Enteekateeka y'amateeka mu Amerika eri ku siteegi: omulimu gwa gavumenti okukuuma emirembe n'eddembe lya gavumenti obutakosebwa. Okusattulukuka kw'eddembe ly'obuntu n'amateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka kwe kusinga okutwalibwa ng'ekikolwa kino. Kino kifo eky'amaanyi era eky'okukaayana ennyo ewa gavumenti gye zisobola okulwanirira obutongole bwa poliisi, obuwambe, n'ekibonerezo. Ekitundu kino kiraga engeri okulondoola eddembe ly'obuntu gye kikutte ku misingi emikulu egy'amateeka, era ne kikebera okusoomooza okw'edda kweyongera okugezesa obwenkanya.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Ddembe ly’Obuntu n’Ekyeggulo ky’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Omuntu okusobola okutegeera ensonga lwaki amateeka gaamukendeereza ku buwangwa bw'abantu mu Amerika, emirundi mingi abamenyi b'amateeka babaddenga bakozesa nnyo amateeka okunyigiriza bannaabwe.

Ebyatuuka ku Baddu n’Emitemere 13 ey’Obuddu

Okumalibwawo kw'obuddu mu kifo eky'omulembe ogwa 13 mu 1865 kyali kkubo knene nnyo, naye ebyawandiikibwa byayo byalimu eky'enjawulo ekyandibadde n'ebyandivuddemu eby'amaanyi eri amateeka. Okulongoosebwa okwo kugamba: "Si buddu oba obuddu, okuggyako ng'ekibonerezo ku mumenyi w'amateeka [ awandibadde wawaanibwa... oluvanyuma lw'ensolo mu mateeka, olwo oluvanyuma lw'enkola enteekateeka y'amateeka esobole okufuuka ekigo ekifuga amawanga. Mu magye gaafu, singa empewo nga gye gaavunagibwa mu mateeka ga Afirika agaakappya, agava mu ssokero, oba okuweza emirimu. Enkola z'eby'enkola ez'ekitongole eby'amateeka ebya bulijjo zaagobeetakkirizibwa mu nsi yonna, oba nga zikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ngeri ey'envumbo: [13]

Jim Crow, Disaster, and the Irrusation of Black Life

Oluvannyuma lw'okuvaawo kwa kkomo lya Jim Crow, omulembe gwakubawo okusaanuusa kw'enkwaso z'entegeka z'abantu okuyitira mu mateeka ne mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo. Kkooti enkulu yasalawo omusango mu Plaby v. Ferguson [1896]. Omusango gwayisa omusango ogwatta obutuuti n'okugoba eddembe ly'abantu mu mateeka: Homer Plegny yakwatibwa olw'okumenya essokko lya Louisiana Car Act, ne kkooti ne yeesigamya etteeka wansi w'enjigiriza ya "Bangrade ate nga yenkana". Omusango guno gulaga engeri amateeka gye gaakozesebwamu okukakaatirira ddala ekibiina eky'ebika by'eggwanga.

Ate era, enkola y'obwenkanya mu kkooti z'amateeka yakozesebwanga nnyo mu kuggyawo ensonga mu by'obufuzi. Amateeka okugezaako okubonereza obumenyi bw'amateeka obwali obutonotono, gamba ng'obubbi obutonotono oba okusala enziro, gaakozesebwa okulemesa abantu okulonda. Kino kyakolebwa okuwera okugoba ba Baddu abaddu abangi mu kkooti z'eggwanga nnyingi. Ebibinja by'alwana gamba nga Ku Klux Klan eyakola nga tewali musango, ng'okumenya amateeka mu ggwanga okumenya amateeka, ng'olukutulukume lw'ennya olw'ennya y'amateeka, ng'olufulube lw'ensonga ezaamenyebwa mu ggwanga nga United States v. Cruikshbank[FLD: 76] (18), ekyagamba nti KG.

Ekibiina Ekikola ku Ddembe lya Kinnansi: Kasoomooze ku Kitongole ky’Abamenyi b’Amateeka

Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Civil Rights Movement ekya 1950 ne 1960, kyali kiwakanya ekiragiro kya mateeka ekikyamu. Abakola ku nsonga z'amateeka baakola mu bugenderevu ebikolwa eby'obujeemu obwa gavumenti, gamba ng'okuyingira mu buyinza, okutambula nga eddembe, okusala emisango nga ebyasalibwawo (okusiikiriza, okutabangula emirembe, okukuŋŋaana okumenya amateeka). Akakodyo ke kaali okujjuza amakomera n'okuteeka mu bunafu bw'amateeka agabafuga enfuga mu ggwanga ne mu nsi.

Obuwanguzi obw'enkola eno bwaleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka agaakyusa etteeka erikwata ku nkola y'amateeka. Omusango gwa 1964 gwagaana obusosoze mu mayumba ne mu mirimu gya gavumenti. Akakiiko akayitibwa Voting Rights Act mu 1965 kaasattulula enkteeka enkongodde okulonda. Nga kudda ku nkola eyo, kkooti enkulu yayisa olukalala lw'amateeka ekyagaziyako eddembe ly'abo abavunaanibwa, ekyayawo obukyayibwa obukyayingi mu nkola y'ekitongole kya Jim Crow. [FLT:] Brown v. Akakiiko k'enjigiriza k'enjigiriza (11998] [54])'empalo n'empala enkalukusa ku ku ku kulabula abo abawaze. era n'ensonga ezifaananako [FLT:]

Ekizimbe Ekikola ku Ddembe ly’Obumenyi bw’Eby’Obubi mu Mateeka g’Omu Kiseera Kino

Ekiwandiiko kino si ndowooza nkyamu ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka era ezisobozesa enkola ya poliisi, emisango n'okutereeza. Amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu gawa obukodyo buno obusooka kuwaayo obutongole bwa gavumenti nga bugobererwa. Era mu mwaka gwa 1983, abantu banoonya obubaguzi ng'obukuumi obwo bugobererwa singa bukyawagirwa.

Engeri Ennungi gy’Eyinza Okukolebwamu: Omusingi gw’Obutuukirivu

Empandika eya Status Procession Claus ku Amereka 14 ekakasa nti tewali muntu aliggibwako "obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu awatali mateeka." Omusingi guno gwe musingi ogusinziirwako okusalirako omusango ogw'obwenkanya. Kkooti enkulu 'etaddewo" ebisinga obungi ku ebyo ebikwata ku ddembe okusobola okukola ku gavumenti okuyitira mu tteeka lino.

  • Etteeka erilagira okukoma ku mulimu liteekwa okunoonyezebwa. Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Ewaffe Dolree Mapp'' yanoonyezebwa mu bukyamu poliisi ng'enoonya obuwagizi obwa bbomu. Kkooti yasalawo nti obujulizi bufugibwa obumenyebwawo obulaga nti omuteegezo ogw'okutaano gulina kye gukola tebuyinza kukozesebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti.
  • [[NKULA] Yali mutuufu okuwabula mu Florida. Kkooti enkulu yagaana munnamateeka okwekiikirira. Wainwright v (1963): Clarence Gideon yali musajja mwavu mu kiseera kya kubbeerwa mu Florida. Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti, okuyisa ekiwandiiko eky'okutegeka ku mateeka kya Sixth Amerekance kisaanidde okukozesebwa ku gavumenti, era nga gavumenti zirina okulagira abawaabi bannaawerebwa mu kkooti okukimaanyisa. Kkookolo kino kyakyusa enkola y'okulwanirira abantu ne kituukiriza ebisuubizo byayo.
  • Kino kyaleetawo "kuleka ne frisk] okusoosako. Terry v. Ohio (1968): Kino kyaleetawo ekiwandikiro eky'okulekawo "kuleka n'okulekawo frisk", okuleka poliisi n'okusiimula omuntu nga yeesigama ku ndowooza ezitaguddewo ku nkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka era n'okugikolanga eby'okulwanyisa. Wadde nga akakwateeso kano kakebwa nnyo olw'omulimu gwabwe, ng'obusobozi obulaga nti abantu abatono balekebwa mu langi ezitali ku siteebwa.

Obukuumi Obwenkanankana n’Okulwana Biyaasi

Ekiwandiiko eky'e 14 Ekirabo Aumeter Effect Claus kigamba nti abantu abali mu mbeera y'emu nabo balina okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Mu mateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka, omusingi guno gukomye nnyo mu kusoomooza okusosolwa mu nkola y'okusosola mu nkola y'emu. Emitindo egikwata ku langi okusobola okusinziirwako kwe kuba "kunoonyereza ku nsonga enkulu," ekinaatwalibwa mu kkooti.

  • Okulonda .Batson v. Kentucky (1986): Kkooti yasalawo nti abakkirizi tebasobola kumalawo bajulizi olw'enjereere olw'okuva mu langi. Omusango guno gwakolebwa okukakasa nti olubala lukiikirira ekitundu eky'omusalo ogwa mu kitundu. Kyokka, obusosoze obw'okulaga obusosoze busigala nga bukulu, n'obusosoze mu langi okulonda obukolebwa ku kijjukizo ne bweyongera.
  • [[NKULA]] Enjawulo ezibalukawo: Ebigambo ebikuuma eddembe lyenkanankana bikozesebwa okusoomooza amateeka agasalira abantu ab'empaka omusango agakwata ku kabinja k'entono. Enti 100:1:1 ey'enjawulo wakati w'empewo eya crack ne cocaine(cocaine) kye ky'ekyokulabirako eky'amateeka agakwata ku langi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, era nga mu nkomerero gagobererwa ekiwandikiddwa ekiko.

Ennimi z’Omuwaayirizibwa: Esobola Okutaasa Amaanyi g’Eggwanga

Mu mitendera mukaaga egyaweerera ddala, tewateekebwawo bukakafu obulaga nti omusango gulina kusalibwa mu bwenkanya, era nti gulina okusalirwa omusango mu bwangu, guzingiramu okutegeezebwa omusango ogukwata ku bajulizi, n’okuweebwa amagezi.

  • Prequality Deoth and Bail: Endowooza nti tebalina musango musingi gwayo. Naye abantu nkumi na nkumi basibibwa mu makomera olw'okuba tebasobola kusasula bbaaka. K'okuba nti United States' v. Salerno (1987) bawagira enkola eya tteeka ey'okusiba abawandiisi mu buwandise olw'akabi, naye enkola y'eby'e ssente mu kiseera kino evugibwa leero evuusibwa obululu olw'okutuuti olw'obugagga.
  • Okubonerezebwa okw'omu butonde: Entegeka ey'okukyusaamu ey'omu butaano efuga engeri y'okukozesaamu amaanyi n'embeera z'okusibibwa. Ebyogera nga Furman v. Georgia[][72] Yalekawo ekikangabwa eky'okufa olw'okukakasibwa, ne Gregv v. Georgia[6]]
  • Asterect Forfeiture: Omukolo gwa Timbs v. Indiana (2011)] gwayisa mu kitongole ekikola ku by'enyongeza Eceetaagisaamu mu gavumenti. Kkooti yasalawo nti gavumenti teyinza kutwala R2,000 mu ggwanga okugyamu omumenyi w'amateeka olw'okwekamirira amalagalala emirundi mingi, era nga ezuula nti eby'obugagga mu bantu bitera okufiirwa enkola ya Classirira omulimu n'obukkusike.

Okuvunaanibwa Abasirikale n’Okunenyezebwa kw’Ebitongole

Ekipande 42 eky'omu AmerikaC. Ekigo kino kikkiriza abantu mu ggwanga okuvunaanibwa oba okuweerwa abakungu ab'omu kitundu olw'okugaana obusosoze mu mateeka. Kyokka, enjigiriza ya ey'eby'okwerinda eremesezza obwenkanya.

Omuntu bw'aba yeeyisa bubi, abawaayiriza bakuuma abakungu ba gavumenti obutabaako musango okuggyako nga baamenyedde ddala "bukakafu" oba eddembe erya tteeka omuntu omutegeevu ly'alina okumanya. Omutindo guno guba gukyasingiddwa nnyo kkooti ne kiba nti guziyiza emisango okugenda mu kkooti ne bwe giba nga gyagwa butaka. Abakuutivu mu nsonga ezikwata ku by'okulwanyisa ebituufu mu kiseera kino. Abakuutizi bagamba nti enkola ey'okwerinda obusokereza erina ebisaanyizo obwa bulijjo evudde ku kigendererwa kyayo, ekiremesazesa okuvunaanibwa oba okulemesa abakungulwawo olukujjuzibwe olw'amateeka.

Ebizibu Ebiyinza Okujjawo mu Kiseera Kino

Enkolagana wakati w’eddembe ly’abantu n’amateeka ga gavumenti ejjawo mangu nnyo.

Okutulugunyizibwa mu Maaso ng’Enkizo y’Eddembe ly’Omu Buwangwa

Mu Amerika, abantu abasukka mu bukadde 1,9 abali mu makomera n’abasibibwa mu makomera, abantu bangi nnyo beeraliikirira ensonga z’obwannakyewa.

Enteekateeka eno esobozesa obwavu n'okusoberwa. Okukakasibwa kuyinza okuviirako okuwera obululu, amayumba, layisensi, n'obuyambi bw'abayizi mu by'ensimbi. 'Oba wamenyi b'amateeka" mu mitendera gya 1980 ne 1990, nga mwe muli n'amateeka asatu n'etteeka erikugira okukendeeza obunene, ebikolerwako ne kkomo erikkirizibwa mu bantu bonna, era nga kati bikkirizibwa ng'omugoba w'enjereere. [Brennan Center for genementation for Justicial ekiwandikiro kiwandisizza okunoonyereza ku ngeri okukendeeza okuteezebwa mu bantu nga bazza obusokereza eddembe ly'okuzzaawo obutebenkenkedde mu kibiina.

Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi bw’Ebinjaga n’Eby’Okulwanyisa Enjaga

Wadde ng’omuwendo gw'abantu abanywa enjaga gulinga gwenkanankana mu langi, abaddugavu n'abalattini bakwatibwa, basibibwa, era basalirwa omusango ogw'okukozesa ebiragalalagala ku kigero ekya waggulu. Entikko y'entikko y'entikko y'enkola eno ey'enjawukana wakati w'ebiragi n'ekyasa.

Ekikolwa kya First Step Act ekya 2018 kyali kikulu nnyo wadde nga kyali tekituukiridde, era nga kikendeezezza enkyuuka kw'amateeka agafuga enjaga ezimu era ne kisobozesa olukalala olukwata ku Fair Sentensing Act okuzza empitambi. Ku mulembe gwa gavumenti, enkola ey'okuggya enjaga enzijanjaba mu mateeka yeeyongerayongerayongerayongera, naye era ereetera abantu okubuuza ebibuuzo ebirala ebikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu.

Obutali Bwenkanya mu Ntegeka

Obutakkaanya weebuli ku buli kipimo ky'omumenyi w'amateeka, okuva ku nkola ya poliisi okutuukira ddala ku kusalira omusango. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abawayiriziddwa abadduganyi ba Black ne Spain batera okusibibwa, okuweebwa ekibonerezo ekiwanvu, era n'okuvunaanibwa ebibi eby'amaanyi okusinga abawaayibwa abazungu abavunaanibwa olw'emisango egifaananako. projects Project egoberera enkola eno ey'okweyawulamu langi[ era n'abawagidde ku nsonga ezibaviirako okukola ku nsonga zaabwe.

Okwekubiira mu bujjuvu kulina kinene kye kukola. Ago agakwata ku kunoonyereza n'okuteebereza eby'obusobozi bwa poliisi, bisobola okweyongera okuleetera abantu obuteetwala ng'ekintu ekimu naye nga tebyakolebwako mu ngeri ey'amagezi.

Bail Okukyusa Enkyukakyuka n’Obwenkanya

Mu bitundu bingi abantu basibibwa mu makomera olw’okuba baavu.

Okukyusaamu mu bitongole nga New Jersey ne New York kuleetedde abantu okulowooza nti okusala omusango nga gulina okugobererwa mu kifo eky'okuguteeka mu kabi ak'eby'enfuna. Kyokka, okuyita mu nkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka eyo tekitera kuba kyangu. Eby'okukozesa ebiyinza okuteeka obulamu mu kabi ku bantu b'eggwanga erimu tekibadde kyangu era kiremeseddwa kulaga busosoze mu langi.

Okukyusibwa kwa Poliisi n’Okusalirwa Ekibonerezo

Okuttibwa kwa George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, n'abalala bangi kyaviirako ekibiina ky'okwekalakaasa okw'amaanyi mu byafaayo bya Amerika okuseesaamusa obutongole bwa poliisi.

  • [[NKUMENT:0] Ebiragiro ebisabidwa: Ekitongole ekikola ku ntegeka ya Kkomola enzivvuunuzi kiyinza okunoonyereza ebitongole bya poliisi ebikwata ku "patterns oba enkola" ey'omenya amateeka. DOJ''omu nkola ey'okunoonyereza[ kiviiriddeko okukakasa okussaawo amateeka agasaasaanyizawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu bibuga nga Ferguson, Baltimose, ne Minneapolis. Endagaano zino ez'amateeka biba bya maanyi okusobola okukakasiza mu ku Kiwandiiko bya printO, naye kiba kyetaagisa okunoonyereza okw'eby'eby'obufuzi n'okuwagiramulembedde.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Body-Worn Cameras:[ Kye kimu n'okupima okw'okulabirako, kamera tezikola ng'empandika. Ensonga ezikwata ku kuteebwa kw'empandika ey'okutambula, eby'amaterekero, ne kamera bwe bisigala nga biwayidwa. Tekinologiya ateekwa okuba nga birina enkola ey'amaanyi esobola okuyamba.
  • [[NT:0] Olukalala lwa George Floyd Justice mu kaadi: Ekiragiro kino ekyayisa Ennyumba naye ne kikomezebwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka, nga kirina ekigendererwa eky'okukomya ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, okukomya ebisaanyizo, okukomya obukwasiddwa ku poliisi mu ngeri emenya amateeka, n'okukyusa etteeka erikugira abamenyi b'amateeka okuyisa obubi obwa poli. Eky'okulemererwa okuteekawo etteeka ery'eby'obufuzi ku njawukana wakati w'ab'obuyinza bw'amateeka n'eddembe ly'abantu.

fundikira

Empandika tekoma wamu; empandika enkalubo eziba ziwanyisiddwa zi'etteeka lya demokulase mu Amerika eraga engeri demokulase gye likolamu. Embali eraga nti okukulaakulana kusobola okubaawo, naye si kwangu okumanyira mu mateeka, ebikoleezebwa mu ngeri enfuze, n'enkola y'okussaawo amateeka. Abateeyisa eby'enkola mu kukyusaamu amateeka mu by'obufuzi babadde tebayinza kuteebereza buzibu bwa demokulaseeko, naye basigala nga be balindirira enkola ey'okukuuma n'okuteekawo enkola egobeenkanankana.

Nga tweyongera mu maaso, omulimu ogulina okukolebwa kwe kukakasa nti obwenkanya bwa gavumenti butuukiriza ekisuubizo kyayo eky’obukuumi n'okuvunaanyizibwa awatali kunyigirizibwa. Kino kitwetaagisa okwewaayo okuggyawo obusosoze mu nsi, okuzza obusosoze mu nsi, n'okuteeka ssente mu bantu. Okunoonya enteekateeka esobola okutegekebwa obulungi ku nsonga z'amateeka tekujjulukuka, okutwetaagisa okwekenneenyezebwa buli kiseera, n'okuwa ekitiibwa eddembe ly'obuntu ekireetera abantu okuba abalungi.