Okunoonyereza ku Lukiiko Olusalira Abalamuzi

Okwekenneenya olukiiko olukola ku by'amateeka kye tteeka olukulu. Olukiiko olukulu olw'omu U.S. lukakasa nti buli mateeka ne gavumenti bikwatagana n'amateeka agasinga obukulu mu nsi. Awo tewateekawo kiwandiiko kya mateeka, olukiiko olwo luba luwandikiro buteeyambizi, nga terulina nkola ya kulukuutira kukugira nkomerero zaalwo. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. Ekiwandiiko kyasooka kyagamba nti amaanyi gaago mu [[FLD: 0] Marbury v. (1803] (183), nga John Marshall yawandiika nti, ̴ kye kisinze kiri ekitongole ekikola amateeka kye gagamba. &821; ekiwandimu ekyo kyakyusa endowooza y'enyiikivuuni y'etabi lya protencelcervity in system.

Mu kifo ky'ekyo, kiba kyeyoleka bulungi nti kkooti ziteekeddwa kutwala omusango oba okuwozesebwa mu kkooti. Omulamuzi ateekwa okuba ng'ayimiridde ̬a obutereevu, omuti gw'aweebwe mu kiva kivaawo — era ensonga eteekwa okuba nga yeetaagisa (teri nzibu nnyo) era nga teriiko ky'olekawo (teri mulamu).

Enjigiriza eyo etuukiriza emirimu ebiri egisooka. Ekisooka, ekuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu nga emenya amateeka agaamenya amateeka nga eddembe ly'okwogera, enkola ey'obubenje, oba obukuumi obw'enkanankana. Ekyokubiri, ekuuma obufuzi nga bukebera enkola za gavumenti n'enkola za bannakyewa. Mu ngeri eyo, okukebera okulambula ku mateeka kunyweza amateeka era ne kikakasa nti abazannyi ba gavumenti basigala mu nsaze eyateekebwawo ekiwandiiko.

Emirandira gy'ebyafaayo n'Ebigambo ’ Enkola eya Sinten

Endowooza ey'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka teyeeyoleka mu ngeri etategeerekeka. Abafirosoofo abatendekebwa mu lukuubi lw'ekitangaala gamba nga John Locke ne Montesquieu baagamba nti amatabi ga gavumenti ag'enjawulo galina okuteesa okusobola okuziyiza obukujjukujju. Abawagguzi ba Amereka, abamanyi amateeka g'Abangereza, era bamanyi nti kkooti za bannaakyemalira emirundi egimu zaali zejjuzizza ebikolwa bya Paalimu mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti nga lukulwe.

Ku Convention of Constitution eya 1787, abaweerezza baateesa obanga abalamuzi basaanidde okubaako kye bakola mu kukebera amateeka. Alexander Hamilton, mu [[FL:0] Fateralist Na. 78, baalwanirira obuyinza, ne babuyita eddiini okutuusa ku ̴ ettabi era ne bagamba nti lirina obuyinza okulangirira obwa bwereere singa bamenya amateeka. Kyokka ekiwandiiko kyennyini tekirinamu kibuuzo kyonna. Abakoppils baaleka ekibuuzo okubikkula, nga beesigama ku ntegeka nti enteekateeka ya gavumenti ya ddala eyandibaddemu obuyinza 𔄭.

Omulamuzi omukulu Marshall yakwata ensonga eyo mu Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury, omubaka asembayo mu kulonda omukulembeze wa gavumenti John Adams, eyalina ebiwandiiko eby'omukitundu, okusiikiriza obukiiko bwe. Marshall yasalawo nti wadde nga Marbury yalina obuyinza ku mulimu, Kkooti enkulu teyalina buyinza ku Kakiiko k'omulembe ogwa 13 ak'omu Kiseera kya 1789 olw'okuba akakwate akalaga nti akakwakkulizo ka III ka Mateeka. Mu kussaawo etteeka eryali ku lukalala lw'amateeka olusooka, Marshall yakakasa nti olukiiko olukulu lwa Lisinga obukulu era nti olukulu lwalina okuteekawo olukiiko olwo.

Mu kutandikawo omusingi guno, mubaddemu ekyokulabirako ekibadde kikyusa obufuzi bwa Amerika okuva olwo. okwejjukanya okukwata ku nsonga z'amateeka tekwali mu kkooti za gavumenti zokka naye era ne mu kkooti z'eggwanga, eziddamu okwekenneenya amateeka g'ensi agakwata ku mateeka agamenya amateeka g'ensi.

Ensonga Ezaakwata ku Mateeka

Mu byasa bibiri, Kkooti Enkulu ekoze olukiiko okusala emisango okugonjoola ensonga ezimu ez’eggwanga ’.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Oluvannyuma Marbury, kkooti yayolekagana mangu nnyo n'okukeberebwa kw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Congress yawaanyisa Bank ey'okubiri eya United States, ate Maryland n'ateeka omusolo ku banka. Omukulu w'amateeka Marshall, era ng'awandiikira kkooti, yakkiriza nti Kkooti ewa Kakiiko akafuzi obuyinza obusinga ku obwo obwali butegese. Era yasalawo nti gavumenti tezisobola kusasula bitiibwa bya gavumenti kubanga ̴ amaanyi ag'okusasula emisolo gazingiramu okusaasa. ̵ omusango guno gwayongerako okuziganya ng'ekyuma ekisinziirwako mu kkooti y'okuva mu kifo ekya delinegatist n'obutebe bw'obutebenkenkenke.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Oboolyawo, enkola emanyiddwa ennyo mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka mu kyasa ekya 20, BrowN v. Akakiiko k'Essomero kaayisa olukunkumuli lw'enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti nga tegassa wansi wa mateeka. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza okukomyawo essomero lya ̴ naye nga terimu kyenkanankana ̵ enjigiriza [FLY]Py v. Ferguson (11866), nga ekkiriza nti obukuumi bwe bunkana wansi w'obutebenkenkeze. Kko ekyo kyali kyetaagisa obuvumu obw'amaanyi kubanga kyali kyenkanankanankanankanankana amakumi abiri mu ku kulembero proteenti &81; sokko z'obusobosobozi bw'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi bwe bigaana okukosebwa mu matabi g'eby'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi.

Wade (1973)

Mu [[NKK:0]. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo olukiiko olukulu olw'omu Texas., olukiiko olwo ne lukkiriza omukazi ’ lissa wansi w'obuyinza okusalawo okuggyamu olubuto olw'ekika kyabulibwe mu kifo ekya bulijjo okusinziira ku Kiwandiiko kya Centre Estement Claus of the 1450 Amereka. Etteeka eryasala e Texas okuggyamu embuto ez'omuddiringi. Abasososoozesebwa baawo olukiiko olukulu olw'okusalako olukulu mu kikolwa nga tebataddewo tteeka mu Mateeka. Abawandikiro baakirizza ku ddembe eryo nga bak'okukulembedde olukalala. Ab'ensonga eyo baatwala olukalala nga [[FLT:]

Amerika v. Nixon (1974)

mu v. Nixon yagezesa obanga pulezidenti asobola okuwa obujulizi mu kunoonyereza ku bamenyi b'amateeka. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti wadde nga waliwo enkizo ya kampuni ey'okukuuma empamya eby'ekyama, tekiriwo ddala. Pulezidenti Nixon yalagira okufulumya tediyo kaseti eyamutuusa ku ku kulekerawo. Ebbeetu eddamu nti tewali muntu yenna, so si na mukulu, asukkulu w'amateeka.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Obergefell v. Hodges yagaziya ku ddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa n'abafumbo ab'obukaba mu nsi yonna. Kkooti yasalawo nti ekiragiro ekya 144th Constempletence ’ Cementi Trast and Secutection Classible Claussss terign Leases z'egaana empandika ez'obufumbo ez'abafumbo abaannaco. [[FLT:] Roe[[FLT], omusango gwatongola ensonga ezivanyuse olw'okubeeyisa omusango olw'okubeeyisa mu nsonga ezireetawo enjjulule eziraga endowooza nti bangi balina okulekawo ebisobo. Kyokka, kkooti yeesigama ku lukalala oluwanvu olw'okukuuma ebiteesokero, okulaga engeri ennyiso lw'okunnyonnyola mu kutegeera okw'enkola y'ennya eyo.

Buli kkooti yagaana amateeka oba gavumenti okugafuga, era buli nsonga yagikyusanga nnyo.

Agumentismus n'obuzibu ebireetebwawo okukaayanya

Tewaliwo kwogera ku kunoonyereza kwonna okusobola okutereeza ensonga naye nga tewakyaliwo njawukana wakati w’okusala emisango n’okusalawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z’amateeka.

[[NKT:0] Ekiragiro kino kinnyonnyola engeri gye kituukirizaamu etteeka nga kigoberera enkola y'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti. Abalamuzi abasala emisango tebatya kukyusa kkomo oba okugonjoola ebizibu ebikolebwa ku matabi amalala. Abakuguwawawa bagamba nti enkola eno efeebya demokulase nga bassa mu kifo ky'abalamuzi abatalondeddwa.

[[NKULA]] Ekiragiro kikubiriza kkooti z'amateeka okuttira ku nkola enkyuuka obukulembedde amateeka mu kifo kyazo. Abalamuzi bagoberera amateeka, bagoberedde bulungi, era beewale okulonda ebibuuzo mu lukalala lw'amateeka okuggyako nga kyetaagisa. Bagamba nti okuvunaana obwannakyemalira kyetaagisa amatabi g'eby'obufuzi okusobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya obusingawo mu bya bufuzi. Empaka z'eby'amateeka zezo, era ziwa olukalala lw'amateeka bwe ziwandikiddwa mu nkola eya bulijjo. Abalamuzi bagoberera enkola eno nti, kkooti tezirina kussaawo mateeka olw'okusalawo nti tezirina kumalawo busirusiru. Muteeyisa bubi obw'eby'eby'obufuzi, bwe buteewandiikibwa bulijjo, kye kintu ekiteesobo.

Abalamuzi abasinga obungi bagoberera enkola eno. Okuteesa tekusinziira ku magezi: ku ngeri kkooti gye zikwatamu ensonga eziba zikwata ku kulonda okusobola okufuna etteeka erikwata ku by'okwawukanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Kitamiisans United v. FEC (2010]), kkooti yasala enzirego ku by'ego ebya buli kampuni nga zikola, nga zikolako ebirengo ebya kivvumizo. National Federation of Independent v. Selius, (20:2]), Kkooti Kkooti Kkomero za Afford Caread Act &517; liragira ddala mu ku kusasula musoloosawo omusolo. [[FLT][17] Enkola y'ekibiina ekitongole kyonna ekya waggulu eky'eby'ensonga.

Mu kunoonyereza okwateenyezebwa mu Contemporary babuusabuusa obanga enkola y'okuvvuunula ekika kya siginonismu 𔂿restrant bronzess broaders. Abamu bagamba nti: ̴ctivivism ” litera kukozesebwa ku kusalawo. Abalala bagamba nti essira lisikirizibwa ku ngeri ez'okunnyonnyola enkola & etlt; squaryismssinst ne 'Syracrastinst ̬instem. Kyokka, okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku ngeri abantu b'okusala emisango gye bategeeramu enneeyisamu emisango mu Amerika.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Kusalira Omusango Omusango

Okwekenneenya ebikwata ku kusala emisango si kye kintu ekyakolebwa mu Amereka kyokka, naye enkola y’amatwale ga Amerika erina kinene nnyo kye yakola ku kkooti z’amateeka mu nsi yonna.

Bugirimaani

[[NTL:0] Kkooti efuga e Bugirimaani era erina amaanyi ag'okusala emisango. Yateekebwawo oluvannyuma lwa ssematalo II okuziyiza okutulugunyizibwa kw'Abanazi, kkooti esobola okukebera amateeka agakwata ku Mateeka ag'enkola eya gavumenti. Obutafaananako kkooti enkulu ey'omu U.S. Empuliziganya ewawawa ensonga obutereevu, era ennyonnyola ensonga eziba tezitegeerekeka obulungi, era n'ebibuuzo ebirala ebireetebwawo oluvannyuma lwa ssemasaza oba omutono mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti. Kkooti eyo erimu enkola ereetera okukkirizibwa mu kusoomooza ebikolwa ebigoonoona eddembe ly'eby'obukulembeze mu gavumenti. Kkootikko ekyo kibadde kikosembyewo okukuuma eddembe lya gavumenti, nga mw'okka, era ne ku kyenkanankanankanankana n'enkula y'okwafu.

Canada

Canada̱ enkola ya 'S' egatta awamu okukajjaku mu lukalala lw'amateeka. Mu mpagi ey'okusala olukalala olwo. Mu mpagiro lw'eggwanga Paratori ow'e Bukaluuni (19982), kkooti ziyinza okusala amateeka agamenya eddembe ly'enkwaso. Kyokka, akatundu 33. 33 kakkiriza Olukiiko lw'eggwanga okutongoza amateeka okutuuka ku myaka etaano nga waliwo enfugezo. Olukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka era olukulu lwa Canada lufulumye eddembe ly'okufuga LBT+, I-EPRIVIA, era ne eddembe eririmu terimu.

Buyindi

Kkooti ey'omu Buyindi ekozesezza okunoonyereza mu bujjuvu, ekulaakulanya enjigiriza nga '#8220';basicturant productus”enjigiriza egamba nti n'enkyukakyuka za gyamateeka teyinza kumalawo amateeka agafuga enfuga za Buyonaani. Kavanavanav v. State of Keralah), kkooti yawandisizza amaanyi gaayo okwejjukanya olukalala lwa gtonde, olusingako enzigerekerwamu. Enkola za Buyinja za Buyindi nazo zikozesezza ensonga ez'enjawulo okumanyibwa okumanyisa obulyinja.

Bungereza

Ekiragiro ekyo tekirina mateeka ga nukuta mu Amerika. Kyokka, okuva Act , kkooti ez'omu UK ziyinza okukebera amateeka agafuga entegeka ya Bulaaya Convention on Human Rights. Kkooti bw'esanga nga tegendera ddala mu mateeka, eteeka ekiwandiiko eky'okutakkwana kwa bantu, era nga n'esalawo nti emenyawo olukalala lwago terukkiriza kukyombera, era nga n'etteeka eryo tel'okumenya amateeka naye nga gassa ku Ppaliisi mu kugatti. Enteekateeka y'okusala omusango ku nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe eryo era nga ne kikuuma eddembe lya kkooti.

Ebyokulabirako bino eby'okugeraageranya biraga nti okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'amateeka kuyinza okukwatagana n'eggwanga ’ naye amateeka g'ensi n'ez'enjawulo agali mu Amerika ga maanyi nnyo naye si ye ngeri yokka ey'okukakasaamu nti amateeka gaamufuga.

Eby’Okufuga mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Ennyinnyonnyola y’eby’amateeka ekyasigala mu kifo awava ennyo ennyo ennyo empaka z’eby’obufuzi mu Amerika.

Okutuukiriza Obuvunaanyizibwa bw’Okusalawo

Kkooti enkulu ewabye obutuuti nga kyetongole ekigaba obutereevu. Ebiwandiiko ebya Balamuzi Brett Kanaugh ne Amy Coney Barrett, awamu ne Republicaan agaana okuwozesa Merrick Garland mu 2016, byakendeeza obwesige bwa bantu mu kkooti nga kibiina kya bannabyabufuzi. Okusaasaanya okusekeekera kulaga nti enzikiriza zigenda zikendeera, era abantu bangi mu Amereka batwala Kkooti ng'omuzannyi munnabyabufuzi. Endowooza eno eteeka essira ku ku kunoonyereza okw'ensonga kubanga kkooti zisinziira ku bukakafu abantu bwe ziteekeddwawo ku ku ku kusalawo kwabwe awatali kukaka.

Okupangisa Ebintu ku Kkooti

Abantu abamu abazeeyisa nga bwe bayisibwa kkooti ’ bawa amagezi okugaziya omuwendo gw'abo abasala emisango okuva ku 9, okutuuka ku kkumi na n'omu. Kino “ courtpaapact ̵ ekirowoozo kireetawo okukaayana. Abawagizi bagamba nti okusalawo kwayo kuyinza kuzzaawo embeera y'okukkakka wakati w'ekika kya n'ekika kya Diso. Abawaabiro bagamba nti kuyinza okusaanyawo kkooti ̱ okwemalirira ne kusobozesa amaanyi okugaziyawula emikono gye giba nga bwe gikyukakyuka. Pulezidenti Franklin Rooselt ̱ss Desert ne Packingss mu 1937 ebaddekooti nga tewagulibwa.

Okutandikira ku njigiriza n'Enkyuukano

Enkola ez'enkunala ezikozesebwa mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga ez'ekika kya Amereka nazo ziwakana. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga ez'ekika kya Baibuli bawakanya nti amateeka gasaanidde okuweebwa amakulu ge gaamu mu biseera we gaagonderwa. Bannassaayansi abakyusa amateeka[ bawakanya nti amateeka ga kiteekwa okugoongera ku nkola enkyukakyuka mu mbeera. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia yalwanirira emitindo gya Baibuli; Justice Stephany Brey yawagira amateeka agakwata ku bulamu. Ekiragiro kya 'Clarence' ekivanyumirako ne' Gor' kigoberera enkola ezaasooka, wadde nga Ksemba Kagan agoberera enkola endala. Enkola eya bulijjo egobeteereteezebwa mu ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku ku ku kuggyamu, n'obuyinza bw'owanyaze.

Obwesige n’Obumalirivu mu Bantu Bonna

Okulambula kw'abalamuzi kusinziira ku buwulize obwa kyeyagalire. Abazannyi ba politi bwe bagaana oba bwe bajeemera ebiragiro ebya kkooti, abalamuzi basala emisango bakendeeza. Ebyokulabirako ebyakayita bizingiramu abakungu ba gavumenti abagaana okussa mu nkola ebilagiro eby'obugattizi obumu oba okugaana ebiragiro bya kkooti ku bufumbo. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Andrew Jackson yagamba nti, ̴ John Marshall akoze kye yasala; kati amuleke akikwase. ̵ Wadde nga bannassawo ab'obuyinza ab'omulembekko balina enkola ezigobereza enkola ez'okugoberera enkola y'obufumbo, era okujeemera amateeka kuyinza okuggyawo. Okukuuma obwesige mu bantu kigambibwa nti, singa okunoonyereza kujja nga kuvaamu ebirungi.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okwejjukanya Omusango

Mu nkola y'amateeka, tekinologiya, enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'obudde, n'ebizibu by'obulamu, byonna bijja kuleetawo ebibuuzo ebipya.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, waliwo enkyukakyuka ezikyetaagisa. Abeekenneenya abamu bawagira enkola ey'okussaawo amateeka agaba gagobererwa abalamuzi ba kkooti enkulu, e ekkomo ly'emitwe, oba okulonda omuntu mu ngeri eya bulijjo. Abalala bawa amagezi nti kkooti tejja kubaako ky'ekolawo ku nsonga ezimu.

Wadde nga wabaddewo obutakkaanya, okunoonyereza ku nsonga kukulu nnyo. Kukuuma abantu ba gavumenti nga bageeteredde, kukakasa nti amateeka gawandiikiddwa, era ne kuteekawo engeri ez'emirembe okugonjoolera ddala enkaayana ku makulu g'ebiwandiiko byaffe ebitongoze. Amaanyi ag'okulaga amateeka galina okuba n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi. Kkooti ziteekwa okwoleka obuyinza obwo mu buwombeefu, obugumu, era n'obwesigwa eri amateeka. nga Republic egenda ebeera eyo egenda mu maaso, okunoonyereza kujja kugooleka enteekateeka y'amateeka era n'okukuuma amateeka.

Okusobola okwongera ku by'osoma, laba [[[OLW'OMUTEGE] omukutu gwa kkooti esinga obukulu, ebiwandiikiddwa eby'omu Marbury v. Madison ku Cornell Legal Information Institute, ne OYEZ.org [og'obugambo obwa bulijjo n'obw'ensonga n'obw'omusango]