Enjigiriza z’Ekibiina n’Okutaataaganya Obulombolombo Obuppya

Enjigiriza eyo egamba nti ebyawandiikibwa by'omu mateeka birina okuvvuunulwa okusinziira ku makulu gaabyo bwe byakkirizibwa. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, omukugu mu nkola y'okusala emisango, yagamba nti enzivuunula y'amateeka ekugira abalamuzi okuteekawo amateeka agaabwe ku bwabwe era n'okunywerera ku mateeka ga demokulase nga banywerera ku nkola eyatandikibwawo abantu okuyitira mu nkola y'enkola ey'okutuukiriza obukulembeze.

Enkola eya sooka ey'enkola eyo ey'enjawulo eri wakati w'enkola eya "Constitution ennamu" mu nnukuta egamba nti amakulu ga tteeka gajjawo lwakukyusa. Abakugu mu njigiriza ez'edda bagamba nti okukyuka — so si okunnyonnyola mu ngeri ey'okusalamu obusaze — kwe kukozesa okufuula tteeka eriggya mu mbeera empya. Enjawukana eno ey'obufirosoofo efuuka y'enjawulo naddala singa kkooti z'amateeka zisanga nga tezirina makulu oba nga ntegeera kwalina kinnalyo kulaga nti emitindo gy'enzikiriza ya bulijjo ekontana n'ensonga z'obwenkanya.

Obusobozi obuva mu ggwanga bwe bumu ku buzibu obukyasinze okuzibu mu nzikiriza ya bannamente. Ekiragiro kino kyogera ku Bamenti mu bitundu bitono: mu Communist Claus ewa gavumenti obuyinza okutegeka eby'obusuubuzi "n'ensozi za Buyindi," ne ku kugabanyizaamu ebigambo 14 mu Kitundu kya Indienne ebiwaanyisibwamu ne kiba nga tekiyita "Abannamu abatasoloosebwa." Ebigambo bino ebiwandiikibwako ku nnene birala ku bukakafu obw'ennakulembedde obukwata ku bufuzi, eddembe ly'endagaano, ensi, era n'obuyinza bw'amawanga agasinga obungi.

Obufuzi bw’Obuwangwa mu Mateeka

Nga ssemateeka tewannabaawo lukunkumenti ya Bulaaya, abatuuze b'amatwale ga Bulaaya baakitegeera nti amawanga g'ensi mwenkanya gasobola okukola endagaano. Okutongozebwa kuno kweyongera mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza era ne kisikira Amerika oluvannyuma lw'obwetwaze. Endagaano ya Ssemateeka ya Claus ewa omukulembeze w'eggwanga olukuutira okukola endagaano n'okukkiriza olukiiko olukulu olw'ensi enfuga, kikakasa nti amawanga ga Buyindi ganywerezza ennyimirira y'amawanga okukola endagaano.

Kkooti enkulu ey'omulembe gwa Sayansi yassaawo ekyo abakugu ab'omu kiseera kino kye bayita "Marshall Trilogy" — emisango esatu egyasalibwawo Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall wakati w'omwaka 1823 ne 1832 gyeyongera okuteekawo amateeka ga Buyindi. Johnson v. McIntosh, Marshall yannyonnyola "enjigiriza y'ebiwandiiko," nga akkiriza nti ebyo ebyazuulibwa Bulaaya byazibyalibwa nnannyini munda ne biteekebwa mu kifo kyabyo n'obuyinza obwa bulijjo. [[FLT:][FLT:][2] Lerogobe] era n'eggwanga terimukkomyawo n'omululu mu ggwanga erimu tteeka lya Amerika eririna enkolagana gye lirina n'okugatta n'ekigo ekyo ekitebe ky'ekitebe ky'ekitebe ky'ekitebe ky'eggwanga.[Fom][F.'omutir.[folmenti:[f]

Ebyo bye yasalawo byaleetawo ennyinnyonnyola enkulu ennyo naye nga bikyawakanyizibwa nnyo. Enjigiriza eyo ejuliziddwa bangi nti Marshall ye yeeyambisa enjigiriza za Bulaaya ezaali zikkirizibwa mu Bulaaya mu kifo ky'okugoberera ebiwandiiko by'amateeka agafuga enfuga ya Bulaaya.

Okugoberera Obusomi — Ebibonerezo by’Abantu mu Kkooti Enkulu

Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Nsobi z’Eddembe

Amerika yakola endagaano nnyingi n'amawanga agatali gamu wakati wa 1778 ne 1871, Consert we yakomya endagaano. endagaano zino ezaali ku kunoonya, kuvuba, kukuŋŋaanya, n'okuziteekamu eddembe amawanga lye ganyweredde mu nkola gye gakola leero. Okunnyonnyola ennimi ez'enjawulo ku ndagaano kuvuddemu ebintu eby'enjawulo okusinziira ku kkooti n'ebyafaayo ebizikwatako.

Mu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo mu nnyiriri z'omu Amerika. Winans, kkooti enkulu yassaawo etteeka nti endagaano zirina okutwalibwa ng'enkola ey'obulagirizi ey'ekika kya IVT gye zanditegedde; lukalala olw'okuzimba olukwatagana n'emisingi egyasooka nga ziggula okutegeera entegeera entegeera y'ebiwabu wakati w'ebiwayiti ebyo byombi mu kiseera eky'okutabagana. Akatabo kano kalina okuba nga ke kalina ekigendererwa ekikulu mu kuwangula okw'ebiwandikiro bingi, nga mw'otwalidde n'okukakasa eddembe ly'okuvuba ennyanja mu bitundu bya Pacific ne Great Lakes.

Kyokka, abavumirira enjigiriza y'okutandikira ku njigiriza eyo bagamba nti kkooti z'amateeka bwe ziba nga ziraga nti endagaano ewandikiddwa ewa abantu eddembe ly'ekika kya bulijjo zigoberera enkola eyandigobereddwa mu ngeri nti, enkola za kkooti enkulu bwe ziba nga tezitegeera bulungi mateeka g'ensi, enkola zaayo zitera okuzikkiriza okuzikolamu mu kifo ky'okuzikolamu ebyasooka. Kkooti enkulu bwe ziba nga ziraga nti enkola ya 'FLT:0] United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nakal bwe ziba ziwandikiddwawo olukulembezo, ziragiramu nti gavumenti teziriiko bye zikola ebika ebigigwana ku bukakafu wadde nga byategekebwa mu ndagaano ne mu mateeka, era nga bimenyawo ebyo ebituufu ebizikwata ku nkolagana wakati w'obukakafu obutono.

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock n’Enjigiriza Ekwata ku Bulamu

Oboolyawo tewaliwo musango gulaga nti enjawulo eriwo wakati w'obukaadi n'obukaanyi obukolebwa mu Bayindi era n'obuwangwa bw'abantu esobola okulabika ennyo okusinga Love Wolf v'. Hitchcock. Mu kkooti eyo, wakkiriza nti Courts Congress ebeera n'obuyinza ku nsonga za Bayindiyansiya, amaanyi amanene nnyo ne kiba nti tegayinza kutongoza tteeka lya n'aw'eggwanga okuzzaawo endagaano nga tegakkirizza era nga tewali kusasula. Omusango ogwo gwavanyunzi , gwalinawo endagaano eya Medicial County of 1867, nga tewali nsi ndala essaawosatu ez'abantu abakulu. Mbo n'ebivanjula ebyava mu biyingizibwa bya Indian

Kkenneesaamu Love Wolf erakireetera okulabika. Buli kintu mu mateeka tekiwa kakiiko ka nukuta obuyinza ku bintu eby'eggwanga. Treact Claus kyetaagisa okukkiriza okukyusibwa kw'ebisaanyizo ebiva mu ndagaano. Kyokka Kkooti eyo yazimbira ddala enjigiriza ey'amaanyi aga dekananti eyalemesa endagaano zonna ezaakkirizibwa mu mateeka. Kino kyaleetera abakugu bangi okugamba nti, enkola ya kiwandiiko kino teyinza kusobozesa bantu ba ggwanga kunyweza buyinza bwa kiwandiiko kya kkaabwo.

McGirt .Oklahoma and Ekintu Ekyali Kiteeberezebwa Okuganyula Abalala

Ekiragiro 2020 mu 'McGirt v'. Oklawo kikiikirira enkola ey'enkyukakyuka mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo ezisookeddwawo enzijjuvu ez'ekika kya Ibalirira okusobola okulaba obanga eddembe erya bulijjo lyatongozebwa. Olwaw'eggwanga Omuscogee (Kreek) Etteeka eryaddawo lyatongozebwa. Omulamuzi Gor'oku nti obunene obunene bw'eggwanga lyalina enkola ey'okugoberera enkola eyo, nga yeekenneenya ebiri mu ndagaano eyo nti tekkirisibwamu buteesookero.

Kino kiraga nti enzigi n'empandika ebyasooka biyinza okuvaamu obuwagizi obuwagizi obwa bulijjo obusobola okukuuma obufuzi bw'abantu singa ebyafaayo bitegeerekeka bulungi era singa kkooti zigoberera n'obwegendereza biwandiiko ebizimbibwa. Okusalawo okwo era ne kuddamu okukakasibwa nti endagaano ziteekwa okuweebwa okusinziira ku makulu gaazo agasooka — omusingi ogukwatagana n'ebiragiro ebyayo. Endowooza ya Gorfoected'egration gye yaggumiza nti "gaasuubiza eggwanga lya Kreek Livvuuk ekiwerezedwa mu bufunze" era nti "gat'empandika n'ennyiriri eziriraanye ebiri mu Mateeka ebyo bikakasa nti endagaano eyo esobola okumenya ekisuubizo ekyo."

Kyokka [[NKUMENT:0] 'MLT' era kireeseewo okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi okuva ku bayizi abasooka ababuusabuusa obanga ekivudde mu kusalawo kutuukagana n'enkola eyasookera ddala n'entegeera y'obuyinza obwa Buyindi. Abamu bagamba nti enjigiriza ey'amaanyi aga bulijjo etegeerebwa mu Lealve [ erina okuba nga kye kikozeeko ekiva mu ku kigendererwa, okusobozesa okuzuula okutakkiriza okutaputa musingi. Bwe kityo, ng'enkola eya bulijjo tesobozesa enkola yonna okunnyonnyola ebizingirwamu, okuzuula nti enjigiriza eyo, okusobola okusobozesa okuzuula ennyimba ez'enjawulo ezikwatagana n'ebyakulawuluzaamu.

Obusobozi bw'Okubeera ku Nnono y'Eddembe

Okussa mu nkola enkola ey'okusibuka mu buwandiike obufuga eddembe ly'obuntu kireetawo ebizibu bingi. Okusooka, enteekateeka y'amateeka ebyasooka yayisa abantu ab'obuwangwa ng'ebava mu makkati g'amateeka agafuga — nga tegakkirizibwa kubeeramu butuuze, so si kubalibwa kuba butuuze bwa ggwanga, era n'okufugibwa gavumenti eyabanga tekkirizibwa olw'obusobozi bw'entegeka. Enkola eyo eraga nti enkola eyo esobozesa abantu okufiirwa enteekateeka y'enkola okuggyawo obusobozi n'obutebenkevu ebyagoberebwa Amateeka.

Ekyokubiri, enjigiriza z'eddiini ez'edda zisanga obuzibu mu kutegeera ebyafaayo bwe biwandiikibwako ebiwerako. Abawandiisi b'amateeka baalina endowooza ez'enjawulo ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga, okusemba endagaano, n'obukoma bwa gavumenti. Ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kutuukiriza ebigendererwa tebirina kukkaanya ku bibuuzo bino. N'olwekyo, abo abakkiririza mu nzikiriza ez'edda bateekwa okulondamu mu ngeri eraga nti obuvunaanyizibwa obusukka ku makulu gaalyo busingira ewala ddala amakulu gaalyo.

Ekyokusatu, enjigiriza y'obukaavu okussaako amakulu amanywevu tekikwatagana bulungi n'enkolagana ey'amaanyi wakati w'abantu n'eggwanga. Obuvunaanyizibwa, bwajjawo mu byasa bingi nga bakola endagaano, amateeka agakwata ku mateeka, n'okusala emisango mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, era nga tewali kiseera kyonna mu byafaayo kye bituukiriza. Enkola eya Katonda mu kusooka eyinza okukomya enkolagana eno mu kiseera ekimu, eyinza obutasobozesa obulombolombo bw'ebiwandikiro okukolebwa mu mateeka agagobererwa obufuga amawanga.

Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti ebigambo ebyo biwa Consert obuyinza butono nnyo ku busuubuzi bw'ebika — obuyinza obuyinza obutazingiramu bulagirizi n'obuvunaanyizibwa gavumenti bw'ensiamu by'ekozesa kati. Abalala bagamba nti ebigambo ebisomebwa nga bitegeererwa ku byafaayo era n'obuyinza obufuga gavumenti.

Ekiragiro kino kikebera enkaayana zino eza bannamateeka, Office of Trease Trial Justice era kiwa obusobozi ku kitongole ekifuga ettwale ery'okwasala emisango ku mateeka ga Buyindi. Ekiwandiiko eky'Eddembe ly'Eddembe lya American Rights[ era kikuuma obunene bw'amateeka okunoonyereza n'okunnyonnyola mu bufunze engeri gye gannyonnyolamu amateeka mu n'ennyimpimpi z'eggwanga.

Ababuulizi Abavvuunula Ebitundu by’Okusoma mu Kibiina

Enkola endala ez'enjawulo ez'okunnyonnyola zikoleddwa okusobola okugonjoola ekkomo ly'enkola eyo. Enkola "urracon" ekkaatiriza emitindo gy'enkola n'embeera ezikyuka, ennyunzi ezimu zikozeseddwa okusobola okukkiriza obufuzi bw'ebika ebirala mu bifo amateeka gye gataateekako bukuumi obw'enkomeredde. Abawagizi ku nkola eno balaga nti okutaputa amateeka n'amateeka tekireetera bantu kufuga mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya.

Enkola eya "Lycriptions" efuga emisingi egimu egy'omusingi — nga mwe muli okussa ekitiibwa mu ndagaano n'okumanyibwa kw'obufuzi bw'eggwanga n'obufumbo obufuga — ng'amateeka agafuga okuyitira mu nkola y'amateeka ageeteereddwawo mu kifo eky'okuba nti amakulu agali mu byawandiikibwa gagoolekaganye.

Ekibiina ekinoonyereza ku ngeri y'okulondoolaamu obutuufu obwali bukkiriziddwa, kinoonya engeri endala ey'okuzzaawo amakulu agamu agaamenyebwa oba agateebwa mu mateeka. Abeekenneenya abamu bagamba nti amakulu g'amateeka, agategeerwa obulungi, gakkirizibwa okuba n'obuyinza bw'ebika era n'ebiragiro ebikugirwa gavumenti okusobola okukuuma ensi zonna ez'enjawulo n'okuteekawo gavumenti enzijanjaba. Enzivuunula eno ewakanya endowooza egamba nti okukkiririza mu tteeka lya Katonda kiviirako abantu okusikira abantu.

Okusobola okunnyonnyola obulungi ensonga zino, ekitongole kya Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics kifulumizza empapula ezikola nga zinoonyereza ku njigiriza ez'ekika kya Ecuador n'amateeka ga Buyindi. Okugatta ku ekyo, Federal Register Bureauniament of Indian Affairs[]

Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo n’Endowooza Enkyamu

Enkaayana ezikoleddwa mu kugoberera enkola y'eddiini eyo zisobola okuganyula ab'eggwanga mu kiseera kino. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekolamu abalamuzi bangi abayayaze enkola eyo, nga mwe muli Justice Gormot, Kavanaugh, Barrett, ne Thomas. Engeri kkooti gye yakwatamu amateeka ga Buyindi mu kiseera kino ejja kusalawo ebinaavaamu nga buwagizi bw'eggwanga, abaana wansi w'enkola ya Indian Child Welfarel Act, okuyiga n'okuvuba n'obusobo, n'obusobozi bw'enkwate.

Braceen v. Haaland ligitation, eyasoomoozebwa ku mateeka ga ICWA, yawa ebyokulabirako ebya byakulabirako ku nnyinyonnyola y'okumanyisa okwasooka. Olukiiko olwo lwagamba nti ICWAffs lwasukka ku buyinza bwa Kente y'Abamasaza mu Bumeedia era ne lumenya emisingi egy'obukuumi egyalimu — ebisengekebwa mu kusoma kwa tteeka erya extensikati. Kkooti Empali kinyweza ICWA mu kusalawo okw'ekitongole ekyasooka n'ekizikongo, naye eky'ensonga yalaga enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu ngeri gye baakwatamu ku mateeka ga Buyindiikiina.

Okusobola okuleetawo entegeka empya, ka kiyinza okusinziira ku ngeri kkooti gye zigonjoolera ddala ensonga ezizikwata ku makulu g'amateeka n'enkyukakyuka ezaatandikibwawo mu byasa bibiri. Abakugu abamu bagamba nti Kkooti enkulu erina okutongoza "endagaano" ekyetaagisa okutandikawo endagaano eziggulawo endagaano. Omusingi ogukwatagana n'obweyamo obusooka obw'okutegeera obulungi ebigambo era n'okussa ekitiibwa mu ntegeera kw'ebibiina ebyo byombi. Abalala bagamba nti enjigiriza egamba nti enjigiriza y'okuyita mu ntandikwa tegooonya kkatwale ere okusobola okutegeera amakulu g'empakatwatwatwatwatwatwati ezasooka.

fundikira

Enjigiriza eyo esigala nga nnyangu okutegeera era nga n'ensonga enkulu ereetebwawo okunnyonnyola eddembe ly'abantu ab'eggwanga. Okussa mu nkola amateeka ga Buyindi n'obusobozi bw'enkola ebyo biyamba okumanyisa engeri gye gatuukirizaamu amakulu amatuufu. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okukiraga nti amateeka ga Katonda tegalina kakwate konna kalina ngeri gye gandituukiriziddwamu mu ggwanga. Gayinza okuwagira obufuzi bw'ebika singa endagaano ziweebwa ekitiibwa okusinziira ku makulu gaazo agasooka, naye era bwe ganyweza amaanyi g'obufuzi obwa bulijjo singa enkola ya kiwandiiko kikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okumanyibwa mu mateeka okufuga oba okuba n'obukulembeze.

Enkaayana ezigenda zeyongera ku buwangwa ekwata ku bulombolombo n'entegeka z'eggwanga zireetebwawo ebibuuzo bingi ebikwata ku ngeri enkola y'amateeka gye gandikwatiddwako n'ensonga lwaki teri bwenkanya obwali bukyusa amateeka. Enjigiriza eyo ne bwe kiba nga kiyinza okukozesebwa okumanyisa n'okukuuma obufuzi bw'eggwanga oba obanga ejja kweyongera okukakasibwa mu ngeri eyo, byesigamye ku ku kusalawo okusalirwawo kkooti z'amateeka mu myaka egyaddirira. Ekituufu kiri nti okukkirizibwa kwa Kkomyunizimu n'eddembe lya ISC, kijja kusigala nga tteeka erikulu erifuga amawanga gonna, nga n'ensonga ez'obwenkanya mu mateeka ga Amerika.