Enjigiriza eno ewa engoye obukadde n'obukadde bw'abakozi abeesiga obuvunaanyizibwa obwa pensoni mu gavumenti era n'eba n'obusobozi bwa gavumenti okusobola okusasulwa mu kkooti za gavumenti nga tebakkiriza. Ebitongole bya gavumenti bwe bigoberera enkalu, obusobozi obw'okukomyawo enkalu, obukkirizibwa okutandikawo enkalu za pensoni, businziira ku kuba nti gavumenti ewambye etteeka oba etteeka lya gavumenti likkiriza okukkiririza mu kkooti. Emirimu gy'esaawo egenda gyeyongera ne giganyulwa, emiwendo gy'enkalakkalira y'ebitongole eby'awaaweeyambibwa mu gavumenti gyeyongera ne gyeyongera, okutegeera obuteewandikiro n'obutebe bw'ebyaweewaabiyambisibwa mu by'obuyinza, abakungu, abakola eby'emiweewa w'emirimu gy'okuwummula mu by'okuwummula mu mateeka n'okuwummula.

Ensibuko y’Obumu bw’Omufuzi w’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika okusiguukulula ekiwandiiko eky'omu mateeka mu mwaka gwa 1795 okusiguukulula kkooti enkulu efuga ettuluba ery'omu nsi yonna efugibwa gavumenti. Chhoolm v. Georgia[. Omusango ogwo gwawatshulwa ne gukkirizibwa mu kkooti eya gavumenti ez'ensi emu, ne gukuba obukyayi mu mawanga ageeta ensonga zaabwe ezikwata ku nfunze. [FLT:]

Mu nnyayiso z'ekika kino, enteko ziwagidde okukuumirwa mu kkooti z'amateeka, ka kibe nti entebe y'obutuuze ya gavumenti efugibwa abawaabibwa oba abawaabirwa. Obusobozi buno bufuze ku bibiina bya gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde n'essente eziweebwa pensoni mu ggwanga. Kkooti era yasalawo nti okukuumibwa ku mateeka ga gavumenti ge gaafuga enfuga, era nti obuyinza okutaasaawo gavumenti bukkirizibwa kuzza mu nkola y'amateeka naye nga Constantingment esobola kugattika wansi w'Ekitundu 5 eky'ebiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'okubiri eky'okukwasisa eddembe ly'enkomerero.

Okusobola okwekenneenya ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ekimu eky'ekkumi n'ekimu ekifuga enkyusa ’s Ebyawandiikibwa n'ebyafaayo, ekitongole ekimanyiddwa olw'eby'amateeka ekiwandiikiddwa mu mpandika eya [[NKULU:0] Cornell Ebikwata ku by'amateeka Ekiwandiike eky'obusobozi obutereevu.

Obumu mu Nsengeka y’Ekitongole Ekiriwo mu Buwangwa

Ssente ezikozesebwa mu pensoni zikozesebwa ku kompati oba ebitongole bya gavumenti, gamba nga California Public Greceeces ’ Empuliziganya y'okuwummula emirimu (CalPENTS) oba Teachers ’ Emirimu egiwummuzibwa ku mulimu mu Texas. Enteekateeka eno etwalibwa okuba ng'ey'amagye era bwe kiba nga y'obuyinza ku muntu awummufuko oba agifunamu ssente z'omusaala z'etaagibwa, oba ezitagikolako, ziyinza okuziyiza okuddukanya omulimu mu kkooti y'ensi eno.

Emisawo egyo mitono nnyo. okusinziira ku mpalo ezikirimu, sente ezikozesebwa mu mpaddeafu zisukka mu doola 100,000,000 mu 2022. Eggwanga likendeezezza ku miganyulo, okuwaayo kw'abakozi okuwererako, oba okukyusa ebbeeyi y'emitendera egisigala nga gikozesebwa, ekiviirako abafumbirizi abafumbiri ku mulimu okuwummula mu by'obwannakyewa okufiirwa ssente. Ekiragiro gavumenti zikomyawo ssente eziweebwayo mu kkooti z'ensi yonna, ne ziwaliriza abaami bawummula emirimu okuyingira mu kkooti z'eggwanga we ziyinza okusokonekera.

Kikulu nnyo enjawulo wakati w'enkola z'ensi n'ebitundu ebya gavumenti. Ssente eziweebwa gavumenti ziyinza obutakkirizibwa mu ssaza oba mu kibuga nga gavumenti bw'efuga. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yasaasaanyizibwa mu Consurectory Co. v. Chatham County (2006) nti okukuumibwa kwa gavumenti y'omu kitundu kwesigamye ku buyinza bwa gavumenti era oba nga omusango guyinza okusasulwa mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Ssente nnyingi ezisasunsulamu zisobola okukuumibwa mu ggwanika lya gavumenti.

Empawu Ennyo Ezaagobererwa mu Mateeka ga gavumenti

Oluuyi lw'olutalo olutategeerekeka lweyongera bwe wabaawo enkaayana ezizingiramu amateeka ga gavumenti. Olukiiko lw'aw'omulembe guno lulina obuyinza ku gavumenti obutakkirizibwa wansi wa Amereka ak'amakumi anamba, naye kkooti esingayo obukulu etaddewo ekkomo ku buyinza obwo. Mu Kimel v. Florida kakiiko aka Regents [2000], kkooti yakkiriza nti ekika kya ADCUIIII mu nkola y'omulimu (ADEA) tekiyinza kusobozesa bantu kugonjoola bizibu bya mu kiseera kyonna kubanga tekirimu kusosola kwa njawulo mu mateeka. Kyokka, Kkootikko ya Kko ya Kkooti ewamu nga n'empalo za za Bulamu (olw'okwerowoozaako) ne ku ddembe lya 'Enter Retroult Resourcess Act (Esourcesssss).

MUKOZESARA akwataganyizibwa nnyo n'obutategeeragana obubaawo wakati w'abawansi abawansi ba pensoni kubanga ekyetaagisa okusasula abo abaawebwa ebiseera ebiba biwayiddwa okukola emirimu. Mu [FL:0] Torres v. Ekitongole kya Texas of Public Safety (2022), kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti singa bakkiriza ensawo eya gavumenti ey'obuyinza, kiraga nti endowooza ezigibwawo ziyinza okusaasaanyizibwa. Kyokka, SSEURARRA lukalala lwa ssente ezisinga kuba lufunda; ebiteeso lw'omupandero by'omulembe gwa gavumenti, tebyuka ku kkampula.

Ekisumuluzo Ekiva eri Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Wadde nga waliwo amakubo mangi agasobola okulwanyisa endwadde, gasobozesa abawummuzibwa ku mulimu n’abalala okukola kyonna ekisoboka okulaba nti ssente zaabwe teziva ku pensoni:

Eggwanga Liri mu Kifo Ekitiibwa

Ebitongole bingi biwa obuteefuga enkola ezimu ez'okwewandisa, naddala okumenya endagaano. Gavumenti eyinza okukkiriza okusemba endagaano mu kkooti zaayo nga ewayo oba nga biyitira mu [[FL:0]tort ewawa ekiragiro eki'okugaana ebika bya politi ekibadde ebiteesiteesi oba [[[FL:2]] ebiwandibwa nga biwandikiddwa [ ebiwandiddwawo nga [. Okugeza, Kkooti ya New York ̱ Kkootiskootis Actives Actives ekiteesobozi ky'okutaawereza endagaano eriwawawa gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne ssente enzivvu. Kyokka, ebitongole ekitongole ekiteeyambisibwa mu ku by'obuddukiro (1999) kirina empala n'okugibwa obutuufu okumanyibwa mu kkooti y'ebyo ebiva mu by'ebyo ebitongole ebigamba ebigamba obutongole eby'ebyo ebigamba obutongole eby'enkola ebigamba obutongole eby'eki

Okulyugunyizibwa Akakiiko Wansi w’Ekitundu 5 eky’Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Nga bwe kyayogeddwako, Congress esobola okusumulula etteeka erikugira okukuumibwa nga ligoberera amateeka okusobola okukuuma etteeka lya Katonda limu n'okuteekawo enkola ereetebwawo. Obuzibu obusinga obungi buzingiramu eddembe erya mu mpansi ya pensoni erifuga gavumenti so si eddembe erya kkaanya lya gavumenti naye eryatandikibwawo endagaano y'eggwanga. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ebaddeko n'empaka yakkirizisa edda okukikkiriza nti Contract Clausce (Artle, Ekikongo 10) eteeka ku mateeka agafuga, naye olukalala teruwandikiro teruwa muntu ddembe lya nnannyini okusemba mu kkooti y'ensi nfuga, mu ngeri y'emu nga bw'okkosemba olusemba olusenyiri kikkiriza ekitongole ekyo mu 1983. Kkoluubhiina ekiwawaawaawa ekiwawawaawaawaawaawaawaawaawaawaawaawa ekiwaaweresezza ku by'ennyonnyonnyonnyo [FGGGri: 00] Esomero Kkod Horigi.[FB][12][1

Enjigiriza Egisembayo Okugisoma

Enjigiriza eno ntuufu nnyo. Omukungu oyo atwalibwa ng'omuntu akkirizibwa okukkirizibwa wansi w'etteeka ery'ekikumi ery'okulembedde. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa akakiiko ka pensoni kayisaamu /w'eggwanga emenya amateeka ga gavumenti, omumyuka w'omulimu ayinza okusasuza abo abali ku kakiiko akabatwala mu buyinza okuba nga bakkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okuwerezebwa ebbeesa.

Singa omumyuka anoonya engeri ez'okuganyulwa oba okusasula ekibanja, okulwanyisa obulyi bw'enguzi kusigalawo singa gavumenti tekukkiriza. Ebitundu ebimu bikkiriza ebiva mu kubonerezebwa nga bagoberera amateeka agamu ag'ensi.

Okulemererwa Okusaasaanya Amaaso

Gavumenti tezibeera mu kkooti eziwa bannakyewa wansi w'Olukiiko Olukola 106 ku lukalala lwa Bankruptic. Kino kyekakasibwa kkooti enkulu mu Concentral Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006]. Singa ensawo ya pensoni eweebwa ssente za pensoni ziweebwa gavumenti, wadde nga kiyinzika ku ssente za pensoni mu kitundu, oba singa omu ku baawummula aba yazifiirwa aba yazifiirwako obweyaze era ng'anoonya okusasula ebbanja eriva eri eri eri gavumenti, abateeyiyetaaze. Kyokka, ensawo y'ewaawo, eyinza okukendeeza ssente eziva ku ssente eza pensonda mu kifo ekya ssente eya bbaagibwa (g.., ekitundu kya waggulu, oba ekibuga ekigobeewa.).

Obuzibu Abawummudde Emirimu gy’Okuwummula

Abawummula ku mulimu ne bwe bakuzibwa nga balina kontulakiti ez'amaanyi eziteekeddwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti, balina okusala olukunkumuli lw'eby'okulwanyisa ebiyinza okugobererwa.

Okuddirira kw’Ekiwandiiko

Emiganyulo gya pensoni egisinga obungi gitwalibwa ng'egy'okukiwa obusosoze wansi w'amateeka. Abawummula bayinza okusussa mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Naye mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, abo abawummula ku mulimu si be bakkirizibwa okukola. Abawummula ku mulimu batera okwesigama ku 42.U.S.C. mu mwaka gwa 1983, okuteebwa kw'amateeka okulemesa endagaano eyo okumenya endagaano y'eggwanga. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu tezirina buyinza ku muntu kinnoomu okuzikiririzaamu . Omutemwa gwa gavumenti y'emu n'ewandikiro, era singa enkongerikiti eyo tebaako kakwate ne k'ekkiriza okukosebwa mu mpalo ya gavumenti. Kkooti eyo tegikkiriza kuyingira mu 1598; ate kkooti z'olukiiko olwo zokka ezikola ebigobeegobeewaawo, ze zokka ezo ezikola.

Tekisobose Ntegeka

Olukiiko olukulu olw'ebitundu ebikola empewo bwe buteeyambisibwa mu kukyusa mu nkola y'empaka. Singa gavumenti ekyusa enzijanjaba eya pensoni nga tebalaze oba omukisa okuwulirwa, abawummula bayinza okuleeta ekitongole kya 1983 ekigamba nti bamenya enteekateeka ey'okuwerezebwako nga 14. Ex Parte Young ewandike ewandike obuweerero okuzzaawo enkola ezo. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu ebaako ekkomo eriko ekkomo mu ku mateeka g'eby'ebyenfuna, n'emiganyulo egya nnamaddala giyinza obutamenya enkola y'eby'ewaffe okuggyako nga enyiizigibadde emala okukomya omuntu w'omuntu we ow'omunda.

Enkola y’Abafaananyi n’Ebiruubirirwa eby’Essanyu Eraga nti Bassa Obussibwamu

Gavumenti ezimu zitwala ssente eza pensoni nga nga bwe ziteresebwa. Singa gavumenti tewagira ssente z'enkambi eyo, abo abaganyulwa mu mulimu gwabwe bayinza okusasulwa. Omufuzi ow'okufuga byonna asobola okuziba kkooti, naye kkooti ezimu eza gavumenti zikkiriza nti enkolagana wakati w'okutereka ssente mu ssente za pensoni n'okutereka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti enkulu mu Illinois etwala ebbee, ennungi ey'okuteeka obwesige mu Mclote v. State of Illinois (20:8) ereseezeseezese) ewandikiro eziresezza ewatuutiddwa okumenya ewaamu olw'okumenya essizza obuwaze obwa ssente eza pensoli mu ssente eza pensoni, okusinziira ku ndowooza nti gavumenti yatwala obuvunaanyizibwa bw'ego. Ebitongole ebirala bibambagattiddwa ku nsonga.

Ebikoleddwa mu Bufuzi n’Ebiwandiiko Ebinoonyereza ku Misaayi

Ebyokulabirako ebitonotono ebyakayita biraga obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'abantu abalya enguzi n'abo abafuna pensoni:

Scott ne Pennsylvania Embala y’Eprobation ne Parole

Mu 2021, kkooti enkulu ey'omu Pennsylvania yayogera ku kkooti obanga abakozi ba gavumenti baali basobola okusasulwa etteeka eryali liragira gavumenti okuwaayo ssente eza pensoni mu pensoni. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti gavumenti yali emaze okuggibwako olukuutizo okuyitira mu lukumbo lwa gavumenti ya Pennsylvania olw'okuwummula emirimu, era nga ekkiriza okuwerebwa mu kkooti. Kyokka, kkooti yasalawo eddagala mu kumalawo okusasula ebisale, so si ssente.

Mu nkola y'abakozesa ezaakozesebwa ku mulimu (New Mexico)

Abawummula ku mulimu mu New Mexico baavunaana akakiiko ka pensoni mu New Mexico okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka eziba zikoleddwa mu bulamu (COLSE), nga bawaayiriza enkyukakyuka ezaali zikoleddwa. Kkooti ya New Mexico ey'oku Pilaabirako mu 2019 yakizuula nti okugaanira ddala tekiriiko musango kubanga akakiiko kaalina omulimu ogw'okusigira enteekateeka ya sistemu. Kkooti y'eggwanga yeesiga amateeka agakkiriza empati eziba zifunvu okutta akakiiko.

Okugezaako Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka

Mu 2022, ekibiina kya bipartaan mu Congress kyatandikawo akakwakkulizo ka Public Grouceion Pension Transparency Act, akazingiramu akaweebwe k'abo abawummula ssente eza pensoni mu kkooti y'eggwanga olw'okumenya emitindo gya gavumenti. Ebbaamo eryo teriyitiddwako, naye nga liraga nti ekiteeso kikuteefuteefu. Ate era, bannassaayansi abamu mu mateeka bagamba nti singa bakkiriza okusasula essente z'essente eza pensoni ku Pern Conce Code 401 programme 401 (a).

Okusobola Okuddukanya Obukulembeze

Omuntu awummula aba asobola okusala omusango okusinga abo abali mu gavumenti abawagira enkaayana ezikwata ku ssente z'empewo.

Omusango Ogukwata ku Kitundu Ekyesudde

Gavumenti eziyinza okussaawo amateeka agakugira enkaayana ez'empewo okutawanya abakozi ba gavumenti, ziyinza okussaawo etteeka erikugira ensawo z'empaka, ne mu kkooti z'amateeka.

Enkulagano Ezikwata ku Kukkiriza Obukkiriza Obumu

Ng'ekyokulabirako, enzikkiriza n'empandika ya Illinois ewa essomero ewa empewo emikisa gy'empewo tegiyinza kukendeera oba okukosebwa. Wadde nga si mukuumi wa gavumenti aziyiza obusobozi bw'okulwanyisa endwadde, enteekateeka ng'ezo zikola endagaano eyinza okugobererwa kkooti singa ziziyiza obuteefuga.

Ekizibu Ekiyinza Okugonjoolwa

Gavumenti ezimu zetaaza enkaayana ezikwata ku kuwummula okusobola okugonjoola obutakasalala nga tezinnasattululwa. Omukutu guno gusobola okwewala okutawaanyizibwa kubanga okuddukanya ebiwambe ebifuga tebyali bifugibwa etteeka Empeereze ey'Akakumi n'ekkumi n'etaano. Kyokka, singa akakiiko kasalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mudebeeba, okutereeza okuzza obulango ku nsonga ku muntu oyo ku kiyinza okukomezebwawo.

fundikira

Enjigiriza eyo, eyava mu kuwerezebwa kw'essaawa ez'ekkumi n'omusanvu era n'ekulaakulanyizibwa, eziyiza okusala emisango n'obuweerero mu kkooti z'eggwanga. Naye, okuggyako abo abawa abaaweebudde era abeeyambi ku mateeka agafuga, era n'okukakaatibwa wansi w'amateeka agayinza okukakasibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ssente za pensoni. Empasswo bwe zigenda zeyongera, omuzannyo oguva mu kkooti z'eggwanga ne mu mpalo gulina okweyongerayongera, omuzannyo oguliwo wakati w'obuteempewo n'obuteempewo obwa ssente eziweebwa bannakyewa ne gavumenti gye zikkirizibwa okweyongera.