Enjigiriza ya ekwataganyizibwa ne gavumenti era nga y'emu ku mitendera egikyasinze okukyusibwa mu mateeka ga Amereka. Empandika y'amateeka ewa obukuumi obwateekebwa mu Bill of Rights errectivess mu gavumenti z'ensi n'egy'enkalo, si buli mulundi, naye ensonga zireetebwawo, okuyitira mu mu mutemwalo gwa SCUS Processom Claus eddyment. Nga tennaba natemyate, Bill of Rights ekkiriza eddembe okukomako, ereeteereza e ddembe ly'ensimbirira ddala eddirimu eddirinvu mu kyasa ekya 20. Kkooti Ek'okukusikiza obutundu ekya kaakati ka kimu, Kko kkooti enkulusaamu ebyagaziya obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enkola mu Amerekawo bwonna mu mbeera y'enkola eno ey'obutebenkevu. Okutegeera obulungi ku nsonga zino ku nsonga enkulu esobozesa kutegeera obulungi mu ngeri egoberera egoberera egoberera egoberera egoberera egoberera amateeka g'omu Amelika.

Obusozi Obusinga Obunene: Ensonga lwaki Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ddembe Tekyali Kikwata ku Amerika

Mu myaka 130 egyasooka mu ggwanga eryo, Bill of Rights yatwalibwa ng'ekiziyiza ku gavumenti. Kkooti ey'oku ntikko yakifuula kyangu mu [FL:0] Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Kakiiko akafuzi John Marshall bwe yakkiriza nti okutereezebwa kw'ekkumi n'okusooka “teeteeka k'ensonga yonna okulaga nti zirina kigendererwa eky'okuziteeka ku gavumenti. Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo lwa Cin, oluvanyuma lw'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ena lwakkirizibwa n'olutendo oluttulwa olugaana okuggyako“ omuntu yenna obulamu, oba obuddukirizo, awatali nkola y'amateeka.” Enkola y'olupapula olwo teyolekezebwa gavumenti [FF:2] Caseans [3]

Kyokka ekyasa ekya 20 we kyatuukira, waaliwo enkola empya eyatandika okukozesebwa mu kuwandiika ebbaluwa eyitibwa Status Processol Claus (Ekiwandiiko kya Ssande Claus Claus) okusobola okutegeera eddembe abantu lye baalina “erikkirizibwa mu ndowooza ey’eddembe erya nnamaddala” era n’okugattibwa ku gavumenti.

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obusooka: Enjogera Etaliiko Bbala era n’Etandikwa ly’Okulonda

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu Gitlow v. New York. Benjamin Gitlow, omusososooti, yasalirwa omusango mu mateeka ga New York olw'okuyisa etteeka ery'ekika kya bamenyi b'amateeka olw'okutongoza obuteezesezza okuwamba gavumenti. Kkooti enkulu yakakasa obutuufu bwe.[1] Olw'okuba ebigambo ebyayogerwa byaleetawo ekisinziiro kyayo kyaleetawo ekisinziirwako okubonereza ekyango, kyalaga omusingi ogwa waggulu okusinga ogwali gulagirwa mu bujeemu obwa New York. Kkooti eyasooka, Kkooti “edekko n'emboozi y'ebyo ebifulumizibwa mu lukalala olw'okuva ku kkopi ey'ebiragiro ebya bulijjo era ne mu ngeri ekuumibwa mu ngeri egobeegobereddwamu."Ekko kyatandika kufulumyawo ku kufulumyamu.[8]

Wadde nga Gitlow yafiirwa, okusalawo kwaggulawo oluggi eri abo abajja okuwakanya amateeka g'ensi agaamenya etteeka ery'okuwerebwa okwasooka, kwatandika n'okutongoza entegeka y'okuyingiza n'okugatta obuvunaanyizibwa obwali bugenda okubaawo mu myaka egyandizze egiddirira.

Ekigezo Ekikulu Ekiri mu Kusalawo Okulungi: Palko ne “Eddembe Eriba Liteekeddwawo”

Palko v. Connecticut (1937)

Mu [[NKKULA] Palko v.Connecticut, kkooti yawandiikiriza obanga okukuumibwa kw'Etteeka ery'okutaano okukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri. Okuwandiika olusinga obungi, Omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo yagaana endowooza nti Bill of Rights zonna zisaanidde okugattibwa. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, yatandikawo “obusobozi bw'enkomerero obwa bulijjo” obwali mu mateeka agafuga ennukuta ttuufu, eddembe eririmu erya “obusobozi obwandirobose mu ndowooza ey'okufuga obwa bulijjo obwandikkiriziddwa mu mateeka. Era n'omuntu ow'omunda akkiriza nti lirina okuba n'enkiikizo. Mu kukebereberye kino, Kkooti eyo eyakkirizibwa okusukka mu ngeri ey'okubiri, eyandikkiriziddwa mu mateeka [Ftton:] era n'okukyusiza mu bulongo gwa [5]

Omulamuzi Hugo Black, eyali takkiriziganya n'ekyo Baibuli ky'eyigiriza, yagamba nti “buli kalonda n'omutawana”[1] endowooza egamba nti Ekiwandiiko eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'Okugattika akakiiko akassibwawo (State of Rights Claus’s Claus) kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okuyisa Bill of Rights mu matwale ga gavumenti. Ekifo kya bannaggwanga eky'enzikiriza tekirina ku bantu abasinga obungi, naye okuba nti yalina obuyinza bwa maanyi kyayamba okuwaliriza Kkooti okumanyisa eddembe ly'alina okusobola okutegeera obulungi.

Okusalawo okw’Ekiseera Kino

Kumpi ne Minnesota (1931) – Freedom of the Press

Nga wayiseewo emyaka mukaaga oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera nga Gitlow, kkooti yakkiriza ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusakyusaamu mu mpapula z'amawulire mu [FLT] project ne .Minnesota. Omusango ogwo gwamenya etteeka eryakkiriza okufugibwa okwa “ekikolobero, ekyejoozi, era eky'obulimba”. Kkooti yagamba nti eddembe ly'eby'okukuba ebitongole bye byasaasaanyizibwa lyali likuumibwa ne 'SCreate'. Ekiragiro kino kyassaawo oluwandikiro olusooka olw'okuziyiza obusaze.

DeJonge . Oregon (1937) – Eddembe

Mu [[NKULA] Dengone v. Oregon[FLT], kkooti yagattamu eddembe ly'okugattikaamu ery'okutegeka ebiwandise ebyasooka okugattika awamu. Omusango gwali guzingiramu olukuŋŋaana lw'Ekika kya Bakomunisiti olwamenyebwawo ab'obuyinza mu Oregon. Kkooti yasala omusango nti eddembe eryali mu kukuŋŋaana lirina tteeka lya nkomeredde lya nkomerero era nti gavumenti tezisobola kuzza musango gwa ku lukuŋŋaana olw'ebyobufuzi.

Cantwell . Connecticut (1940) – Free Endustry of Religion Special Specience

Cantwell v.Connecticut yateekamu ekiwandiiko eky'omutendera ogwasooka ogw'okuyisa mu Amereka ku bwereere. omusango gwali guzingiramu Abajulirwa ba Yakuwa abaakwatibwa olw'okuwaayo nga tebalina layisensi era nga bakuba ennyimba ezivumirira Ekkereziya. Kkooti yagamba nti, SSEAT Process Claus ekuuma eddembe ly'okukkiriza n'okugoberera enzikiriza y'eddiini y'omuntu, era nti eyinza kuwerebwako ekkomo lya kkomo okusobola okutaawereza abantu bonna.

Everson v. Board of Education (1947) – Earson Claus

Ekiragiro kino kyateekebwa mu Everson v. Ekiragiro Ekiragiro mu kkooti ya Bulaaya yatongoza olukalala olw'ebiragiro. Mu kusalawo kwa 5764, Kkooti ya New Jersey yawagira etteeka eryawaza abazadde ssente ze baasasulanga bbaasi mu masomero g'abamenyi b'amateeka, naye era kyateekamu enjola y'okutongoza amateeka eriga gavumenti mu kiseera ekisooka. Erson yalangirira nti “Ekkomera ekyasooka kizimbye ekisenge ekiwereza wakati w'ekizimbe ne gavumenti” era nti“ ekisenge kiteekwa okukuumibwa obugulumivu era ne kiremedwa. ” Everson asigala nga kye kiragiddwa bulungi ku nsonga ezikwata ku kkanisa.

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Enziji z’Enkyusa ey’Okuna n’Obufuzi bw’Ekkereziya

Oboolyawo ekimu ku bintu ebyasinga okugattibwa kwe kuba nti Mapp v. Ohio. Mu nnyumba ya poliisi gye yanoonyangamu nga tewaaliwo bujulizi, era yawaayirizibwanga olw'okuba n'ebintu eby'obuwemu. Kkooti enkulu yazza omusango era n'eraga nti olukunkumuliro lw'eby'amateeka olw'okutaano olw'okwerinda obukyayinjabi n'esaze nga n'endwadde, awamu n'etteeka erigobeeyambisibwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka.

Gideon, Wainwright (1963) – Ddaala ly’Okubuulirira

Gideon v. Wainwright yakkiriza nti ekisuubizo eky'omukaaga eky'okuwerezaako abawayiriziddwa ku lukalala olw'amateeka kikwata ku misango egiba gikyasiddwa mu ggwanga. Clarence Earl Gideon, omwavu awandiikwa olw'okuwandisibwa e Florida, yagaanibwa mu kkooti y'ekirwa ekya propu. Kkooti yawa ekiragiro kyeyawawawa ekiragiro nti obuyinza kwe “kukwata ku nsonga mu ngeri ey'ensonga era enkulu mu kuyisa omusango” era bwe kityo n'okussa mu kkooti eyo, kyaviirako okutandikawo enkola ey'okulwanirira abakunguzi abalala mu United States.

Miranda . Arizona (1966) – Self ← Incrimination

Enkizo ey'okutaano ey'okwewaanyisa ku buwabuzi yagattibwa ku kulabula Manda v'oku. Arizona, okwagatta ku ddembe ly'okukyusa okw'omukaaga okubuulirirwa nga poliisi ebuuzibwa. Kkooti yali yeetaaza abakwasi b'amateeka okumanyisa abo abaali bavunaanibwa eddembe lyabwe.[1][FAMAliauniar Miranda''''''okubuuza '/'. Wadde nga tewannaba kubuuza gavumenti, gwago gwagoberebwa okuyitira mu kuyisa obulango bwa poliisi.

Weeyongere mu Kkubo: Okukyusa Amateeka

Duncan mu Louisiana (1968) – Eddembe ly’Okuvunaanibwa kw’Omujury

Kkooti yagamba nti okuwozesebwa kw'abalamuzi mu musango ogw'amaanyi ennyo kulina okusalirwa omusango. Ekiragiro kino kyaleetera gavumenti okukola kampuni enkulu. Ssaze yakkiriza nti obwannannyini obuwozesi nga bulina okusalirwa omusango ogw'amaanyi. Ekiwandiiko kino kyaleetawo akakiiko akaasalisa: ebimenyeddwawo ebyasaze nga tewaaliwo kkooti.

Mu Gault (1967) – Entegeka Etaandiikiddwa Juveniles

Wadde nga si mukolo ogw'okwegatta okwereere mu ngeri ey'ekika ekya bulijjo, mu mboozi eddiba nga gy'ototeekako obukuumi obungi obwa SClassial Claus obukkirizibwa okubuteeka mu kubuulirira.[1] Obusobozi obusinga obutuufu obw'okubuteeka mu nkola y'ekitongole, n'obusobozi obw'okutuukirira abajulizi //okutongoza obukangavvu bw'abaana. Byalaga nti enjigiriza eyo evvuulidwamu egazibwasukka ku nkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka abakuze.

McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) – Emisingi egy’Okubiri

Mu myaka mingi, olukalala lw'abawagizi olwaddako terwakozesebwanga mu masaza. Kkooti yakyusa nti mu McDonald v. Ekibuga Chicago, ekyagattamu omutemwa ogw'okubiri ogw'okukyusaamu, n'okukwata okulwanyisa ku ggwe kennyini. Endowooza eyo yeesigamya ku musingi gwa [FLT] ogwa ddyo ogwa ddyo ogwabanga guwandikiddwa ku [Graaso ne ku mateeka g'eggwanga lino, ne ku ngeri gye gaalina okugenderako.] McDonald akkiriza nti amateeka g'omu kitundu n'omu kitundu ekyo gaali galina okugendera ku [[FLT:].[FLD]

Emiganyulo gy’Okulonda Obusobozi obw’Okulonda: Okuba ng’Obwannamunigina n’Obw’Okugaba

Okulondebwa kuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkukunala mu nkola y'eggwanga lya Amerika. Enjigiriza eyo bw'etaakwatibwa, eddembe ly'omutuuze liyinza okukyuka nnyo okuva ku ssemazinga omu okudda ku ggwanga eddala. Leero, enzikuutivu nnyingi ez'eddembe zikkirizibwa eri gavumenti ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Ekivaamu eddembe ery'enjawulo ery'okuwa obuwagizi mu nsi yonna, so nga gavumenti zisigala nga za ddembe okuwa obukuumi obusingawo singa zisalawo.

Enjigiriza era ekakasa nti enkyukanya z'emisango tezikyukamu okusinziira ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku nkyukakyuka. Kkooti esobola okupima eddembe erimu okusinziira ku musingi gwayo ogwa bulijjo. Enkola eyagattibwamu n'Omulangira Omulambo gwa Baika yandibadde yangu okutegeera naye kkooti eyagalizaamu abantu mpolampola okukubawo enkola eno omuntu gy'ayinza okukozesa.

Gamu ku magezi ago gagobeddwa mu kusalawo kuno:

  • [[:0] Obusobozi obusookedwako [ bwe buno obwo obuli “buwandiikiddwa mu ndowooza ey'eddembe erya gdendebwa” era bukozesebwa mu matwale agagoberera enkola ya Claus.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Obusika bwonna [[[KY'AKA] tebugattiddwako mu Bill of Rights. Ng'ekyokulabirako, olukalala lw'abasibe (okugatta abajaasi) n'etteeka eriggula olusooka tezituukiriza kiragiro kya gavumenti.
  • [[:0] Okukoma kumenyebwewo kurondedwa[[[NKUMBO:1]], so si mu buli namba ebeerewo. Buli mukono gwa kyo ogwa ddyo guteekwa okusaanyizibwawo nga tegunnawereza gavumenti.
  • [[Act:0] Obunene bw'ekiwandikiro [[[KATANDIKWA:1] bwe buba nga bwe buba nga bwe bubeera mu gavumenti, naye ebiseera ebimu Kkooti ekyusa omutindo ogw'ekiragiro kisobole okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku mbeera z'eggwanga.

Eri abayizi era abakugu mu mateeka, enzijuvu z'emisango egiba gigobereddwa ziwa alipoota ezikwata ku ngeri kkooti enkulu gy'ekuumyemu ensonga z'efuga n'engeri gye ereeseemu obukulembevu mu byafaayo. Ebyo ebisaliddwawo si bye bintu ebikulu ebikolebwa mu byafaayo; bisigala nga bye bisinziirwako leero ku ddembe ly'okufuga, okuva ku ddembe ery'okwogera n'okubeera n'obukugu bw'amasasi.

Ebizibu Ebinaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Wadde nga n'okugattibwa kw'enkola eno tekukyaliwo, ebibuuzo ebisigalawo. Kkooti eno temanyidde ddala bulungi omuwendo gwa “sooding,” era n'abavumirira ekifuula ekiba kituufu, ekifuula ekiwandikiro okuba nga kyenkanankana ne“bakkiriza oba bagobererwa. Enjigiriza mu [FLT] Saenz v. Roe[[FLT]] [1999] n'endowooza eziba mu zisobola okukozesebwa okutuuka ku biruubirirwa bye baagala. Kino kiraga nti obwenkanya obumu bukkirizibwa okulaba oba nga si si kye kidduka ekiba kya Clango ekikolebwa. Ate era ne tekikukyusaamu mu bya tekinologisimu, nga bino ebippya ebikolebwa mu lukalala olukalala olwo olwo bisobola okumanyisaamukoba nga kye kikolako oba nga kiresembyewo olumu ku ku ku nsonga enkulu ey'okukimu ey'okumanyisaawulamu ey'okuteekawo olukalala.

Mu 2022, [[NT:0] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization kivuunike Roe v. Wade ne [[FLT]][FLT]][.Kasay[] -parentsy v., nga bakyateezezza nti eddembe okuggyamu embuto terisimba ku byafaayo by'eggwanga, era nga n'obusobozi obutuufu tebulina bukuumibwa mu nkola y'emu eya Claus Claus. Ekisalibwawo kiraga nti okwegatta tekuli ku lukalala olusooka; Kkooti Kkooti kiyinza okugaana okumanya obukulu obwe oba nga kyazuuliddwa emabega. Kino kiviiriddemu oba nga kimanyiddwa oba nga kimanyiddwa oba nga mu byafaayo ebirala ebibadde bikkirikiriziddwa mu maaso.

Wadde kiri kityo, enzigi enkulu ey'okugattaamu abantu esigala nga nnywevu mu nkola y'amateeka agafuga ensi mu Amerika. Ebyo ebisalibwawo ku nsonga enkulu ezoogeddwako waggulu bikola ng'obutuuti obuva mu mateeka.

Okusoma Eyongera n’Amakulu

Abo abaagala okwekkaanya ensonga zino mu ngeri esingawo, ebintu bino wammanga byongerako bulungi ebibuuzo bino:

  • [[Act:0]Cornell Legal Information Institute – Incorporation Doctive[
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Oyez – Nteekateeka y'obubonero obuddiriŋŋana ensonga [
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Ekitebe ky'Enteeka – Entegeka ey'ekkumi n'enaana ey'Okuyisaamu[[NAMBA:1]

Ebyafaayo ebiraga nti okugatta emikono kukwataganya n'enkola ya tekkomo erimu eddembe erisinga okugaziwa. Nnyangu zonna ze zisalawo nga ziteekebwawo okukangavvulwa, okusalibwa obuwagizi obw'okugoba emikono, oba eddembe ery'okusitula emikono.[1] Obukakafu obulaga nti ekisuubizo kya Bill of Rights tekibeera mu Washington, D.C. Kya buli mutuuze mu buli ggwanga ng'obusobozi obuziyiza okukozesebwa obubi kw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti.