Ennyanjula: Amakulu Agakyasinze Okubaawo Okuva ku Alden Kumpi ne Maine

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu 1999 yaliko omusango oba nga gwagootaanyewo mu ngeri y'emu ku mateeka agafuga enkola y'eggwanga eririna obuteetwaze ku mateeka ga gavumenti mu Amereka ey'omulembe guno. Omusango ogwasalibwawo gwakubawo oba abantu kinnoomu baawerebwa mu kkooti y'ensi olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti.[FLT][FL:1] Amateeka ga Fair Standard Act [FLSA] nga tewali kukkiriza kwa gavumenti. Mu kugabanyiza kwa gavumenti 5-4, kkooti yaddamu nti, envumbowamu eteeka amateeka agafuga gavumenti, n'okukwata ku bannakyewa w'omulimu, n'obuyinza bw'obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Okutegeera ensonga eno nkulu mu buli omu ku buli omu ku b'obuyinza bw'awawunzivuwawawawawa oba ku mateeka mu gavumenti.

Ekitundu kino kikebera Alden v. Maine, nga kikebera ebiva mu mpandika ya kkooti enkulu, endowooza ezikontana, n'ebiyinza okuva mu kusalawo okukwata ku mirimu. Era tulaba n'engeri enfumo ezizzeewo gye zigoberedde okusalawo ku nsonga eno, era n'obusobozi bwa bakozesa n'abakozi bwe bayinza okuggya mu kugigoberera leero.

Empandiika y’Oluganda eya wansi: FLSA Alina endowooza nti bawakanya Maine

Omusango ogwo gwatandika nga ekibinja ky'abakungu abakolera mu magye ga Maine bawaayiriza kkooti nti gavumenti emenye etteeka eryagooye essente ezisukka mu omusaala ogwagobererwa ekibiina kya fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA). FLSA, ekyateekebwawo Congress mu 1938, eteekawo essente ezitasukkawo, empeera ez'aweesa, obulambeze, n'emitindo gy'emirimu gy'abavubuka erigobeebwa abakozi babwe bokka n'abakola mu bitongole bya gavumenti. Munsi ‘ enteekateeka za FLSA ezikolebwa mu nteeko, ’ zikkirizibwa okuteekawo amateeka.

Abakungu ba gavumenti baagamba nti Maine yalemererwa okubawa essubi olw'okusukka ku ssaawa ze baamala nga bakola, mu ngeri ey'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, ne banoonya empeera n'empalana. Maine yawanulira mu kukuuma obuweerero mu nteekateeka y'amateeka ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ena mu mwezi mu Amerika, nga bawagidde okugattulula obuwambe obwa United States obwali buvudde ku bakkirizi oba ku Batuuze b'eggwanga eddala lyonna.

Kkooti ya Maine yawa buwanguzi buwanguzi mu kkooti ejulira ku kkooti. Kkooti enkulu yasaza yagoba kkooti eyo nga egamba nti gavumenti terina kye yali eyinza kukola ku FLSA. Abakungu baajulira era ne Kkooti y'Akabukiiko k'Akabunvu yajulira ku ntandikwa y'Akajulirwa nga y'enkola y'ekitundu eyasooka.[1] Ekyasooka kye kyakakasa nti ekitongole ekyo kye kyagobererwa. Kkootieramu ekkulu kyawa akakwate okusobola okukomya ekitebe kya Certiora era n'ongera ku mukitundu eky'okuwagira enteekateeka z'amateeka.

Endagaano y'Olulimi Ogutamanyidwa mu Lusaayi

Nga terinnaba kutandika Alden v. Maine, kkooti enkulu yalaga dda nti okwewaayo okw'okwetwalirira obwannannyini tekuyinza kufuga. Seminole Frikitins of Florida v. Florida (1996), kkooti yakkiriza nti Kkooti teyinza kufuga kisosokeroomukono gwa gavumenti mu Buyindiindi Commerce Clausce. Ku kusalawo okwo kwaleetawo kubuusabuusa obanga Constantion yali asobola okutongoza ebiwandikiro ku bwa bwamalanga ku nsonga endala nga gavumenti z'obusokeerezi nga Claus, nga Kkookita, ekiko nga kiko ky'omu mateeka ekya FLSA. Olupapula olwo lwateekawo ekkomo olutuufu olw'okukimu olw'obukuumi mu by'omulimu ne mu ggwanga.

Ebyo Kkooti ey’Oku Ntikko: Etteeka Erigaana Obubi Kkooti Ekola ku Buwabuzi

Mu kusalawo 5-4 okwakolebwa Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy, Kkooti Esingira Ennyo yatongoza abakungu ba gavumenti mu kkooti. Abasinga obungi baagamba nti olukalala olw'okugobererwa kw'amateeka olw'ekkumi n'ennya lwago ku kkooti y'ensi n'olw'ekkumi n'embamba, era singa essomero lissa ku lukalala olwo lumenya etteeka erifuga etteeka erifuga gavumenti eriri mu kakiiko akafuzi akaafuga amateeka. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza ensalaze ku nsala y'enkola eya Centrait ezikkirizibwa mu lukiiko olwo wansi wa FLSA ne ku mateeka amalala amalala amalala agafaana, naddala [[FFLT:0] Parden v. Tarray Ray Lynerter of State Diviers ekitongole ky'eggwanga lya Alabama [[[FLt1:]] [1964]] [1964])]

Omulamuzi Kennedy kye yayogera kyasinziira ku misingi ebiri egikwatagana: ebigambo bya Prandment of 11 (Emperamenter) n'enkola y'okufuga okw'eggwanga. Kkooti yagamba nti, olulimi oluyitibwa ennumeters olw'enkola ey'okutaano terumala googedde ku, lulaga nti omuntu tayinza kukwatibwa nsusso. Obusosobozi buno obw'okwerinda businziira ku mateeka. Nkusinziira ku ngeri gye gamu, abantu abasinga obungi baawakanyaamu Amateeka era nga galina okuteekawo oludda olufuga. Nkukasa yenna agezaako okutaasattundisizza olulwo olugattiddwawo oluva ku mateeka awatali ku mateeka.

Kkooti yakizuula nti mu kuteekawo enkola eya FLSA, ekigendererwa kyayo kyali tekiraga bulungi. Ate era ne bwe kiba nti karye kaagezaako okukikuuma, abasinga obungi baagambanga nti eky'obusuubuzi Claus teyawa Congress buyinza kuggyawo gavumenti okusobola okulwanirira gavumenti mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga. Ekibuuzo kino kyali kikwatagana bulungi n'obutuufu bw'ebigambo bya SSMINOLE BUTUUTI era nga kiraga nti gavumenti z'abawaze.

Ekisinga Okuleetera Obukulu bw’Ebibuga Okubeera mu Kibiina

  • Ekiragiro ekifuga enfuga nfuga y'etteeka erifuga enfuga, so si njigiriza etakkirizibwa mu mateeka. Kkooti yakiggumiza nti okutasoberwa kw'eby'obufuzi n'empalana biri mu “tteeka eryasooka” era tekisobose okuva ku mateeka aga bulijjo agatakkirizibwa mu mateeka amatuufu era agakkirizibwa.
  • Amakodyo I galiko ekkomo. Wadde nga Consert erina obuyinza bungi wansi wa Busuubuzi ne Akatundu I, amanyanja ago tegazingiramu obusobozi bw'okufuga ebiwandiiko bya kkooti enfuga. Ekiragiro kino kissa mitwe ku gavumenti z'ensi kiriko obuyinza bwonna obwa gavumenti era nga kkooti z'ensi kirina okukissa ekitiibwa mu nkola.
  • [[AKMENT:0] Ekitiibwa n'obwetwaze bya gavumenti birina okukuumibwa. Okuleka abatunzi okutwala gavumenti mu kkooti y'ensi eyo kiba “kiyinza okuteeka mu kabi obuvunaanyizibwa obw'eby'ensimbi ne kiremesa obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe mu nteekateeka y'ensi.

Endowooza Etakwatagana: Okulwanirira Obulyi bw’Ebibiina

Ekiragiro abana abasala emisango bawakanya, nga kikubirizibwa Omulamuzi David Souter. Mu ndowooza enkadde, awakanya enjigiriza nti okusoma kw'abasinga obungi emmeeri ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ena tekwali kwa mazima era kwa kabi. Omulamuzi Souter yawamba nti okusazaamu ennyinyonyi kwalina kigendererwa kuzza buggya ku mateeka g'ensi okuzza obutuufu mu enneyisa yaakyo mu bukyamu. Georgia[ [1793], so si kukolawo olukalala olw'eby'okutaawulibwa. Yasonga ku mateeka mangi agasooka agaagibwawo ku nsonga ezibadde zimaze okukkirizibwa mu kkooti.

Era abaali bawakanya enkola eno baagamba nti FLSA yali nkola ya kizimbe kya nkola mu by'obusuubuzi era nti, nga bateekawo etteeka eryo, Conseil yali egenderedde okusasulira abakozi ba gavumenti. Eggwanga bwe lyalekawo ensimbi ezisabibwa okuddukanya ebbeeyi za gavumenti ne essaawa, abavvuunuzi baalabula nti, “zandireeseewo abantu aba bulijjo [1] Abakozi baleme okukuumibwa mu bujjuvu amateeka g'ensi." Omuntu eyawakanya ekyo yagamba nti okusalawo okwo kwandiviiriddeko okuwangulwa kw'eby'obuwanguzi gavumenti okusobozaamu era n'okulemesa emitindo egikwata ku mirimu gy'eggwanga.

Ebyakwata ku Mateeka g’Emirimu: Alden Kye Yakyusa (naye Kye Teyakola

Eky'okukola ekimalanga ku lubalama lw'omulembe [[NKUMENT:0] mu v. Maine kwe kuggalawo oluggi lwa kkooti eri abakozi abanoonya okuvunaana abakozesa baabwe wansi wa FLSA. Naye omusango gwagootaanya nnyo okusinga omusaala ogw'ekiseera ekigereke. Wabula gwakyusa ekifo olw'okumenya amateeka gonna agawandisizza mu by'emirimu gy'ensi omugatte nga mwe muli ne ADEA), Abaamereka abalina ekitongole ekikola nga bawandu, ne ku nsonga y'eby'omu maka (FAMLA), mulala.

Oluvannyuma lwa Alden, abakozi ba gavumenti baali tebakyayinza kwesiga kkooti ya gavumenti okukakaatika amateeka ga gavumenti yaabwe, okuggyako nga gavumenti yagakkirizza oba nga Consert ewagidde okutaasa oba nga yakigattiddwa mu nkola y'amaanyi gayo mu Kitundu 5 ku Kikumi eky'Emiteeso. Oluguudo olwokubiri lwaggulwawo olwose olw'okuba Kkooti Esingira Ennyo yali egambye nti Consert yali esobola okukwasisa enteekateeka ey'okuwereza obusosoze era n'okuziyiza enkola ey'okusosola n'okumenya amasanyu eri gavumenti. Kyokka, mu kiseera kitono kkooti yakiziyiza okukkirisibwa obubenje.

Edda mu Kitundu 5

Mu myaka kkumi egyaddirira Alden, kkooti enkulu yasalawo olukalala lw'emisango egyali giwagidde Kooti okwongera okukugira enteekateeka ya ADN ku busobozi bw'emperamyaamu eya 141. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)[FLT]] ], Kkooti yagamba nti ADEA teyinza kufuga bakyala olw'okuba Consert yali tamanyisizza kkomo lya bannyini mu lukalala olw'okusososoosoosa abakozesa mu myaka gyabwe. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Bbard of Trust of Alabateeting v. Garret (2001) [FLT], Kkooti Kkooti ya AD'eggwanga lya ADA ku kuginaawunziko, nga nyingi olw'ebyo ebiragiddwa mu ku ku kulaga olukalala lw'ebiragirooti.

Okusalawo kuno, okumanyiddwa nga “emisango gya New Federal”, kunywezezza omusingi gwa Alden: tekukwatibwa ku bisasiro bya nnawooti ebigaba ssente mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Kyokka, kkooti yasalawo eky'okulaga nti eddembe ekkulu okukiraga, ng'obusobozi obw'okukwenkana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [FL:0], Lennesseew v. Lane (20004), kkooti yakkiriza okulwanirira obusika obwa nnannyini wansi w'olukiiko lwa ADA (obusobozi) ku nsiko) mu nsiko.

Ebisinga Obukulu eri Abakozesa n’Abakozesa ba gavumenti

Ebiva mu [KYAMU:0]Alden v. Maine[[KATANDIKA] birabika . Era wansi awaddako tugenda kwekenneenya ebisingirayo ddala obukulu mu kugaba emirimu, obubenje bw'eggwanga, n'enteekateeka ez'amateeka.

Engeri ez’Okugonjoolamu Ebizibu

Abakozi ba gavumenti abaagala okuyambibwako mu kuyisa obubi FLSA, okusosolwa, oba okukola emirimu emirala, balina okunoonyeza awalala. Ekisinga obukulu kwe kuteeka obuvunaanyizibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti singa ewabula obuwagizi bwa gavumenti oba singa etteeka lya gavumenti liba liwa ebiwandiiko ebireetebwawo obukugibwa obuddukiro. Kyokka, gavumenti nnyingi tezirina kye ziyinza kukola ku bukuumi obwa nnakalyako nga zigoberera amateeka gaazo. Okugatta ku ekyo, ne bwe kiba nti kooti y'eggwanga teriwo, enzijanjago ziyinza okwawukana: kkooti z'ensi teziyinza kuwa kkooti z'esazesemba, oba okuteeka enzikkiriza ekkomo eritalimu.

Entegeka y’Agumenti

Ng'ekyokulabirako, ab'obuyinza mu Amerika bayinza okunoonyereza ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu magye ga gavumenti ne bagoberera amateeka oba okugobererwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, abawagizi ba 'Eoccom Obrountion Commission' (EOC) basobola okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezireetebwa obusosoze era ne bagezaako okuzigoberera. Naye emirimu gino giyinza okusobozesa abantu okufuna obuyambi nga bawa obuyambi, era tebasuubiza nti obubawa obuyambi ssente.

3. Ebiwandiiko by’Edda eby’Essaawa

Gavumenti ezimu zisazeewo okulemesa etteeka erimu okulondoola ebizingirwamu, nga zigamba nti singa abanyazi bafuna ssente oba ne beewala okubuusabuusa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti bw'ekkiriza obuyambi bw'ensimbi wansi wa ADA, kiyinza okutwalibwa ng'ekitasobola kukuumibwa okugaana ebyo ebiba bireeteddwa wansi w'amateeka. Kyokka, Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza nti abateefuga abo bateekwa okuba “abateeyingiza ssente” era nga tebayinza kugiyingiramu bugatti.

4. Okuwandiika Ebiba Bigambo Kireeta Essanyu Ennyo

Abakozi bakolera ku ndagaano (CBA), naye ekitongole kye kiwa amagezi ku ngeri y'okugobererwamu. Ebibiina bingi ebikola obupiccawa biwa amagezi agasobozesa abakozi okusoomooza enkola y'okusasula oba okugezaako okuwakanya enkola z'emirimu awatali kwewozesa. Emirundi egimu, amateeka ga gavumenti gawa CBA olukusa olw'okukugira eddembe eri enfuga.

5. Okusobola okukebera ebitongole bya gavumenti mu kiseera kya 42 mu Amerika mu 1983

Wadde nga alden ebiba biteekeddwako ebisawo ebitereevu butereevu mu lukalala lwa FLSA, abakozi oluusi bayinza okukozesa okutaasa obuwagizi bwa mirimu obumenya amateeka agamenya eddembe erya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa omupakasi wa gavumenti agoba omukozi mu kusamba obukuumi obwa nnamba obw'okusooka mu bigambo, omukozi ayinza okusasula abakungu ba gavumenti mu buyinza bwabwe obwa bulijjo. Sututi ng'azi tezinnyiirwa olw'okuddukanya omukungu owa gavumenti kubanga addukanya gavumenti yokka so si gavumenti yokka yokka. Kyokka, ekiteebwa kya 1983 tekiyinza kukozesebwa kuyisa bulungi bannakyewaawe b'obukuumi mu ngeri y'okusasula obutono oba okusasula ebiteeyambisibwa abakungu ba gavumenti.

Ebibaddewo Oluvannyuma n’Eby’Okugenda mu Maaso

Okuva mu 1999, kkooti enkulu ezze eddiramu obukwasi mu buwambe obwali bukwata ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti ne ku mateeka g'emirimu. Naye mu Faederal Maritime Commission v'o '. South Carolina State Ports Authority' (2002]]], kkooti yagongerawo enkola eyo ne ku buteego bw'obufuzi, era ne mu maaso g'ebitongole bya gavumenti.

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti yalaga nti ekkiriza obukwasi bw'abalamuzi okubawa obulagirizi okuva ku gavumenti y'ensi. Ocewwwww v. Ekibuga kya New York (2016), kkooti ekyo kyakakasizza nti gavumenti esobola okusibawo gavumenti okulaba nti PLASA, kubanga gavumenti terina bukuumi bwa maanyi obulaga nti terina bukuumi bw'ekola ebiteeyambisibwa United States. Enjawulo eno bw'eraga nti abakwasisa ekiragiro eky'okukwata ku by'empandika n'empandika y'ekitongole kya gavumenti.[FLT]

fundikira

Ekiragiro mu [[NT:0] Alden v. Maine kye kisigala nga kikoozesezza enjigiriza ey'ekika kino ey'okwefuga. Mu kuggalawo enzigi za kkooti z'ensi eyo zigye abakozi bavunaana abakozesa baabwe wansi wa FLSA ne Akakiiko Akalala. Kkooti Enkulu era n'Akakiiko Akanene K'ebyafuga, K'obuyinza bukyongera okukakasa obukulu obwa mateeka obw'okwefuga.[1] Naye ku n'ebbeeyi y'okuleka abakozi bangi nga tebalina kiyinza kugonjoola makulu. Ekiragiro kyasalawo kyaggyawo olukalala lw'ensonga ezaayongera okukaka emiteeko gy'amateeka wansi w'ekikumi na kikumi na kikumi mu ku kuteempewo, ne kuleetawo gavumenti y'empala y'amateeka, n'etteeka eriko alwo olugaatuukiriza eddembe lyabwe.

Eri abakozesa, kye tuyiga kiri nti gavumenti z'ensi zikyeyongera okwewala empalana ez'akabi, ne bwe ziba nga zimenya emitindo gya gavumenti. Abakozi n'abasekerezi baazo, Alden balaga obukulu bw'okutegeera ensonga ezizirimu n'enkola ez'enjawulo. Enkola z'okufuga, okukajjako obukujjukujju, n'okusiba ebisaawerebwa wansi w'Akaawundiikizo akaawula ku mateeka akakwata ku mateeka agafuga enneekuusa. Ek'ensonga y'ensonga y'amateeka era n'ensonga y'obufuzi bw'eyongera mu buli muntu, Aldenvvuuk'ensonga y'ensonga enkulu.