Akakodyo k'amateeka: Okutegeera Obukuumi bw'Akawuka ak'Akasaalenti

Ekiragiro ekigaana ettem causa kye kimu ku bintu ebikuumibwa ennyo mu mateeka amabi, agaasibuka mu mateeka ag'edda, ekiragiro n'evet bisseri pro et eadem causa]. (Tewali muntu n'omu alina okutawaanyizibwa emirundi ebiri olw'ensonga y'emu). Mu Amerika, okugattika olukalala okuwa obukuumi buno, nga agamba nti tewali muntu aliba wa kuteeka bulamu oba omukono mu kabi musingi emirundi ebiri. Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti gavumenti teyeetaaga kukozesa byayo ebya waggulu okukoowaayiriza omuwaabi olw'okuyigganyizibwa. Obukuumi obuliwo bwe buba nga buteekeddwawo emirundi ebiri, oba nga bujulirwa mu mbuga z'abajulirwamu, ne bwe ziba tezingirwamu.

Ebigendererwa eby'emirundi ebiri eby'okuteekako akabenje bisinziirwako okulaga obwenkanya: bikuuma enziragiro z'abalamuzi nga biziyiza eggwanga obutavunaanibwa musango okuva ku musango gwonna, era bikuuma abantu obutatuukibwako kabi mu kusibibwa, ekintu ekyandibawaliriza okwettika obuvunaanyizibwa obw'eby'ensi yonna, obw'enneewulira, obubeeyi n'obukalukusifu okusobola okwewoolerako obuddungi. Kkooti esingayo okumanyibwa mu mu [FLT] United States , omusingi guba guzingiramu "amateeka agafuga enkomererowo kuganyula omuwayitirizo." Kyokka, enkola eno terina kye giyinza kutegeeza mu [LT], naddala singa wabangawo ensonga ezikwata ku bannannyini, oba nga banna bannannyini, oba nga bannaawula mu bibinjanjabinja z'emigambo.

Okwekenneenya Ensonga 1: [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Ashe v. Sunson[[FL:1] [1970) – Enjigiriza ya Colteral Estopel

Ekimu ku bintu ebyakozesebwa mu kubba ebiwerako kyava mu musango gw'omu Missouri. Robert Ashe yavunaanibwa okubba bazannyi mukaaga ab'omu poker. Ku mulundi gwe yasooka okuwozesebwa olw'okubba omuntu omu yekka, abalamuzi baaggibwamu omusango Ashe olw'obujulizi obulaga nti tebuliiko butuufu. Kyokka, gavumenti yagezaako nate okuwamba omunyago ow'okubiri okuva ku mukolo gwe gumu. Ashe'akeroko yagamba nti, okuvunaanibwa kwasooka kubalira omusango kulina kubalirwa omulundi ogw'okubiri, nga Asche yabanga omu ku banyaziguse.

Kkooti Enkulu Ekola ku Kintu

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yakkiriziganya ne Ashe mu kusalawo okwasaamusaamusaamu 8-1, nga egamba nti omuwendo gw'ebibiina ebiva mu kabi guzingiramu enjigiriza ey'okulabirako estoppel, eremesa gavumenti okuddamu okugonjoola ensonga ezaali zimaze okusalibwawo nga teziggiddwamu. Kkooti eyo era yasalawo nti ekibonerezo kya balamuzi ekyasooka kyazuulibwa nti Ashe teyali omu ku bamenyi b'amateeka, era nti gavumenti teyinza kumuwaliriza kulwanirira nsonga eyo yennyini.

Emiganyulo Egiyinza Okufunibwa mu Kukuuma Emisango

Bannamateeka abeewozaako, Ashe v. Suntason awagibwa eky'okukozesa eky'amaanyi. Singa kosiyo takkirizibwa ku musango ogumu, omuntu ateekwa okwekebejja byonna ebizuuliddwa mu nsala y'olukalala. Singa ebizuuliddwa ebyo bikulu nnyo ku kiragiro ekirala ekigenda mu maaso, enkola ey'okuggyamu empandika ennukuta ez'enjawulo esobola okuteekebwa ku mutendera. Enjigiriza eno eyinza okubaamu ensonga zonna eziba zivudde mu mumenyi w'amateeka omu mu lugezo olumu, oba okufiirwa obusobozi bw'okuzinoonyezaamu oluvannyuma lw'okusemba. Omusango era n'obw'okusazesemba okw'ebiragiro ebiba bigobereberyeko.

Okuyiga oluku olw'empandika 2: [[AGUMENT:0] United States v. Ball[[FLT] [:1] (1996) – Enkomerero y'okutereka

Omusango ogwasinziirwako okutongoza omuntu omusango gwali guzingiramu abawayiriza basatu abaali bavunaanibwa olw'okutta. Millard Greammore Ball ne banne be baasalirwa omusango mu 1891 ne baggibwako omusango. Oluvannyuma lw'emyezi munaana, gavumenti yawandiisa omusango ogw'enjawulo olw'okutta omuntu omutemu, era abasajja abo abasatu baasalirwa omusango, ne basalirwa omusango, era ne battibwa. Kkootikko yazza omusango ne guba nga gulinako omusango. Kkooti omusango ogwokubiri gumenyesesesesese ebibi bibiri. Omulamuzi Gray yawandiika ku bantu abasinga obungi nti: “Ensongasazesebwa, wadde nga tewali musango gugobe nga gugobeteddwa, eba ebaba nga ebasala y'omusango ezza omusango oguddako olw’okuvunaanibwa olw’okutta abantu abo ababangawo. ”""

Ekiraga nti Katonda y'Afuga nga Omuntu bw’Alaba

Wadde [[NKULU:0] yateekawo obukuumi bw'amayinja agayitibwa kill nga wayiseewo obutakwasibwa, enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obwa nnannyini [ esobozesa obwawulukuka ku bukubisi bwa mirundi ebiri. Enjigiriza eno ekkiriza obusika obwawumbi okwawukana (nga kaakati ka gavumenti ne gavumenti) okusingisa ekikolwa kye kimu nga temenye amateeka agafuga akataano. Endowooza egamba nti buli muntu alina amateeka geewa yekka era n'ebiruubirirwa bye ebigattira ku gaamu okugagoberera, ekitegeeza nti omuwayirizo tateekebwako mu kabi ku mbala bbiri olw'okuteekawo "ka olw'okuva mu nsonga ez'enjawulo" olwo oluvanyuma lw'amateeka ga gavumenti aga njawulo."Nonefu w'amenya amateeka gaamu.

Ssomo 3: [[AGUMENTI] .M]Gguedge v [[[:1])[=2029) – Dual Bufuzi obw'ekika kya Amereka

Mu kusoomooza okwakakolebwa ku njigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri emabega, Terance Gamble yasingisibwa omusango mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu Alabama olw'okubba era oluvannyuma n'asalirwa omusango olw'okubaako emmundu ku mukungu agiwambye, okusinziira ku ekyo kye kimu. Gamble yawaayiriza nti enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'obutonde bwonna bwalina okusattulwa, nga agamba nti efeebya obukusifu ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo kwa mu 7/2, yagaana okufuga enjigiriza eyo, era n'obusosoze bw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti okusinziiryeza gavumenti olw'enkola y'emu wansi w'amateeka ne gavumenti.

Abakozi, be bayamba abo abeewolereza okumanya oba nga waliwo ensonga ze baba bafunye mu ggwanga. Obwetwaze obw'engeri eyo butegeeza nti gavumenti bw'etaaze okusalirwa omusango oba okusalirwa omusango, oba nti gavumenti tekwetongoza yokka. Kino kiraga nti kikulu nnyo okukuuma eddembe ly'ensi ne liba nga liteekeddwawo, nga lisaba endagaano ezizingiramu ani annyini ani aw'obuyinza n'okusalawo olukusa.

Okwekenneenya ebikwata ku namba 4: [[NTL:0] Yeger v [ (2009) – okutshintshakyusaamu Abayisirayiri ne Colteral Estopel

Okusala emisango egikontana n'enkyukakyuka n'okulawulirira enkola ey'okukkirizisa ebiwandiiko bya F. Scott Yeager, eyaliko omukungu mu byabuguwa. Yeager yasalirwa omusango ogukwata ku bulyi bw'emisolo ne ku nkwaso. Abalamuzi baamuggyako omusango ku misolo gya bulyi gy'obukumpanya naye ne bateeka ku bbeeyi y'abasuubuzi munda. Gavumenti yanoonyanga okutegeeza nti Yeager ku misolo mu misomo gy'obusuubuzi, ng'egamba nti okugoba tekumalawo nsonga yonna ey'ensonga ereebuzi. Yeager gye yakyusizanga abakunguzibwe nga bagamba nti okusasula ebibalwanyinyi.

Okunoonyereza kwa Kkooti Enkulu

Kkooti era yagamba nti gavumenti tesobola kuddamu kuvunaana balamuzi olw'empalana ze baakola. Esonga enkulu yali egamba nti abalamuzi baavunaana omusango ogwo olw'okulimba tewakkiriza nti olukwe olwo lwali luteekeddwawo. Kkooti eyo yakiggumiza nti omuwendo gw'abakungu ba gavumenti tegusobola kuzuula kituufu ku buli kibiina era tegusobola kulemesa bannaakyo kubaako kye basalawo. Omusango guno guwasasiddwa: emisango bwe giba nga gisaliddwamu n'emisolo gye gimu, okugoba ebibi ku kiyinza okugaana okuzuula ebibaliraawe.

Kaseti 5: [[NT] Blueford v. Arkansas[[FLT] (2011) – Ebritwale eza Ebbeeyi ne zeyatongodde

Okukolagana wakati w'okusasuza okw'obulimba n'akabi emirundi ebiri kwkenneenyezebwa ku nsonga ya Alex Blueford, eyasalirwa omusango ogw'okutta omuntu n'okutulumya okwa wansi. Mu kiseera eky'okuteesa, abalamuzi baasawawa olukusa nti okutta omuntu mu kibuga ekikulu n'okutta omuntu okusooka mu lukiiko olw'okubiri byagattibwa naye ne bisibibwa ku muntu atta. Kkooti ey'okusala omusango oluvannyuma lw'okulemererwa okufuna ekibonerezo ku kutta muntu, yawanyisa omusango ku buli musango. Gavumenti eyo yagezaako okutegeeza Blunford olw'okutta omukungu n'okutta omutemu. Ejanjawo yawakanya ensonga ezo ezaali ziyinza okuvunaanibwa.

Kkooti Yawa Obuwanguzi olw’Okugaanibwa kwa Kkooti

Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti alipoota y'abalamuzi okusala omusango ogw'okugisalidde ddala si y'eba nga terina musango gwa kusasula musango. Kubanga abalamuzi tebaddamu kukomyawo nkomerero ku misango egyo era n'emisango egitali gimu egyasalibwa olw'ensobi ennukuta esigaddeyo, obusolooza emirundi ebiri tezza musango gwa nkomerero. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yawandiika nti: "Ekiwandiiko ky'abalamuzi okusalirwa omusango ogwo kiteekeddwako omwangu tekikiikirira musango gwa maanyi so si musango gwa musango gwa nkomerero." Kino kiraga nti emisango egisalibwa mu kkooti tegivunaanibwa mu bukyamu bwe gibaawo.

Kasa 6: [[Akabonero:0] Currier v. Virginia[[:1] (2017) – Akawayiro aka 'Jeopardy' ak'emirundi ebiri'aka '[NULLT'' - 'AWAKIRAWULA'

Omusingi ogugamba nti okusibawo ebyasambirira ebibiri kuyinza okuggibwako mu mbeera ezimu gwakemebwa mu nsonga za Michael Currier, eyavunaanibwa nti yamenyawo amayumba n'okugoba ab'obuyinza. Kkooti ey'okuwozesebwa, Currier yawagidde bajulizi okugezesa omusango ogwo bokka. Ku kkooti eyasooka, Currier yaggibwako omusango. Ku ku kkooti ey'okubiri olw'okusala omusango, Currier yakigaana okubba ekkomo lya kizimbe. Kruserieri yawakanya nti okukkuta ekkomo n'okukkutawaanyisa ekiwandiiko kya gavumenti yakiggirawo oba nga azzewo ku kifo. Kkootikkooti ey'okubiri ejulizi ez'okusiikiriza ensonga eyo yakibwa mu kkooti enkulu, era n'okulemererwa okuggyawo ensonga ezimenyesa, Curri yagamba nti okumenya omusango omulala gwonna.

Bye Tuyiga mu Kubuulirira okw’Okuddaabiriza

[[FULT:0] lukola ng'olugero olulabula bannamateeka abeewolereza. Ssaze bwe zilagirira omuwaabirwa okulumiriza munne olw'okugaana okuyingira mu buyinza, ebikubiri eby'obukuumi tebinnakolebwa. Naye singa omuntu akkiriza okutaasa ensonga ez'obukodyo obuzze buteebwa ku nsonga nga zigenda mu maaso. 'C',' kino kiba kitegeeza nti omuntu bw'agezaako okusaza omusango ogumu nga tasoose kubaako kyonoonyezebwa olw'okubiri. 'ak'avunaanibwa,'ensonga eyo eyinza okuzingirwa mu kunoonyereza okw'emirundi ebiri.'ebyo ebimenyebwa mu lukalala olwo kiyinza okuteeka essira ku ku kuteekakosendebwa okw'okubiri okw'okugoba abantu mu n'okugoba obukyasinze.

Okuyiga okw'obubonero 7: [[Akawayiro:0] Tamburger[[=K'AWULA] – 'O' - 'O' ekiragiro kisalawo oluseetuka'

Eky'okukozesa eky'amaanyi nga kikeberebwa wabeewo akabenje ak'emirundi ebiri kye ky'oteekako eki''' eki''awuka''awuluuzi'''''', nga kiyambisibwa mu .[FLT] stalburger v. United States[ (132]). Ekizibu kino kibuuza obanga buli kibi kya buli kimu kiba kiyinza okulaga nti ensobi endala teriiko kigikwatako. Buli kibi kiba kiteesobutisezza kisingako ensobi endala (kireetera byonna eby'omutokibwa n'ebisinga obunene), kye kibi kye kimu, era nga kizingirwa mu ngeri ebbi ey'ekubisaamu.

Enyigiro ezikolebwa mu [[NKUMBO:0]Brown v. Ohio[[KITANDE]] (1977]

Omusango gwa Nathaniel Brown gwalaga engeri Blockburg gye yakozesaamu mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga y'emmotoka. Brown yabba emmotoka n'agivuga okuva e Ohio n'egenda e West Virginia, era n'akwatibwa oluvannyuma lwa wiiki. Yasooka kusibibwa omusango ogw'okuginyagisanyusa (omubbi) era n'asalirwa omusango ogw'ennaku 30. Bwe yateebwa, yavunaanibwa omusango olw'okubba emmotoka (asselon) olw'okusinziira ku bubbi bw'emmotoka bwe bumu. Kkooti ey'okujaguza yalimu obutono obuva mu ku bubbi bw'emmotoka. Bino byonna ebisanyufu byasalibwa mu makubo gaagibwamu olw'okusiba ekikebero emirundi ebiri. Kkootikko kyakikkaatirwa nti, Bloberimu mu kkooti y'emu n'eyolekedde mu ku nsonga eziragiddwa mu ku kkooti.

Ebintu Ebiyamba mu Kulwanirira Obumenyi bw’amateeka

Okunoonyereza kuno okukoleddwa ku nsonga z'ensonga kulaga engeri ey'enjawulo era ey'amaanyi ennyo eri mu kuteekawo obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri mu mateeka.

  • Ekiragiro kino kisalawo engeri gye kitwalamu emisango: Ekiragiro bwe kiba kya kutwala mitendera egikolebwako okusobola okusazaamu akatyabaga ak'emirundi ebiri, kyetaagisa okwekenneenya n'obwegendereza ebikolebwa nga teweekukolebwako, nga mw'otwalidde empandika ez'okusala emisango, ebiragiro by'abalamuzi, n'ebyo ebizuuliddwa ebikakasa obutuufu obw'okutereezebwa.
  • [[NKULA][[[NKULA]] Creafral estoppel bwe kiba kimaze okuggibwawo ensonga:[ Oluvannyuma lw'okukuwayirako omusango, okubuulirirwa kuteekwa okuwa bukakafu bulaga ensonga zennyini ezizingirwamu oluvannyuma lw'okusala omusango era kiteekwa okukakasa obanga ensonga ezo zennyini zennyini zetaagibwako.
  • [[Act:0] Obubonero n'olusaza: Singa wabaawo ensonga ezimenyesebwa mu lusanya, ekiragiro kiteekwa okukakasa oba ensengeka ya kyo tejja kwewolereza ku nsonga ezireetebwawo okulaga nti pulogulamu ewabulibwe mu nkalala ezo mbi oba oba oba oba nga enkola ya bakkujjukirwa yaleetawo ensobi mu kunoonyereza okulala, ebyandiyimidde okuziyimirizaamu wansi w' ORONG v. Kennedy [192]
  • [[AMERI] Okumanya obufuzi obwa nnannyini: era n'otaddewo obusobe obw'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri, okuwabula kulina okusuubira okweyingiza mu nsonga z'eggwanga nga n'oluvannyuma lw'okukugunjawo kwa gavumenti, naddala mu misango egizingiramu emmundu, enjaga oba eby'obusuubuzi.
  • [[AKATANDIKO:0] Akabonero konna kalina okusalwawo:[ Buli olu tava okusazaamu emisango oba okuwozesebwa okw'enjawulo, kalina okusalwawo obulungi olw'ebyo ebiyinza okuvaamu singa wabaawo akabi ak'emirundi ebiri mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Olugero: Kikulu Okugumiikiriza olw’Okugwa mu Kabi ak’Enjawulo

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kukozesa bubi buyinza bwayo okupikiriza abantu okukola kye kimu. Okunoonyereza okwo kwekenneenyewa wano(ku ' Ashe v. Swenson ku bukuumi obusinga obukulu mu mateeka, era nga kusobozesa okukomyawo obuyinza bwayo mu mateeka okuvunaanibwa. United States[] [=kasaawula ku njigiriza eyo n'engeri gye yakozesebwamu mu ngeri enfunze. Wadde nga obwetaafu y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri, obutuufu obufuga buziyiza okusoosoosa emirundi ebiri. Abayizi b'omu mateeka bombi baamanyisa okunnyonnyola enjigiriza zino enkulu n'enkyukakyuka.

Ekiragiro kino bwe kigenda okuggwamu, kitwaliramu okusalawo kwa kkooti ey'oku ntikkoodwa enkulu mu Ashe v. Swenson (1970), Connell Legitional Information Institute'okuzuula ebikwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri[, n'ekitongole kya Jujusticement'okuteekako emitindo gy'obubonero obukubiri