Table of Contents
Olugendo lwa Ireland olw'ebukiika kkono olw'okuva mu mitwe gy'emyaka egy'obukuubagano n'okuleetawo emirembe mu nkola z'amateeka.
Ebyafaayo: Ekyeyigwa eky’Omuntu Eyateesiga Obutakkiriza Butuukirivu
Ekizibu ky'abapoliisi mu Northern Ireland kyava ku kugabanyizibwa kwa Ireland mu 1921 ne ku kutandikibwawo kwa Royal Ulster Consabulary (RUC) mu 1922. Ekiragiro kino kyali kikujjukujju kya Baprotestanti abaalina eby'okulwanyisa eby'amaanyi ennyo nga bakolera wansi w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti mu Sporton Act. Abakatuliki baatwalanga RUC ng'omukuumi w'amateeka n'entegeka ey'enjawulo, naye nga baakozesebwanga okunyigiriza gavumenti. Endowooza eno yakakasibwako nnyo n'okukozesebwa kwa Poliisi, nga kw'Akatembaanyi, nga teyongerwamu ku kkooti z'obwenkanya.
Emabega okukka wansi mu Nsonga (11994-1988) kyayongera ku muwaatwa guno. Mu kiseera ekyo, olutalo Ruc lwali mu kifo eky'ennamba wakati w'amagye ga gavumenti, ebibiina by'abajaasi abeesigwa, n'agyemba ba Bungereza. Ebitongole bya poliisi ebyasalibwangawo byali bisusse nnyo. Abapoliisi baasukka mu 300 battibwa. Embeera y'obukuumi yawaliriza RuC okudduka mu kitundu ekirimu enzige, ekyagenda kyeyongera obunene mu by'eggwanga. Ekiseera eky'emirembe we kyatuukira ddala, enneeyisa ya poli yali eyonoonese nnyo ne kiba nga tesaana okutereeza embeera eyo era nga kyetaagisa okusobola okubeera mu kifo kyonna eky'emirembe.
Olukiiko oluwagizi oluwandiikiddwawo ku policing for Northern Ireland, olwaliko alipoota yalwo eyafulumizibwa Chris Patten mu 1999. Olupapula lw'amawulire Patten lwasemba okukomyawo omuwendo omujjuvu: erinnya eppya (Emirimu gy'abasirikale mu Northern Ireland – PSNI), ekibonero ekippya n'enkola enfumu, enkola eya 50:50 ey'okusobola okufuna abatuuze abatuuze abangi, era n'okussa essira ku ddembe ly'abantu n'a bannabyabufuzi.
Ekizibu Ekyali mu Kukyusa Obufuzi
Obwesige mu Kitundu
Wadde nga wabaddewo enkulaakulana ey'amaanyi, PSNI ewa Abakatuliki abawera 30% mu bakungu baayo, bw'ogeraageranya n'abatawera 8 ku% mu luganda, obwesige tebusigala nga bwe butali bumu. 2022 okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Northern Ireland Policimpation Board[ kwakizuula nti wadde nga bonna abafuzi ba PSNI beesigika nnyo mu Bapolotesitanti, kyebalirira kyawuka nnyo mu Bakatuliki, naddala mu bitundu ebimu eby'eggwanga. Mu bifo ebyo, abakungu bassaayansi bakyewawa era ne bakyewawa ne bakuuma ebidduka by'amatwale nga tebirimu.
Enteekateeka z'abayeebwe ez'okukyusa ebikolerwako ebikolebwa mu bantu zibadde n'ekitongole eky'omu kitundu naye tekitera kukolebwako mangu. Okuteeka obwesige mu bantu tekyetaagisa kubeerawo bumala naye okukolagana obulungi n'abantu ab'omu kitundu. Kino kizibu nnyo naddala mu bitundu amagye gye gafuga, nga gagoberera enkola zaago eza "obwenkanya" era nga gatiisatiisa abo abakolagana ne poliisi. PSNI ebeerana okukolagana obulungi n'okukolagana obulungi n'abantu ab'omu kitundu.
Ekyava mu Kuttiŋŋana n’Okuvunaanibwa
Oboolyawo tewaba nsonga ntono wabula engeri y'okugonjoolamu ebizibu ebyayita. Kyokka, gavumenti zizzeewo zigezaako okunoonya engeri y'okumatiza ebiwaawaatiro byonna nga 3,600 oba enkumi n'enkumi z'abo abaafa. Bangi ku abo abattibwa baali mu mikono gy'abakuumi, nga mw'otwalidde ne Ruc ne British Army.
Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Historical Enquiries Enciaries Communion (HET) ekyatandikibwawo mu 2005 okunoonyereza ku bizibu ebireetebwawo abantu okufa, kyaleetawo obutakkaanya. 2013] mu kunoonyereza okwa Hermaster’s Instemporate of Consaculary[ kyazuula nti Emitindo gy'obukuumi egya njawulo gyali gigobererwa bannaagyo nga gigeranyizidwa n'abajaasi ne giba nga gireeseteesa obwesige bwabwe. Branch ebiddako bweyongera okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'obusosoze.
Mu mwaka gwa 2021, gavumenti ya K yakuba Bill Bill mu bukiika kkono bwa Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) nga ewa etteeka erikugira okusattululwa kw'ebibi ebyakolebwa mu 1998 era n'akakiiko akappya akalaga nti obubaka busobola okulongoosebwa. Etteeka eryo lisaliddwa ddala ebibiina by'eddembe ly'abantu nga biteekeddwawo [, n'ebitundu bya Irlands. Abakuwakanya ekiragiro ekyo bagamba nti liyinza okuviirako abanyazeegugungo okufiirwa era ne bagaana ab'omu maka okulwanirira eddembe ly'enkwate n'obwenkanya mu Ntegeka ya Bulaaya.
Enjawukana mu by’Eby’obufuzi n’Enkola
Enzivuunula y'obufuzi teyinza kugeraageranyizibwa ku eyo ey'omu Northern Ireland. Ebitongole ebitegeka amasannyalaze n'amasannyalaze mu Spomont biwambiddwa emirundi mingi, naddala okuva mu 202020 okutuuka mu 2022. Mu biseera bino, abapoliisi balemeddwa okubaako oludda lwe basalawo ku by'obufuzi, nga mw'otwalidde n'okusala embalirira, n'okulonda abakungu abakulu mu by'obufuzi, baalekebwawo.
Ate era, ebibiina ebibiri ebinene, Democratic Union Party (Dupu) ne Sin Féin, birina ebifo eby'enjawulo ku kukyusa enkola ya poliisi. Wadde nga Sinn Féin kati awagira PSNI era n'akubiriza n'eggwanga okwegatta ku nkola z'eggwanga, ekiwandiike ekyo kiba kyekubiira nnyo mu nkola z'amateeka ezimu era kibaleetedde okuvunaanyizibwa ennyo.
Enjawukana zino mu by’obufuzi zikifuula kizibu okukkiriziganya ku nsonga gamba ng’engeri y’okulambulaamu amabendera, n’okujjukirirako, era nga bino byonna bisobola okuleetawo obutategeeragana mu bantu n’okugezesa abapoliisi nga basala emisango.
Eby’Okutawaanyizibwa Ebibiina Ebitayagala Kwenyigiramu
Wadde ng'olutalo IRA lwereerekebwa era n'okuva mu ggwanga ne bikomya kaweefube omukulu mu ggwanga, ebibinja ebitono nga New IRA, Óglaigh na hÉireann, era n'ekiralalala. Bireeta akabi ak'amaanyi naddala mu bitundu ebiri ku nsalo za Belfast ne Derry/Londonderry. Okulumba kuzingiramu okukuba bbomu, okukuba, n'okukunyaabira obululu abapoliisi awamu n'okunyaginyago.
Abakungu mu ddwaliro bano balina okuba abeegendereza ennyo nga bakuuma abakungu ba poliisi. Abapoliisi bateekwa okuba nga batunula nnyo okusobola okwewala okubwatuka. Obulwadde obwo buleetera abakungu ba PSNI okwennyamira n'okweraliikirira okw'amaanyi. Abakozi abo bafunye ebizibu eby'amaanyi.
Obuzibu mu Nkyukakyuka z’Enkola y’Obwenkanya
Okugonjoola Ebyayita: Okugezesebwa, Okubuulirirwa, n’Okudda mu Bulamu
Enteekateeka y'obwenkanya mu Northern Ireland ekola ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku bannabyabufuzi. Ezimu ku zo zizingiramu okulumiriza abo abaali abasirikale, abapoliisi, n'abakungu ba gavumenti. Enkyukakyuka ez'enkukakyuka mu kunoonyereza ebyaliwo emyaka mingi egiyise, ng'obujulizi obutono obumala, bungi nnyo. Okuyigganyizibwa tekubaawo, era bwekubaawo, kuyinza okufuga enkaayana mu kitundu.
Kyakulabirako kya Bannasayansi A (Alexander Blackman) era n'okuvunaana abasirikale olw'okufa ku Ssande ku musaayi. Ekimu ku ebyo ebyeyoleka bulungi. Ekitongole LY'Estabi enoonyereza ku nsonga nga kiriko emisango gy'ekyeggukako[, egisinga obungi ku gyo ebibadde bisalibwa okumala emyaka mingi.
Okuzza obuggya nakwo kuleetawo okunoonyereza okuppya mu bifo ebyayita mu biseera eby'edda, naye era okunoonyereza okwakolebwa mu bifo ebya bulijjo mu byafaayo bya bannabyabufuzi kwe kusobozesa abantu okumanya amazima agakwata ku bizibu ebyayita.
Okutabagana n’Obwenkanya
Obumu ku buzibu obw'amaanyi obubaawo oluvannyuma lw'okubaawo emirembe, kwe kutasosola wakati w'obwenkanya n'obwetaavu bw'okuwonya abantu mu mbeera z'abantu. Mu Northern Ireland, ekiyinza okusalibwawo si wakati wa bawaabi n'okusonyiwa; kye ky'okussaawo engeri y'okukolera awamu ebiseera eby'omu maaso nga bawa ekitiibwa abo abaafa. Emirembe gyasimbawo ssambattini nga bateebwawo: okuteekebwawo kw'abasibe ab'ebyobufuzi, okuteekebwawo kw'ekitongole kya police Ombudsman, n'okutondebwa kwa Commission of Northern Ireland Human Rights.
Kyokka, abo ababonerezebwa bagamba nti tebagasa mu bwenkanya, ate amagye galina okuvunaanibwa ekkomo. Ebigambo "Eddembe" byegattiddwa, ng'abantu ab'enjawulo bakyogera mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Abamu, obwenkanya kitegeeza okulaba abamenyi b'amateeka nga batwalibwa mu kkooti; ate abalala kitegeeza nti okubonaabona kwabwe kukkirizibwa era n'okuzzibwamu ekitiibwa.
Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abantu okufuna bye bayiseemu mu mulimu gw'okutabagana n'okutabagana. Wadde nga kino kya muwendo nnyo okugeraageranya obunene bw'obuzibu obuba buzzewo wakati w'obubonero n'obunene bw'obuzibu obuba buzzewo.
Okwemalirira n’Okutuuka ku Buwanguzi
Enkyukakyuka ezaaliwo oluvannyuma lw'omwaka 19998 zaatandikawo ebibiina ebippya okusobola okuddukanya obupoliisi n'obwenkanya: Policence Board, Police Ombudsman, police Ireland ow'omu Mambuka ga Ireland Rights Commission, ne profession deficial Rights. Obwetwaze bwabwe bwetaaga okusattulukusibwa, naye babadde bapikirizibwa nnyo mu by'obufuzi era nga tebasobola kukozesa nsale. Ng'ekyokulabirako, abapoliisi Ombudsman, be bali mu kifo eky'enjawukana ezibaddewo mu byafaayo, nga basinziira ku busosoze bw'obufunze bw'eggwanga.
Enteekateeka y'amateeka era ereetebwawo okusoomooza okutali kumu. Kkooti z'omu Northern Ireland zikola nga tezirina musango gwa kukoota omusango ogw'amaanyi oguba guyitiddwa "Diplock," obusika bw'ebibi. Wadde nga bino byakolebwa okuziyiza okutiisibwatiisibwa, zisigala mu kifo kyazo eri abasirikale abateekamu ensonga ezikwata ku bwenkanya n'obwesige. Okutereeza kkooti zino tekulwawo, nga kye kyesigamye ku mbeera y'obukuumi ne ku ekyo gavumenti kye zisazeewo.
Ekkubo: International Event and Local Agency
Ebibiina by'ensi yonna bikyeyongera okuwagira enkola ey'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka. Enteekateeka ya European Union eyitibwa PLUS, ekozesebwa mu 2027, ewa ssente ezikozesebwa mu mirimu egisobozesa okutabagana, okuzzaawo obuwagizi mu by'enfuna, era n'ebifo ebirala. Mu Amerika, okuyitira mu Envoy yennyini eya Ireland ey'omu Mambuka ga Northern, era ewagidde emirembe, ekubiriza abakulembeze b'eby'obufuzi okunywerera ku misingi gya Good Frinth Accounciple.
Kyokka, okukolebwa kw'enkola eno, kuyambye nnyo ab'obuyinza okumanyisa eby'obufuzi n'okwesamba obukyamu.
Ekifo ekimu we baalagira enkulaakulana mu by'obufuzi kwe kweyongerayongera kw'abakungu Abakatuliki mu bifo ebya waggulu. Mu 2023, omulundi ogwasooka, omukungu omu Omukatuliki — omuyambi Omukulu Mark McEwan — yalondebwa mu kifo ekimu ku bifo ebina ebikulembera. Eby'obubonero eby'obukwasi bw'obuwangwa bw'obuwangwa bw'obuwangwa bw'obutuuti, naye nga biteekwa okugenderako enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu ngeri obupoliisi gye buyisibwamu.
Era akabonero akalaga nti waliwo okutereezaamu okw'ensonga mu bantu. Programu zino, ezitera okukolebwa n'ebibiina eby'omu kitundu nga birabirirwa PSNI, ziwa abantu ekibonerezo ekirala mu kubonereza abamenyi b'amateeka olw'empaka entono. Zibawa obukuumi obwabwewaanya era zikendeeza ku kabi akakwata ku bibiina. Kyokka, zisigala nga ziwakana, naddala mu bannabyabufuzi abagamba nti bawagira eby'amagye mu bulamu bw'abantu.
fundikira
Obuzibu obuleetebwawo abapoliisi n'obwenkanya mu Northern Ireland si bukoowoozi bwa tekinologiya oba nkola za gavumenti kyokka naye basobodde okumanyibwa, okujjukira, n'amaanyi. Emirembe gigobererwa okukomya ettemu mu by'obufuzi, naye tegyagonjola kumenyeka kw'abantu.
Wakyaliwo obuzibu: engeri y’okugonjoolamu ebizibu mu ngeri ey’obwenkanya era etegeerekeka; engeri y’okwaŋŋangamu akabi k’abatuuze abeesamba gavumenti awatali kugoberera nkola ya poliisi; engeri y’okussaawo endagaano mu by’obufuzi mu kibiina ekitera okutabangulwa; n'engeri y’okukakasamu nti ebibiina nga Akakiiko k’Eddwaliro ne kkooti biriko kyeyagaliza era nga bya muganyulo.
Kyokka, okutunuulira omukungu wa PSNI okuva mu ggwanga lya Bakatuliki, oba munnabyabufuzi Sinn Féin atudde mu Northern Ireland Policing Board, tekyandisobose mu myaka gya 1980. Okutereeza ebintu tebyali bituukiridde, era tebyali bya nnamaddala. Omuntu okusobola okutambula mu maaso, yeetaaga obugumiikiriza, eby'obufuzi, n'okweyongera okunywerera ku misingi egikwata ku ddembe ly’abantu, okuvunaanibwa omusango, n'okubeerawo mu kifo eky'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa by'okutaano.
Mu Northern Ireland, okunoonya obwenkanya n’obutebenkevu kikyali kintu kikulu nnyo — ekijja okusalawo obanga emirembe ddala gijja kubeera gya lubeerera oba gijja kubaako ky’ekolawo emirembe gyonna.