuma abantu abagwira.

Act, Akakwakkulizo ak’Okusenguka n’Okufiirwa Abantu

INA ye mateeka agafuga abanoonyi b'obubudamu. Kireetera ebiwandiiko ebisookerwako okukkirizibwa n'okuggibwawo, enkola ey'obuddukiro, n'embeera y'abanoonyi b'obubudamo. INA era ewa obuweerero okuva mu kifo ekyo, gamba ng'okuggyawo abatuuze abamu ab'ekiseera ekiwanvuko n'okukukugira abanyazi abangi abaakwatibwa oba okubunyisibwa mu mbuga z'amateeka. Wadde nga INA tewa biwandiiko bya mumenyi w'amateeka, era ewa abantu obujulizi obubateezza ebbee ku buwandikiro nga obubalwa obwa ddyo obubaweebwa ebiwandiiko n'obudde obw'okujulira akasiikirwa.

Abato Abaafuna Ekikolwa eky’Obunafu (DACA)

DACA yatongozebwa nga bannakyewa abawaabirwa ku bwa kampuni mu 2012. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu abawagirwa enzivuunula y'omulimu mu nsi y'Amerika okufuna ebisaanyizo eby'okutwala abaana. Abawagizi okuva mu magye ga gavumenti tebabawa bujulizi bwa mateeka naye kibayamba obutaddamu kuggibwawo okumala emyaka ebiri miramba. Programu eyo esobodde okusigala nga teriimu buzibu wadde nga teri bukakafu obanga mu biseera byayo eby'omu maaso. Mu mwaka gwa 2024, kaweefube empya ziyinza okukolebwa, naye nga zisobola okukyusa endowooza yaazo.

Okutulugunyizibwa kw’Abakazi Kikolwa (VAWA)

VAWA ereetera abantu abamu abatuukiddwako ebikolwa eby'obukambwe mu maka okwemalirira okubeera mu buwaze nga tebeesigama ku muntu gwe bayisa obubi mu Amerika oba ku munnaabwe mu bufumbo ow'enkalakkalira.

'TPS' - Akasege kakuumibwa bukuumi

Syansa w'ekitongole ekigaba obuyambi kiyinza okutegeeza ensi enneyisa ya PS singa embeera ziba tezisobola kugonjoolwa olw'obukuubagano, obutyabaga, oba embeera ez'enjawulo. Abantu okuva mu nsi ezaawulibwawo mu Amerika basobola okufuna obukuumi obw'akaseera obuseera okuva mu nsi ezikkirizibwa okuggibwawo oba okuweebwa olukusa lw'omulimu. TPS si y'enkola ey'enkalakkalira naye esobozesa abagwira okuva mu nsi ezitali zimu okufuna ebizibu.

Obuzibu Obuliwo mu Kifo Ekirimu Okukwata ku Zzaabu n’Okukuumibwa

Wadde ng’amateeka ga gavumenti gaago gakola, abagwira boolekagana n’enkizo ez’amaanyi okusobola okufuna eddembe eritali lya bulijjo mu mateeka.

Obuwulize era Obuukirize

Amerika era y'erina enkola esingirayo ddala okuba nga y'esobozesa abantu abali mu malwaliro ageetaagisibwa amateeka oba ab'omu maka okubawagira.

Era, enkola ey'okusiba abantu abamu abasenze mu nsi ezimu nga mw'otwalidde n'abo abalina obwetwaze oba abaakamala okusibibwa ku nsalo, ereetawo okweraliikirira okw'amaanyi. Mu ' Jennings v. Rodriguez (2018), Kkooti enkulu yawagira okusibibwa okumala ekiseera kiwanvu nga tekugattiddwamu, era n'eziyiza ekyetaagisa okuteebwawo. Ebibiina by'abakulembeze b'amateeka byeyongera okuwakanya amateeka gano mu kugoberera enkola ya Classione ne Immigation and National Act.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Kukyusa Eggwanga n’Okununulibwa

Mu kuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu buli kanyoolereza, gavumenti nnyingi zitaddewo amateeka gaazo ku bwabwe okugobererwa abanoonyi b'obubudamu. SB 1070 (2070) ekyetaagisa poliisi okukebera eb'okuba nti abanoonyi b'obubudamu bakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa era ne zilemererwa okuggya ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu yasazesezza ebiwandiiko eby'okuyingira mu ggwanga. Abrazona v. United States (20:2) okuzuula nti okukaka obukkulembereza abanoonyisi b'okuyingira mu ggwanga lya gavumenti y'ensi eyo kirimu obuyinza obwa bulijjo. Wadde nga waliwo obuwandikiro nga 287(g) era “g.[FLT][FLT][1] era ne “emisango egiva mu mateeka agamanyisaawo nga .

Ssaddaaka ez'obuyonjo mu kitundu ezisigira abantu abakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okulondawo abatuuze ziwagirwa, ziwayiddwa ku lukunkumuli lw'amateeka. Kkooti zigasa musingi nti gavumenti teziyinza kukozesa byazo kukakaatika mateeka ga gavumenti agafuga abatuuze.

Okuwaayiriza Obusosoze n’Okumenya Amateeka Ekyokuna

Wadde nga waliwo amateeka agakugira abagwira, nga emirundi mingi gagoogera ku Latino, Asiya, ne ku Buwalabu.[1] Alipoota ziragibwa nti abantu balina okukakaatika obusosoze mu langi oba mu mawanga. Ssettendekero ogw'okuna egaana abatuuze abagwira okuseesa obusaze, naye abakungu batendekebwa okukozesa “obuteesigandiikiriza obwa bulijjo” okusinziira ku bintu gamba ng'obwetooso, olulimi, oba ekifo. Okumenya amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu n'obusosoze mu mawanga, era n'enkiiko z'ezo zikkiriza okuzza obukwakkulembeddwawo enkola ez'okugooleza abantu.

Kkooti ezimu entono zigamba nti okukozesa empalana ng’enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu ey'eggwanga ku nsi teriimu mutindo gusinziirwako okuyisa obubi abantu mu ggwanga lyonna, naye obutagoberera mutindo gwa ggwanga kikkiriza abantu okuyisibwa obubi.

Entegeka n’Ebiragiro Ebiba Biteekeddwawo

Enteekateeka y'obuddukiro ewa obukuumi abo abadduka okuyigganyizibwa, eyolekaganye n'ebizibu eby'amaanyi mu myaka egyakayita. Empisa z'abantu abanoonya obuddukiro ku myalo egy'oku mabbali g'e Mexico, programu ya “Tyaliira mu Mexico” programu (Etteeka erikwata ku kukuuma obuddukiro) era okumalibwawo okwo kwasoberwa ng'okumenya amateeka n'okukwata abanoonyi b'obubudamo mu 1980. Kkooti zisibe ebintu ebimu, naye etteeka terikubaako nkyukakyuka ezireetebwawo era ligaana abantu bangi okuwa bye baagala.

Mu East Bay Sanctuary Parant v. Barr[[FLT] (2029), ekiwandikiro kya Ninth kitwala nti gavumenti teyinza kusiba bukuumi okuva ku abo abatakeberedde ku nsalo ya bukiikaddyo. Okusala okwo okusobola okufuna obuddukiro, naye okutegeka okwo kweyongera mu ngeri y'okukyusa ensi.

Obunyiikivu n’Ebibiina Ebiwagira Obuyambi

Ebibiina bino bikola ku kukuuma ab'oluganda ababeera mu nsi endala eddembe lyabwe ery'okuva mu ggwanga era biwa obuyambi mu mateeka.

Ebibiina bino awamu n'ebibiina ebikola ku by'amateeka agayamba abantu abali mu bwetaavu awamu ne emikutu gy’abannamateeka egikola ku by'amateeka n'enkola z'abantu, biyamba nnyo mu kugonjoola enjawulo eriwo wakati w'eddembe erya bulijjo n'okutuukirizibwa kw'obwenkanya mu nsi.

Olugero: Endowooza nti ebintu byonna bisobola okujjawo byokka

Okusaasaana kw'eddembe ly'omu mateeka n'obukuumi bwa bannaggwanga tekukyaliwo bokka. Enzivuunula yaakyo ejjawo okuyitira mu nnyinnyonnyola z'amateeka, enkola y'amateeka, enkola ey'okufuga, n'okufuga omuddo. Wadde kooti enkulu egaziyizza enkola y'obukwakulizo obumala era n'obukuumi bwenkana obuwandikiddwa abagwira, ebisaawe by'enjawulo okusigalawo nga biriko. Wabula, mu bifo eby'enjawulo ebisaasaasa bisigalawo. Okuwabula kw'amagezi n'obukuumi mu nsonga eziba tezingirwamu. Enjigiriza y'obuyinza bw'ensirimu eyinza okukoma okukugira obulabibwa abasenzenyazesebwa, ate n'enkyukakyuka mu by'ebyobufuzi ne mu by'obukyuumirize ne mu nsi.

Nga batunula mu maaso, ensonga enkulu eziwera ziyinza okutegeeza kino: obusika obw'omu biseera eby'omu maaso, ekifo eky'eggwanga n'eky'obutuuze mu nsi eziragira abatuuze, obungi bw'Emitendo ey'Esene ku nsalo n'ebidiba, era n'ensonga ezikwata ku ngeri y'obuddukirizi. Abawagizi bagamba nti etteeka eryali mu mateeka nti “tewali muntu n’omu aliggibwako eddembe awatali kufulumya” liteekwa kukwata ku buli muntu ali mu Amereka, k'eba nga tebatuuse mu Amerika.

Ng’emboozi z’eggwanga bwe yeeyongera okushumbibwa, ekintu kimu kyeyoleka kaati nti: Amerika emaliridde okugoberera amateeka tekiriiko nteekateeka ya ggwanga limu.