Ensibuko y’Enkomerero mu Gavumenti

Omusingi ogw'obufuzi bwa gavumenti enjawukana guyingiziddwa mu mateeka ga Amereka. Emisingi gyayo gisibuka mu Magna Carta eya 1215, eyasooka okukikakasa nti amaanyi ga kabaka tegaali genkana era nti n'abafuzi baalina okunywerera ku mateeka. nga John Locke yalwanirira eddembe ery'entonde – obulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu – nga tewali gavumenti eyinza okuggyawo obuyinza, ne Baron de Montesquie, bye byaleetera obufuzi obwawula ku bufumbo ng'obutujjuzi obwawula ku bufuge. Abatuuze b'eggwanga lya U. Constitution, baatwale baatwalidde ddala endowooza zino, baategekebwa ekifo ekifo mu kifo omuli obwawula obuyinza mu bugenderevu. Bakkiriza nti mu kugaba ebitiibwa bya gavumenti, basobola okuyimuwayakana n'okuteekawo omusingi w'okulwanirira eddembe eri abantu.

Okwawulwawo kw’Ebufuzi

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo amatabi asatu ag'enjawulo, nga buli kitundu kyaweebwa obuyinza bw'amateeka mu Congress, Akatundu II kawa Prezidenti obuyinza, era Akatundu III kateeka obuyinza obw'okusala emisango mu kkooti enkulu era ne mu kkooti entono.

  • [[Act:0]] ettabi eririna enkyuukako: Congress – ekizingidwa mu Nnyumba ey'Abalagizi ne Sekete – kye kibiina ekikola etteeka. Kalina obuyinza bw'ensawo eyo, ekkiriza gavumenti okugula ssente ezikozesebwa, okulangirira entalo, n'okufuga obusuubuzi obutali bwa mu nsi endala. Era, okuyitira mu bukiiko obufuga amateeka, Congresssion era efuga okukolebwa kw'ettabi lya nnakyewa.
  • [[Act:0] Ettabi erifuga: Prezidenti, ng'omukulu w'obukulembeze, alagira amagye agakola ebyuma, akulembera enkola y'abalamuzi ab'amawanga, era ateekawo abalamuzi n'abakungu aba waggulu. Ettabi ly'eggwanga era lizingiramu n'ebibiina ebikola emitindo egya bulijjo era ebifuga olunaku 28to2016.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Bbinja ly'enjuba:[[NKULU:1] Kkooti eza gavumenti, zituuka ku nkomerero ya Court, zinnyonnyola amateeka n'amateeka. Zigonjoola enkaayana. Zigonjoolera ddala amateeka, zisalawo enkola za gavumenti n'enkola za bannakyewa, era ziwa abantu olukusa okusoomooza gavumenti.

Ebiwandiiko ebyasookera ddala mu kitundu ekyo biyinza okusomebwa mu kiwandiiko ekikuumibwa ebiwandiiko ebiyitibwa Library of Congress.

Ebweru n’Obujjulukuka

Ensimbi ezikozesebwa mu kwekuuma n’okukekkereza amatabi ziyamba buli ttabi okulaba nti lirina kukendeeza ku biseera by’amatabi amalala, ne kigireetera okulaga nti livunaanyizibwa ku buli kimu.

  • [[NKULA]] Okukebera kwa empula wa gavumenti: Consert eyinza okusobozesa okusala akalulu nga n'emirundi ebiri mu bisenge byombi, okugaana okukakala aba pulezidenti, obutasemba ssente eziweebwa bannakyewa, era obutassawo ssente ku bukulembeze era n'okuggyawo Pulezidenti olw'ensonga “enguzi, oba obumenyi bw'amateeka obulala obw'amaanyi n'obusosoze.”
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Empandika ku lukiiko: Prezida akozesa amaanyi agava ku mateeka, ayinza okuyita Congress okubeera ekitundu eky'enjawulo, era ayinza okuteekawo ebiragiro ebikwata ku ngeri amateeka gye gateekeddwawo – wadde nga ebiragiro ng'ebyo bikyali wansi w'okwetegereza ebisalibwawo mu kussaawo entegeka.
  • [[NKULU][:0] Ennamba ziyinza okusaanyawo amateeka oba ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka. Omukulembeze wa gavumenti bw'aba asalawo okukimenya, naye ateekwa okukakasa olukiiko lwa kkooti z'amateeka gaamu obulamu bwonna, era bwe lumala okuzinyweza, zisobola okuzikuuma okuva ku kupikirizibwa mu by'obufuzi.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] 'Checks ku lukiiko olukola ku nsonga z'amateeka:[ Consert ziyinza okukyusa enfuga ya kkooti entono, era ziwa amagezi ku nkyukakyuka mu mateeka okusiguukulula ennyinnyonnyola z'emisango, era (singa kitera okukozesebwa) abalamuzi ab'eggwanga okusazaamu ensonga ezimenyese.

Okusobola okulaba engeri ebintu gye bikolebwamu mu ngeri esingawo, omukutu gwa Ssemateeka wa Amerika guwa obukakafu ku nsonga ezitali zimu.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikwata ku Ddembe

Okusobola okukakasibwa, James Madison yawa olukalala lw'enkyukakyuka ezaafuuka Bill of Rights, eyakkirizibwa mu 1791.

  • [[NKULULA:0] Omutemwa gwa Mpisa:[ Amateeka agakwata ku kutandikawo eddiini, okukendeeza ku ddembe ly'eddiini, okulemesa eddembe ery'okwogera, okukuba empapula, oba eddembe ery'okusabira gavumenti okuzzaawo ensonga. Kino kitegeeza nti gavumenti ereetera abantu okufuna endowooza eza demokulase.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Omutemwa ogw'okukkirizisa: kikuuma eddembe ly'abantu ery'okukuuma n'okusitula emikono, era nga lino ddembe lino kkooti enkulu lye etwala ng'omuntu kinnoomu ng'alina obuyinza okutongoza ebiwambe (g., ebiregibwa obubwewandiikiddwa abamenyi b'amateeka).
  • [[NTANDIKA] [:0] Omutemwa ogw'obusatu:[ Okwewala okunoonyereza n'okulwaza. Okugoberebwa kw'amateeka okwetaaga bukakafu bukakasibwa olw'ensonga eziyinza okukolebwako, era obujulizi obuvuddemu bukkirizibwa obutawerebwa mu nkola y'amateeka eno.
  • [[NKUMENTI]] Ekirala kikakasa nti wabaawo omusango ogw'amaanyi ogukolebwa ku balamuzi, era kigaana ekibonerezo eky'okuteekako omusango ku bamenyi b'amateeka, kikuuma omuntu obutafiirwa bulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu nga tekinnakolebwako mateeka. Era kitwaliramu okusasula obusawo bw'ebintu ebyabwe ku bubwe nga bikozesebwa mu lujjudde.
  • [[NKULULA]] Omutemwa ogw'Akaseera: Gukoma ku kussawo akabonero, okusasula enzivvuuvu nnyingi, okubonereza okw'amaanyi era okw'omusokero. Kino kikyusa ebibuuzo ebikwata ku mbeera z'amakomera, ekibonerezo eky'okufa, n'okusalira omusango omutono.

Ebyafaayo n’ebyafaayo ebikwata ku bintu ebyaterekebwa mu Tterekero ly’Eddaaya y’Amerika birina.

Obuwanguzi: Okwawulayawula Eggwanga n’Eggwanga

Enteekateeka eno ewa obukuumi bwa mirundi ebiri ku bikwata ku kujooga: abatuuze babeera wansi wa gavumenti bbiri ez'enjawulo, nga buli emu erina obuyinza okugonjoola ensonga endala.

  • [[AMERI] Amasaza Amateeka gawa gavumenti obuyinza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ggwanga – okuyiiya essente, okutandikawo entalo, okutegeka ebitongole eby'ensi n'eby'obusuubuzi, okuteesa okukolagana, n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga enkula y'obutonde.
  • [[Act:0] State (ekozesebwa nga project):[ Amasaza gonna tegakkiriza mikutu gya kkumi kufuga oba okuwera gavumenti. Bino bitwaliramu enkola ya poliisi, eby'enjigiriza, eby'obusuubuzi, eby'omu nsi, amateeka agakwata ku bufumbo, n'okulonda.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Amanya ag'omu'omulembe guno gayinza okusasula, okuzimba enguudo, okwewola ssente, okuteekawo kkooti, n'okukusisa amateeka mu bifo ab'obuyinza gye bakolagana. Amateeka bwe gakontana, Supremacy Claus ow'omu mateeka gafuga kifuula gavumenti okuba nga y'esinga obukulu.

Obutuuze bwa Contemporary tebukoma. Ebyasa bwe bizze biyitawo, obuyinza bw'eggwanga bugenze bweyongera okuyitira mu ngeri y'eby'obusuubuzi era n'amaanyi g'okusaasaanya gaabwo gakendedde, kyokka enkalu teriiyo. Ekiragiro kino kigezaako okumanyisa enkola za demokulase, era nga mu kiseera eky'omulembe, enkyuuka y'obufuzi obwa demokulase, ereetera okukontana n'amateeka g'ensi agafuga abatuuze b'eggwanga okusemba abatuuze mu ggwanga okunnyi n'obuyinza okusaasaanya enkakaaso - kyeyoleka obutategeeragana obugenda mu n'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Okusinziira ku nkola ya demokulasenti eya U.gov, gavumenti z'ewanyisa gavumenti z'ensi.

Engeri Ssaze ey’Okufuga Ennimi z’Amaanyi gye Ziyinza Okukozesebwa

Kkooti enkulu ye muvvuunuzi asinga obukulu mu mateeka era n'emisango gyayo ginnyonnyola ekkomo ly'ab'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Enjigiriza ey'okwejjukanya kwakolebwa mu Marbury v'okubiri. Madison (1803), nga omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall bwe yawa olukusa obuyinza okuyisa akakwakkulizo ku k'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Omusango ogwo gwawa abalamuzi enkenkenkera ku mateeka n'amatabi ga bannaa bannaakyewa.

Okusalawo okukwata ekipande kya kkomerera oba kwasaze ekkomo ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) yawagidde obuyinza obw'ensi ya Leya eno mu by'okugikkiriza ne mu Kusalawo kwa Claus, naye [ New York v. United States[FLT]][6] [19] era [[FLT]]] [19][FLT]][197]) yazzaawo obuyinza bwa Congress Congress mu buyinza bw'ensisss'omulembe mu buyinza bwa gavumenti z'abafuzi. Lententment z'obusuubuzi obwava mu ngeri y'emu mu ngeri y'obuyinza obusingako. Mu ku muyagaa w'omulembe gwa , mu bugyenyinyinyinyinyinyinyinyi w'omulembe gwa , obugazi w'empewo , obugazi w'omuyagaasi w'enkanyi:[19], enneennyonnyonnyonyi:[

Ebizibu Ebiyinza Okutuuka ku Biruubirirwa by’Edda eby’Okufuga

Olw’okuba gavumenti yatandikawo amateeka agaasooka, abantu bangi batandika okukaayana ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti oba nedda ku ngeri gye zikolamu ebintu.

Ebintu Ebituli ku Nnyumba

Obusobozi bwa gavumenti okukuŋŋaanya obubaka ku bantu bwakula okuva ku mulembe gwa Psekutaano. Act era n'enkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa mu USA PARIYOTT era n'okukubisaamu obuyinza okulambula ebiwandiikizo by'eby'obutujju, okuteeka ku buwandiike obwa bya mampuni, n'okuteeka ku mabaluwa , n'okuteekamu obuwandiike obw'eggwanga. Abawaka bagamba nti okusala amagezi ku ngeri y'okulonda eby'okuna ebiwandiisi kiremesa kiremese, naye abakuumi bawagidde nti ebintu ng'ebyo byetaagisa okusobola okubulwanyisa. Carpenter v v. United States (2088), kkooti enkulu yasala omusango nti gavumenti okusobola okufuna obuwandiike obw'ebyafaayo eby'edda, era n'okumanyisa obukulembedde mu mateeka.

Ebiragiro by'Ogufuga - Ekiwandikiro era n'Okubaako ne ky'okolawo

Nga bassawo bannabyabufuzi era ne bassa essira ku biragiro bya bannabyabufuzi ebirala bingi okusobola okutuukiriza ebigendererwa bya gavumenti nga Congress eteekeddwawo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiragiro by'abakulu b'obuyinza bikozesebwa okuteekawo enkyukakyuka ez'okukyusa ebinkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'abantu, ebiragiro eby'okulaga enkola enfuko n'ebiragiro by'abayizi okusonyiwa ebibiwa. Wadde nga Prezidenti alina amagezi okukulembera ofiisi y'ettabi, kkooti oluusi zasazesezza ebiragiro nti okunyat'obuyinza oba okugoberera enkambirira. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okuteekawo amateeka agaaw'okuyingira mu kifo kya bayizi mu kifo kya waggulu. Okuyingira kwa bayizi mu mateeka agavanyunzi.[1973] Swater [FLT][5][5]

Obufuzi

Ebitongole ebikola ku ntegeka z'ekitongole ekigaba obuyambi nga Environmental Protection Agency, Secument of Exchange Commission, ne Department of Health and Human Services, bawaanyisa enkumi n'enkumi z'amateeka buli mwaka. ‘ Eggwanga lino erina obwannannyini” lireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku ngeri kakiiko gye kawadde abakungu obuyinza obungi. Kkooti enkulu ey'okutwala enjigiriza za “Checron okulwawo n'obuteebwa obwa [[FOM], 1984] ewanjulwa mu kkooti enkulu enziko z'amateeka. Kyokka, emyaka egyakayita emabega, ewazeko nga ku nsonga enkulu ezikwata ku by'eby'eby'enfuna. [FFoctive]

Obujjanjabi n’Ekirabo Ekitayinza Kusaasaana

Ekifo kya gavumenti mu kujjanjaba ebiwaawaatiro by'eby'obulamu kitegeeza okukaluubirira okutakoma ku nsalo z'amateeka agakwata ku by'obusuubuzi n'obuyinza bw'okusasula. Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kinnoomu mu kakiiko akayitibwa Affordive Care Act – akasaba abantu okugula insuwalensi ey'obulamu – kyaweezebwa ng'omusolo mu NFIB v. Seberius[[FLT] [1], naye kkooti egaana butereevu ekkirizo nti Conssions ayinza okuwaliriza omulimu gw'obusuubuzi. Oluvannyuma okusoomooza kweyoleka obunene n'enkonkobyo, n'eby'ebyetaagisa ssente eziva mu ku ssente eziva mu ku kulemberwa. Ebitongole ebipya ebikola eby'obujjanjabi n'okukkakkakkakkana ebiva mu nsonga eyo bivaamu byonna.

Obukuubagano bw’Okuva mu Kibiina ky’Abagwira n’Okwawula mu Bufuzi

Gavumenti ebadde nkola ey'okukyusiza abantu mu bitundu by'ensi ebyeyagalidde. Gavumenti ne bw'ebadde ng'erina obuyinza obw'amaanyi ku nkola y'enkola ey'okukmanya ensalo, egezezzaako okutegeka abasenze abataasalibwa ku nsalo nga bakozesa amateeka gaabwe – gamba, SB 1070 ekyetaagisa mu gavumenti ya Arizona okukebera enkyukakyuka mu kiseera ekikkirizibwa. Alizona v. United States [202], kkooti enkulu yakuba ebiteeso ng'efuze ng'amateeka agaagire mu kibiina naye ne galeka “obubonero bwo nga bukyakola. Enkola y'okuvaabirira mu bibuga ebitukuvu, okuwera mu ku kukkirizibwa kwa Kowere (DA) okubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku n'okugobeezwa kw'okugobeewanjula

Embeera Enzibu n’Amaanyi Amagatte

KULABULA OMULIMU gwa kyewa kyawa abakungu ba gavumenti mu mitendera gyonna egy'enjawulo okulagira nti buli omu asobola okwesumulula lukunkumuli lw'ebyuma, okugabula kantu, n'okugoma. Bino byaleetawo okusoomoozebwa kwa mateeka wansi w'enkola eya productive (ekibiina ky'eddiini ekyasooka), enkola egerekeddwa (eddembe ly'eby'eby'ensimbi), n'emitindo gya gavumenti (ab'obuyinza ab'omu kitundu). Kkooti enkulu, mu mbeera nga Abakatuliki Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn. Cuomo, ebiragiro ebigereke ebyasalibwa mu mateeka ebikkirizibwa okubaamu okukuŋŋaana mu by'eddiini, nga biraga obukyayinjabi obuliwo wakati w'eby'obukulembeze n'obukulembeze bw'eby'eby'eby'obuyinza ebitongole.

Eby’Obukugu, Enjogera, ne Gavumenti

Okuyimuzibwa kw'ebitongole eby'enkola nno ku by'enkola n'obuwabuzi kusimuseewo okunyoomoozebwa kw'enkyukakyuka ezikwata ku by'enkola mu nsi. Amateeka g'ensi mu Texas ne Florida agafuga engeri y'okufugamu ebizimbe ebizingirwamu gavumiziddwa nti, okugassa mu nkola ebizingirwamu mu nkola y'enkola y'enkola, era oba nga gavumenti ewaliriza ekipande ekivaako emenya amateeka okumenya amateeka mu ku ddembe ery'okuyisa ebinyusi.

fundikira

Okutegeera ekkomo ly'obuyinza mu gavumenti ya Amerika kyetaagisa nnyo singa omutuuze yeegatta era nga mumanyidde. Okutandikawo enkola y'ensi – ey'okwawula amatwale, okukebera n'okugwa mu bipimo, Bill of Rights, ne gunnationalism – ebwetaayirizi naye buli mulembe gulina okunnyonnyola emisingi gino era n'okugiteeka mu nkola enzivuunula zagwo. Ebibuuzo ebigootaanya okusobola okumanya engeri gavumenti gy'esaanidde okubaamu okufuga, abantu b'ensikirala biyinza okulaga nti ensonga ey'okusalawo obuyinza bw'ensi n'amaanyi teyinza kugonjoonjola. Abayigiriza n'abayizi bwe basoma emitindo gino tegisobozesa okumanyisaamu era n'okusiima emitindo gya demokulasebwa mu Amereka obufuga Amerika. Bwe bakebera ebyafaayo, ebizingirwa mu n'enkankano, abantu basobola okwenyigira mu nkola ey'okukuumira gavumenti yaabwe mu migambo.