Olukiiko Olulungi olw’Okutaano n’Okuddamu Okumanyibwa ng’Olwali mu Mambuka ga Ireland

Ekivumedede Ekipya eky'oku Lwokubiri, ekyasaaniibwa nga 10 Apuli 1998, kye kimu ku biragiro ebyava mu by'obufuzi ebyakolebwa ku nkomerero y'ekyasa 20. Mu Northern Ireland, ekitundu ekyali kimaze emyaka asatu nga kijjudde obukuubagano obw'amaanyi mu bibiina by'ensi emu. Mu kutandikawo endagaano y'obufuzi obwava ku njawukana mu bitundu by'ensiri, obutuufu, obutuufu, n'okumanyibwa, endagaano yatandikibwawo mu nkyukakyuka ya maanyi mu kukyusa kwa maanyi eri [FLT:] mu ggwanga lya Ireland. Kwalina okugezaako okumanyisa ebiwandiiko bya bya bufuzi obwava mu bitundu bya waggulu. — nga ereetera okutandikawo ekifo eky'enkola eya waggulu ku ntegeka mu ntegeka y'entegeka ez'enkola ey'enkola ey'enkalakkalira, ey'enkola ey'enna ey'ennakuna ey'enna ey'enna - eyo.

Nga 1998 tegunnatuuka, obulombolombo obw'enkukunala mu Northern Ireland bwamanyibwa nnyo: Abasosoze n'abakugu mu by'eddiini: Abasosoze mu Bungereza, n'aba Nationalis and Republicans, abeetwala okuba Abayirish. Obulombolombo obwo tebwali buwanyi bwa bulombolombo bwa ggwanga; era baali bafuze nnyo abantu abaali baagala okuleetawo enjawukana mu buli mbeera yonna ey'obulamu — abantu gye baabeeramu, amasomero ge baasomeramu, emizannyo gye baazannya, n'engeri gye baalondamu. Ettemu ery’Ezibu lyayongera obukyamu, ne likola ekibiina ekikkiriza obuwangwa obwa bulijjo.

Ensibuko y’Omukago: Waaliwo Obutakkaanya ate oluvannyuma Wabaawo Okulumizibwa

Okusobola okutegeera engeri endagaano gye yakwatamu abantu ab'eggwanga lya Ireland, kikulu nnyo okutegeera enjawulo ezaaliwo okuva mu 1968 okutuuka mu 1998. Obukuubagano obwo mu Northern Ireland bwali bukwata ku mateeka era n'obutuuze bwa bantu bonna. Abasosodokisi baagezaako okukuuma ekifo mu United Kingdom, ng'ate bo abasosoze mu ggwanga lya Ireland baali baagala nnyo Ireland okuba obumu. Obusosoze obwo obwalimu enjawukana mu mateeka bwagonjola enjawukana: Abapolotesitante bangi baasomera mu masomero agamu n'abantu ab'obupolotesitante, era nga bakolera mu mafemu g'Abapolotesitante n'Abapolotesitante, ate nga n'abakasaseredo mu bitundu byabwe. — Ebitundu by'obusuubuzi, ne mu mabbaasi — byakkero agamu.

Ettemu eryakolebwa abantu abasukka mu 3,600 era n'abalala nkumi na nkumi baatulugunyizibwa. Omwaka gwa 1990 we gwatuukira, entalo zaagootaanira, okubundabunda ne gavumenti za Bungereza ne Irland, awamu ne United States wansi wa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton, ne zikola edirisa. Ekiwandiiko kino ekyakolebwa ku Lwokubiri Auth Regreement — era ekyali kimanyiddwa nga Belfast Congreement — kyakkirizibwa mu Northern Ireland ne mu Ireland mu Maayi 1998. Mu Northern Ireland, 71 ku buli kikumi eky'abavvuzi bavvubuka baanyi baakirizibwamu; mu Republic, ebitundu 94 ku buli kikumi, kye byakkirizibwa.

Endagaano eyo yasisite ku misingi esatu egyali gikola: ssomero (Enkola eya tteeka mu Northern Ireland eyinza okukyuka bwe wandibadde wakkirizibwa abantu baayo), amaanyi n'okugonjoolwa kw'abantu baayo[ [galina okuba nga gakkirizibwa okubaamu ebibiina bino byombi ebikolagana n'ebya Nationalism], ne Enfuze ey'okussa ekitiibwa ekya [ [okusobozesa abantu banna Bungereza n'okyayirland okubeera n'okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu]. Emisingi gitalina tegyamu, gye gyali zaamanyibwa bulijjo, ate nga n'ebiragiro ebirala ebiteetakkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'ennono.

Ebintu Ebituyamba Okutegeera Kye Biri

Eggulu Esooka: Olukuŋŋaana Olukulu mu Mambuka ga Ireland n’Okwewala Obusosoze

Kukolebwa kw'Olukiiko olugobererwa mu Northern Ireland olw'okumenya amasannyalaze, kyali kizibu kya maanyi eri abatuuze ba gavumenti ez'edda. Munsi wa D'Hondt, olukiiko lw'obukiiko olw'obukulembeze [, olutongole olw'obuweereza lutegese, okukakasa nti ebibiina by'Abiina by'eggwanga byombi biteekwa okukolagana obulungi. Abatuuze bannabyabufuzi, kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti eyinza okulabika ng'eyawuluza oluvanyuma lw'obusokesero. Ekitongole kya Nationalist kiraba nti omubuulizi asalawo ebikwata ku by'obulamu, eby'obuyigirize, oba entegeka ebikolebwa mu bitundu byonna eby'ensi yonna. obuvunaanyizibwa obwo bumaze ebbanga ddene bumanyisambi nti abantu bonna bafugibwa gavumenti, era nga tewali mukolobono y'ensonga eyo ekkirizibwa mu mateeka. musingi guno gulina ekitongole eky'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'enjawulo. nsibuko y'ensonga eyo y'ensonga ey'emu ey'ensonga ey'enjamateeka:

Strand II: Olukiiko lw’Abaweereza olw’omu bukiika kkono n’olw’obukiika ddyo

Mu ndagaano eyo mwatandikawo Olukiiko lw'Abaweereza mu bukiika kkono n'olw'obukiika kkono. Olukiiko luno era lwongereza okugatta abatuuze abava mu Northern Ireland ne Ireland okugatta awamu bakwate enkola ku bitundu ng'obulimi, emmotoka, n'obutonde. Akakiiko kano kateekawo akakwate akafuzi ka Ireland ow'omu Northern Ireland akamanyibwa, nga kategeeza abantu nti bangi mu Ireland era nti bakolagana bulungi mu kuyita ab'ewagizi ne bannaannaa mpulizi. Mu kiseera kye kimu, kakola nga kikkirizibwa mu — akakwate ka Ireland ak'omu Northern Ireland tekaseenye. Akakiiko kano kakkiriza abantu okukkirizibwa okubeera abatuuze mu Northern Ireland, n'okuba omu ku ggwanga lyonna ery'omu Bungereza, era n'ekitundu eky'ekifo ekirala mu nsi yonna.

Olukiiko olw'okusatu: Olukiiko olw'Abangereza n'Olukiiko lwa gavumenti

Olukiiko lwa Bungereza n'ebukiika kkono lukwataganya gavumenti z'Amerika, Ireland, n'obukulembeze bwa Scotland ne Wales, ne Kkooti Chensencies. Akakiiko kano keesigamya ku bufunze bw'ebizinga bino. Kanyweza endowooza nti Northern Ireland si ggwanga lyako lyokka eririna enkolagana ezissa ekitiibwa mu Bungereza n'Amerika. Okumanya kw'ensi eyo, kitegeeza nti omuntu tayinza kumanyibwa buggwenyufu ku nkula y'ebizinga oba obuwangwa naye nti ekwatagana naye nti erina akakwate n'enkolagana wakati w'abantu.

Eddembe ly’Abantu n’Eby’Obwenkanankana

Ekimu ku bintu ebyasinga okukolebwa mu ndagaano eyo kwe kuba nti enteko z'eddembe ly'abantu n'okuba n'enkola eyagobererwa. . . Northern Ireland Rights Commission era n'ekibiina kya mu Nkiika Ddyo] kya bukulu mu Ireland, kyateekebwawo okulaba n'okukakasa n'okutumbula eddembe ly'abantu. Omuntu bwe yeegatta ku gavumenti okutandikawo ezza etteeka lyayo eriri mu ntegeka ya Crecuka ya Northern Ireland (singako n'akakubadde nga tennakolebwa). Ennamba zino ziwandikiro zino ziwandikiddwamu ebigambo ebigattiddwa abatuuze okumanyisa ebibakwata ku mbeera yaabwe ey'enjawulo mu bantu. Omuntu bwe yeewandisizza edde ddala edde ku n'okutumbula ebbeeyagaza enzifu, oba obutakola mu n'enkyukakyuka mu n'enkyukakyuka ezimanyirimu ez'enva mu ggwanga eriva mu ggwanga erivanjula ebibiina by'enkola mu ggwanga eriva mu mawanga

Ebifaananyi n’Ebigambo Ebigabibwa: Okukola Obulombolombo Obuganzi

Obubonero obw'enjawulo bulaga nti obubonero tebulina kakwate. Nga tebuli kudda ku lukumbo. Okutabagana okwo tekukyaliwo, obubonero bwa bonna bwafuuka ekifo eky'okutaasa: Union Jack nga busindika ku bizimbe bya gavumenti, tricolor nga kiragibwa mu biyingizibwa bya Nationalistic, orrange Orders's mu bitundu by'Abakatuliki. Endagaano teyalagira nti obubonero bwonna buggibwawo. Naye, okussaawo okussaawo akabonero [[FLL:]] enjawulo y'ekitiibwa — omusingi nti obubonero ne obulombolombo mu Irlandsland buteekwa okussibwamu emirundi mingi. Ebizimbe byeyongera okusiigattirwako.

Enjigiriza ebadde nkulu nnyo mu nkyukakyuka zino. Endagaano eyo yalimu okussaawo obweyamo obw'okutabagana n'okusomera awamu. Wadde ng'amasomero mangi mu Northern Ireland gakyagoberera eddiini, wabaddewo okweyongerayongera kwa maanyi mu s]ssomero eriyigiriza mu bugenderevu Abapolotesitanti n'Abakatuliki. Mu 2023, 8 ku buli kikumi bayizi basomera mu matendekero agay'enjawulo, era n'omuwendo gw'abayizi beeyongera okukula. Amasomero gano gayigiriza ebiteesigamivu ebizizo ebitumbula okutegeeragana, okuwa abalala ekitiibwa, n'okunoonyereza ku byafaayo. Tegakubiriza bayizi kunoonyereza ku bwabwe bokka nga bassaamu abalala ekitiibwa.

Ebirimu bingi bye bimu ku ebyo ebikwata ku mirembe. Aguwaawo ku Lwokubiri gweyongera okuyigirizibwa mu masomero ng'okuteesa ne demokulase. Omuntu nga John Hume ne David Trible, eyawanuza Nobel Prizes [Preance] mu bifo byabwe ne demokulase. Ekiragiro kino kitwalibwa nga era ] , eyawanjula endagaano y'emirembe mu kifo eky'okunyumya, so si kuwangula nsibuko y'entalo eza Northern Ireland]. Ekiragiro abantu bombi kye basobola okwenyumira mu k'awumba, ne bwe baba nga bannyonnyola ensonga eyo.

Obuzibu Obuli mu Kubeera Omuntu Ali mu Kibiina: Obunyiikivu bw’Okusalawo Obubi

Wadde nga emyaka 20 gigenze gikula, abantu mu Northern Ireland bakyabaamu enjawukana ez’amaanyi.

Obusosoze mu Kuzimba n’Okuyiga

Mu 2021, okubala abantu nga 90 ku buli kikumi okw'amayumba mu Northern Ireland, kwalekeddewo okusoberwa eddiini. Mu Belfast mwokka, wakyaliwo bbugwe w'emirembe — enkobyo ez'amaanyi ez'okwawula Abaprotestanti n'Abakatuliki — nnyingi ku zo ezazimbibwa oluvannyuma lw'Essaza eddungi ery'oku Lwokubiri. Wadde ng'enjawukana n'enjawukana ezibangi zikendeddeko, basigala bajjuuukiriza nnyo ensalo nti ensalo z'ensi zo tezikomye. Mu ngeri y'emu, wadde nga abaana bangi basomerera obuyigirize obusinga obusinga obutoffaali obw'Abapolotestan. Kino kitegeeza nti abavubuka bangi beeyongera n'okubeera n'enkolagana ennungi n'abantu abalala, nga baayongerayongera okuzizza obugattiŋŋanamu obugattivumu.

Ennyimirira y’Eby’Eby’Eby’obufuzi n’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Ebibinja by'abasirikale ku njuyi zombi tebinnalekawo. Ebibinja by'abajaasi biringa Ulster Defence Association era n'ekitongole Ekirala, nga bikuuma okusaze IRA[FLT'] nga bikyakola mu bitundu ebimu, nga byenyigidde mu kukwata enjaga, okutunda ebiraga ebiragalalagalagala, n'ettemu. Okubawo kwabwe kunafuya amateeka n'enkola y'enkyukakyuka mu by'ebyobufuzi. Abatuuze bangi abakola mu bitundu ebitegese, abatuuze b'ebitongole bakyewandikiro, era ne bagoberera enviiri oba enviro zaabwe. Kino kisobozesa okuteekawo obutundu obuwakanya obutuufu obw'ebitongole ebikolebwa okujjuzibwamu — ebimenyeddwawo ebitongole ebitongole ebikola mu ggwanga ebikola enjvumbo.

Okulemererwa mu by’obufuzi n’Okuzikirizibwa kw’Enkuŋŋaana Ennene

Ebitongole ebikozesa amaanyi ga malala byewaliddwa emirundi mingi, okuva mu 2017 okutuuka mu 2020, olw'enkaayana ezizze zibaawo ku bikwata ku Lulimi lwa njawulo n'ensonga endala. Ebiseera bino eby'obulema binafuya obwesige bwa bantu mu masangano agatwalibwa okuba agamu ku b'obuntu obumu. Ekiragiro olukuŋŋaana bwe luba terukyakola, tewabaawo gavumenti ezikola ezikiikirira abantu ab'ebika byombi. Kino kiyinza okuyongera kuteeka obwesige mu bantu era ne kinyweza endowooza egamba nti tebyabufuzi na kati bigendera ku mawanga mangi, so si ku buyinza bwa bantu.

Ebyabatuukako mu Biseera eby’Edda

Engeri y'okugonjoolamu ebigootaanya ebyaviirako okubenjera ku nsonga ezikyasinzeeyo okuleetawo obutakkaanya. Ekitongole ekikola ku bulungi olw'oku Lwokubiri kyateekamu enteekateeka ez'okusumulula abasibe abaakwatibwa ku lwaggulo, ekyawakanyizibwa ennyo okusobola okuzzaawo emirembe. Kyokka, eky'okukwata ku ngeri y'okukwatamu okuttibwa okw'enkumi n'enkumi n'enkumi z'enkumi z'abassesse, n'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'amagye ga Bungereza obw'ennaakyeyongera okuleetawo endowooza. Housentmentment [ mu 2014] era n'omukago [[FLL:2] Kko ky'okutta abantu bonna abaakwatibwa ebibakugirwa mu ngeri y'okukwata ebivuddemu. Omuntu yenna abadde afuba okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okugonjoolamu. Omuntu yenna ayolekamu ebizibu by'oyo eyabanga akwatiddwa. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekigamba nti, ekyo ky'akyungibwawo n'omutir'omutir'omutir. Eki

Ebinaabaawo mu Maaso g’Abo Abava mu Bukiika Kkono bwa Ireland

Bwe tuneetegereza ebinaabaawo mu maaso, ebintu ebitali bimu bijja kubaako kye bikola ku ndowooza y’abantu b’omu Northern Ireland.

Enkyukakyuka mu Kibiina n’Ekiwandiiko ky’Omuntu Okusobola Okukyusa Endagaano

Mu 2021, okubala abantu okuva mu Ireland kyalaga nti Abakatuliki beeyongedde ne batuuka ku 45.7 ku buli kikumi, ate bo Abaprotestanti bakendedde 43.5 ku buli kikumi, era ng'enkyukakyuka eyo ereetera abantu okubuusabuusa nti bafuuse ba nzikiriza ndala. Basuubira nti okugatta ebitundu bya Ireland eby'e Irish awamu — nga bwe kiragiddwa mu Kivumedededede Ekinene mu Myaka egya Dtaano egiddako, kiyinza okuyitibwa mu ggwanga ery'okubiri, era nga mu kiseera ekyo tewandibaddemukakafu nti abantu bakkirizibwa. Mu Ireland bali bumu, olwo kiba kitegeeza ki ekiwandikiro ekyandibadde omutuuze w'obutuuze w'omu Northern Ireland? Ekyaweebwe ekibadde kizimbiddwawo okuva mu 1998, oba mu kumanyibwa mu ggwanga eryaliwo mungi ennyo mu Ireland? Okukkiriza kw'enkyukakyuka kwa buli ggwanga kuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu by'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okumanyiira mu Ireland era ne mu ggwanga ery'omulembedde mu kiseera eky'okukyuukanya, ekyo kyeyawumba obutuufu kiyinza okumanyisa obutuufu. obuvunaanyizibwa obwa waggulu obu

Brexit n’Etteeka ery’Okusalawo Ennyo mu Bukiika Kkono bwa Ireland

Obumu mu Bungereza buvudde ku Bumu mu ndagaano y'ekitongole ekiyitibwa Burcop mu Bukiika kkono, era n'empaka y'enkola ya Breaunion Agreement, naddala enkolagana eri wakati wa Northern Ireland ne Republic of Ireland. Paratooti ya Ireland ey'omu Mambuka ga Northern Ireland, ewayitiddwamu ng'empala y'endagaano ez'ekirango mu Brexit Reasting Union, era n'ebaaleetawo ensalo za n'enkyukakyuka mu nnyanja y'ekirwanyo mu ggwanga lya Irland, era ne kiziyiza nnyo okuzzaawo empaka n'amateeka g'omu EUS. Kino kiwayitidde nnyo okukasambattulukira mu magye. Mu ku ndagaano y'emu, ereeteeseteeseteegguddewo mu ggwanga erisinga okuzza emirembe. Ek'enkola eno egobeeyo, ereeteeteeseteego mu by'enkyukakyuka mu by'ebyobufuzi eby'obufuzi eby'okuzzaawo, ebibadde ebigo mu nsi ez'enna.

Ekifo ky’Abantu n’Emizimbi gy’Abazannyo

Omuntu asobola okukola ekisobozese okukolawo ekiva eri abantu bonna. Omuntu asobola okukola nga Consunity Relations [. Abantu ab'Emirembe[[[[FL:3]], era n'abantu bangi mu kitundu beeyongera okukola nga baawulamu, nga bateekawo ebifo eby'okunyumya, ne bazimba. [[[FLT:][FLT]] Empukusa Enjigiriza[[[FL:] era ne kawunziko ka ebikozesebwa mu dduuka omwo, ebikolebwamu mu dduuka w'eby'eby'obufuzi, biyamba ebiva mu ku ku ku kugaba ebiva mulembebwa k'ebitundu bino:[FFF]. Ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebikola ebisukka mu mwaka gwa waggulu: [FF][10][12] Ebiva mu propu z'ekitongole by'ekitongole ebiva mu ggwanga: [F]

Obuyigirize ng’Essente ez’Omu Kiseera Ekiwanvu

Obuyigirize obubadde bukubirizibwa busobola okweyongera, nga bukubirizibwa abazadde era n'omulembe omuppya ebireetebwawo ebizibu gye bikoma. Ebiyigirizibwa bikyusizza abaana ne basobola okumanyisa abantu abangi ennyo ebizingirwa mu nsi ez'enjawulo. Amasomero bwe gabeera nga agamu n'obutuuze obwa waggulu.

Okufundikira: Olulago Olulungi olw’Okutaano olw’Okukola Emirimu egy’Okusulamu

Ekivume eky'okutaano kyakkirizibwa era tekyasobola kusobozesa bantu kumanyibwa mu Northern Ireland. Ekitundu ekyo kisigala nga kirimu enjawukana, era n'embeera z'eby'obufuzi zikyaliwo, obusobe, n'obukyayi mu byafaayo. Naye endagaano eyo yasobozesa amateeka, amateeka, n'obubonero mu kifo eky'enjawulo eky'ekifo eky'eggwanga okufuluma n'okukula. Mu kukkiriza, amaanyi, ettuttumu, n'ensonga ez'okussa ekitiibwa, n'ensonga ez'obuntu, byasobozesa abantu okuteekawo ekifo ekirala mu kufuga n'okuleetawo enkaayaanalu.

Kivic Kyeyoleka mu Northern Ireland leero si kye kimu ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu kutegeera obutuufu bw'ensonga eyo. Omuntu okusobola okukitegeera, talina kyekubiira. Abatuuze abamu bakyakiyita Bungereza oba Irlands, era nga bakkirizibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Naye era n'okusinga bwe kyali kibadde, waliwo ekitegeeza nti kyeyoleka mu Northern Ireland [ — nga bali mu kibiina kya Bangereza oba Irland, naye nga kino kirina engeri za njawulo n'enkola zaakyo. Enjawulo eno teriimu njawulo wakati w'enjawukana wakati w'enfuumulembezo ne kivaamu ebibala.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kigenda okumanyibwa abantu b'omu Northern Ireland, ebiseera eby'omu maaso bya bantu b'omu Northern Ireland, kijja kwesigama ku bafuzi b'ensi, abantu aba bulijjo, okweyongera okukikolera awamu mu ntegeka n'enkolagana ebyategekebwa. Emirembe tegikomya byafaayo; giggulawo essuula empya.