Okutegeera Obuyinza bw’Abakulu mu Bufuzi

Ekiragiro kino kiwaliriza bannabyabufuzi ba Amerika okukkiriza oba obutakkiriza muwawaanya omukulu mu kiseera kimu, ennyiriri-ivento ziwa kampanisi nga zisobola okukuba ebiwandiiko. Gavana ow'obuyinza ow'eggwanga erya bulijjo akkirizibwa okukkiriza oba okugaana omusango gwonna mu nsonga emu, olukalala olusooka lusobozesa gavana okukuba empandika nga akozesa ebintu ebitali bimu.[1] Okusaasaanya oba okusaasaanya ebintu okuva ku mpagi ey'ekitongole ekya bulijjo, ng'ateera akkiriza ebisigadde okubeera amateeka. Ab'obuyinza bano baakakasibwa okuwa baamasaza ssente mu kifo ky'enteebango eya kafundibwa gavumenti, okubaleka okusala ssente eziba zigenda okusaasaasaasaanya, okuggyawo ebiba bikolerwawo, oba okuggyawo enteekateeka ze batwala nga tezirimu mateeka gaaw'aw'aw'amateeka.

Omulimu gulina okukolebwa mu ngeri ya njawulo okusinziira ku gavumenti, naye mu mbeera ezisinga obungi gavana alina okukola nga wayiseewo ennaku nga yaakabubonero, nga wayiseewo 5 oba 30. Ebintu ebyamasaze bizzibwayo ne kimala kudda ku siteegi yo. Amawanga agamu era gayinza okuwa bannabyabufuzi obusobozi bw'okukendeeza ku nkola za approppitions ezisinga obukola nga akalulu akanene ka n'okulonda, emirundi egisinga obungi, obutundutundu obusatu obw'ekisenge buli. Singa omuteesoosa kibuvaako, ebintu ebimenyesebwa biggyibwa mu mateeka. Gavumenti ezimu era gawa abafuzi b'obudde obusobozi okukendeeza eb'ebiragiro byennyini mu kifo eky'okubikyusiza mu butatuukiriza butereevu ekyo, amaanyi agatera okuyitibwa "redtoto" oba "promotion"".

Ebyafaayo by’Omugwa Ogwawulirwa ne Bikwata ku Veto

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika n'ekyasa ekya 19, ssemateeka w'amateeka bwe yabanga afuga mu kiseera kya ssemateeka w'olutalo lwa Bannaggwanga. Oluvannyuma lwa disidente waakyo, amawanga mangi gaagoberera enkola y'emu ng'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu kukyusa ebitundu bya ddoola mu ngeri esobozesa abafuzi okuvunaanyizibwa ku nkola y'enteembi n'okusala ku by'enteebeeyi okugula ssente ezikozesebwa mu ku by'ente. Ekyasa ekya 20 we kyatuukira, gavumenti ezisukka 40 zaawanga bannamateeka engeri emu ey'ekika ekya ennukuta eza bannaazo, wadde nga ekifo kyennyini n'embeera z'eby'ebizingirwamu by'ebiragiro by'ebiragiro byawukana.

Ku mukutu gwa gavumenti, kookolo ow'okunaagezangako okuwa pulezidenti olunyiriri-item translate ewamaliriziddwa mu lukalala lwa Line Leat Veto Act eya 1996, eyawa pulezidenti obuyinza okusaanyawo ebintu ebisaasaanyizibwa awamu n'emiganyulo gy'omusolo. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yasala etteeka mu [FLT][1] Clinton v[[[FLT]] Ekibuga kya New York [FLT][3], nga emaze okumenya e Preament Claus of Constigation of the Constigation nga edment edverset'e nga edrigdentinalse. Kraw'okuteesa kwago kufuga, naye ne kusinziira ku nkola yagoberebwawo ku mateeka.

Emirimu Egikwata ku by’Etteeka Emitala w’Amerika

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo enkngu ez'ennono eza gavana owa olunyiriri translate-vento de. Mu masekkati ga 2020, bannaakyewa 44 ab'eggwanga balina engeri emu ey'omu lunyiriri-item vento, so ng'ate 6 mu ssaza, DILAWARE, Indiana, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina, ne Rhode Island, Ekiragiro ekifuga. Mu bitundu 44, obunene obwo businziira ku bintu ebirongoofu, obunene obwa digiti ekivaako obunene tebulina kkopi ez'enkola mu kuteeka amateeka mu nviromenti y'obusobo obugazi obukkiriza okusaasaanya eb'olulimi olutali lwa appropule, okukendeeza ebisaawulo, oba embeera eziba nga zigenda mu magoba.

Enteekateeka z’Essaawa

Ekiragiro kino kiwa gavumenti ekiwandiiko ekikoma okukiteeka mu lukalala lwa tteeka mu mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka eryali mu California (Article IV, Ekitundu 10) liwa gavana obuyinza okukendeeza oba okuggyawo ekintu kyonna ekitwalibwa mu mateeka. Constitution of Pennsylvania (Article IV, Ekiwa 15) ekkiriza gannaasaza okuyingiza ebintu mu biyingizibwa; akakiiko ka k'ayinza okukulembera buli kintu nga kinnaakyo. Mu Wisconsin, amaanyi ga ga ga ga ga ga ga ga gannaawo gayinza okukyusiza mu bugazi bwa njawulo: "partyroto" ebigambo, digiti, era n'amabaluwa agamu, amaanyi agagimu ga bakungu abo abafuga bye bakozesezza mu kuvumbula ebintu mu ngeri ey'okuzibyawumba.[1][8] protopalson alwo akala amateeka gayinza okusumulula buli kintu nga kikyewa mu olunyiriri lwasooka. Mu Winnsiko. Mukinnsiko, era ne mu kifo kya bulijjo

Gavana omulala ataddewo ekkomo. Mu Florida, gavana ayinza okuteekamu ebintu ebirimu approgris naye nga tasobola kukendeeza bungi bwa ssente; okukuba obukunkufu kukkirizibwa. Mu Texas, gavana ayinza okulagira olunyiriri-kintu mu bikolerwamu bintu byokka mu byuma ebigendera ku mateeka agatali gamu. Gavumenti ezimu, nga New York, ziwa veto kuwaayo ssente eziba zifunzidwako ate n'agaana gavana okugula ebintu okuva ku lulimi olusingako.

Okunnyonnyola Ebyo Ebyayogerwa mu kkooti y’Eggwanga

Kkooti enkulu ez'omuti emirundi mingi zisembedwa okunnyonnyola ekkomo ly'olunyiriri-ibumba. [FLT]State ex rel.Wisconsin Serten coint v. Thompson[FLT]] [1994], kkooti enkulu eya Wisconsin Consupt [1994], yawagira Gavana w'empala w'empandika eya Tommy Thompson Thompson okukuba amabaluwa agamu n'okuteekawo ebigambo amapya gonna, nga buli mpandika ebigenda okugattidwako. Ekyo oluvannyuma kyateebwawo n'empandika ya g'empandika eya 2008 enzikkiriza banna w'ebintu byonna, appertri wadde amabaluwa oba ennukuta agatali gamu.

Mu Anderson v. Commonwel [2002], Court of Pennsylvania Ehenhla yasala nti amaanyi ga ga ga ga ga gavana ga voto gagatta ku bintu "By'amazima," so si ku bigambo ebikozesebwa mu nkozesa. Olwawo olumu ku mannya g'omu Illinois, Michigan, ne Oregon lwakozesezza bingi nnyo okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ennyiriri, ne kisobozesebwa ku nkola y'olukalala olwo.

Ebyokulabirako Ebikwata ku Ngeri Gavana w’Eggwanga Gye Yakozesanga

Gavana bakozesa ekiviiri emirundi mingi okusinziira ku mbeera zaabwe ez'ebyobufuzi, embeera z'eby'obulamu, n'enkolagana yaabwe ne akakiiko akafuzi. Ebyafaayo biraga nti bannabyabufuzi bagezaako okukendeeza ku ssente ze bakozesa nga wazzewo akakwate n'enkola ya gavumenti.

Ebyokulabirako Ebirungi

  • California Gavana Arnold Schwarzenger (2003-2011): Olw'okwazeger yakozesa ebbeeyi ez'amaanyi, Schwarzenger yakozesa ekipande ekimala okusalako obuwumbi n'obukadde bwa doola okuva ku ntengo z'amateeka. Mu 2008, yatunda obukadde bwa doola z'Amerika obusukka mu doola z'Amerika, n'atwala programu nga tezirina mugaso. Ebikolwa bye byaviirako okuvumirira abateesiteesi b'amateeka naye ne bisiimibwa abafissi abalonde ba mateeka.
  • [[NKULA] .FOLORIDA’Scott (2021-2019): Scott yakozesa nnyo ebibadde bisengekebwa ate era nga n'obuyinza, ng'aggyawo ebintu ebyateekebwa mu kampeefube mu kusengeka enzijuvu zaabyo. Mu 2018 yokka, yafulumya ebintu bino nga obuwumbi obuwumbi 4.50,000 obusukka mu kkumi bwa digiti. Yakola nga ekyetaagisa okulaba nti ssente ezikozesebwa mu by'enkola teregikaagako era n'okukereza ebifo ebikulu mu by'enjigiriza ne mu by'oteekako.
  • Arksas gavana Mike Huccabee (1996-2007):[ Huckabee yakozesanga ennukuta mu kuggyamu ssente ze yawanga mu ntegeka y'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kyagobererwanga ssente ezisinga obungi mu byuma ne mu nteekateeka ez'okukolagana bye yayogeranga.
  • [[NKUT:0] Wiscon’s Scott Walker (2021-2019):[[FULT:1] Yayisa ebigambo ebisukka mu kimu mu derek'ekyasatu, nga yazza ebigambo 556 okuva mu teeka ery'enkola okuggyawo etteeka eryandimukomyezza obuyinza bwe ku nkola y'eby'eby'enfuna. Kaweefube ono yaterezebwa mu kkooti, naye ne yeeyongera okuleetawo enkyukakyuka.
  • Illinois a Directory J.B.Pritzker (209-presente): Mu 2023, Pritzker olunyiriri-ekintu olunyiriri emirundi obukadde 75 mu by'enkola eya KGUPU, ekyaviirako obutategeeragana obw'enjereere okujjawo mu bitundu eby'enjawulo. Emirundi egimu, abakungu baazzangamu amaanyi naye baayamba n'abalala okulaga ekifo ky'obuyinza mu kubaako aw'okugobererwa kw'amateeka.

Enkola y’Abalabe n’Enkola y’Eby’obufuzi

Ekiragiro kino tekikozesebwa kuleetawo bukugu mu by'enkola. Gavana ku kibiina ekitono mu ggwanga bakikozesa okulemesa abantu okukola enteekateeka zaabwe ez'amateeka naye nga tebatwala nteekateeka za bya bufuzi eziyinza okuleetera omuntu okulekera awo okukozesa embalirira y'enfuze. Ku luuyi olulala, bannamateeka ab'ekibiina kimu n'abasinga obungi bayinza okugikozesa okukaka abantu okukangavvuwa oba okumenya enkyuuka ku biragiro ebirala.

Okunoonyereza okuva mu [[NKULA] Olukiiko lw'eggwanga olw'Etteeka lya State kulaga nti gavumenti okweyawulamu kye kabonero akasingayo ddala enjawulo mu ngeri ebigambo gye bikozesebwamu. Mu biseera eby'okufuga ebibiina, bagavana bakozesa enkola ey'ekika kimu, okutereeza ensobi eza tekinologiya oba okuggyawo ebintu bye batwala nti bireeta obuzibu.

Emiganyulo mu Bufuzi bwa gavumenti n’Eby’Eby’Ensimbi

Ebiva mu kuteeka akantu ku ntegeka ya gavumenti tekireetera butateekamu n'obuwagizi. Abawagizi bagamba nti, kalonda okukebera obutereevu ku ngeri gy'asaasaanyamu amateeka, ekifuula sikaayiriza okuteekawo ensawo ezoosaawo, era ne kasobozesa okutereezebwa amangu nga tewali kireme kukyusa nkozesa ya driuni. Okunoonyereza kwa bannasayansi kulaga nti ebitundu ebiri mu lunyiriri olw'obusobozi bitera okukendeeza ku n'okuba nti embalirira y'enkola ya bya mateeka esobola okukendeeza ku n'okukendeeza embalirira ku biseera eby'okuzaala eby'enkola, wadde nga okusooleka okw'okwewala okwo kungi tekuyinza kwonooneka era kusisiteddwawo n'ensonga endala nnyingi.

Okukangavvula oba Okukugira Obungi?

Abawakanyi bagamba nti ekipande eky'omusinde kikola ng'ekitongole kya gavumenti okunafuya obuyinza bw'ensigibwawo ekikola ku mateeka. Gavana bw'aba nga tasobodde kuggyawo ebintu ebisaasaanyizibwako akakiiko akakola enteekateeka ya kampuni, era nga n'asalawo nti omusingi gulina obuyinza okukolebwako, kiyinza okuviirako okukendeeza ku nkola ereezebwawo eya gavana mu kifo ky'okwesamba ssomero. Mu nsonga ez'amaanyi, bannaakyewa bannaakyewa bakozesezzanga gwe baggye okuggyawo programu zonna, nga bawaliriza akakiiko akakola okukyusizza oba okukkiriza enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, ekiyinza okuba nga tekisoboka okuyitira mu mateeka aga bulijjo.

E kirala ekiyinza okukolebwa kwe kukozesa "veto" amaanyi agasobozesa okukyusa olulimi. Gavana ayinza okuggya ebigambo mu sentensi emu esobole okukyusa amakulu gaabyo nga bwe kyali mu Wisconsin. Ebikolwa ng'ebyo bitera okusoomoozebwa mu kkooti, naye enkola y'okunnyonnyola eyinza okuba mpanvu, ne kiviirako embalirira okuggwawo mu myezi mingi. Okubuusabuusa kuno kuyinza okulemesa enteekateeka y'obufuzi n'enkolagana wakati w'amatabi ga bannakyewa era n'ebyamateeka.

Okugattulula Omulamwa era n’Okubbanga Ebintu eby’Amaanyi

Enteekateeka za gavumenti zikoze ebipimo ebisobola okutangira ekkomo eriva mu kuwandiika olunyiriri . Amakampuni agamu gavunaanyizibwa okulaba nti buli kintu ekikolebwa kizingizibwa n'olulimi, ne kiba kizibu gavana okukiteeka ku kya mpuliziganya okusobola okukikolako. Ate era gavana akakwate "item venvito buppeation" ekyetaagisa okunnyonnyola buli veto mu kuwandiika, ekiyinza okuleetawo obwetaaze. Okugezaako okutaasaamu ensonga mu by'obufuzi kuyinza kubaako ensonga ez'eby'obufuzi. Okwewalaawula kungibwa, wadde nga kulimu ebbeeyi z'obuwandikiro eby'ennakulembedde eby'enjawulo. Mu mateeka, ebisaawerera ddala nga bikumi bibiri mu mitemwa gya gavana, tebiragibwa.

Emboozi ez'Okuddamu n'Ebiri ku Lukalala

Enkaayana Ezisiimibwa

  • [[AGUMENTI] Kino kiyamba omulimu gw'okusoosa ogubibwa mu ngeri eyo: Gavana ayinza okwetaaza ebikole eby'ente ennume enkalu oba programu ezikozesebwa obutafuna byuma ebimala.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Kino kireetera abakungu ba gavumenti okuba n'ensonga ze bavunaanyizibwa:[[[AK'AKATANDIKWA:1] Empuliziganya ziyinza okuvunaana bagavana olw'enkola y'ensengeka ya fayiro naye ne kiba kizibu okuziyisa obulungi.
  • [[[NT:0] Okukangavvula okukwata ku mateeka kukolebwako:[[[NT:1] Kino kileetera abafuzi okumanya nti ebintu ebyateekebwawo obulungi bisaanidde kukolebwako abateesiteesi.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kiyamba mu kuddukanya ebibamba:[[FUM:1] Mu bwewandikiro, baawulamu basobola okukendeeza ku byuma ne balinda ne babaako kye bakolawo mu nkola eya gavumenti.

Obutakkaanya Obuba Buzzeewo

  • [[AGUMENTI] era kifuga enkola ey'okussaawo amateeka mu kasawo:
  • [[Akawayiro:0] kisobola okukozesebwa mu kutegeka nti obutundutundu obulala busobola okuwerebwa ku mitendera egitali gimu:[[FUT:1] Gavana bayinza okuteekamu ebintu nga bagaanye enkola ya puloguramu, si lwa kuba nti ekintu ekyo tekikkirizibwa.
  • [[NKULULA] Kino kisobozesa omuntu okuyisa obubi abalala:[ Awandikiri empandika ey'ekitundu-veto ekkiriza amateeka okuwandikamu agayinza okulemesa enkola ey'okugoberera amateeka okugobererwa ddala.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kasobola okugatta obutereevu mu ntegeka:[[NKUMBO] Obukwafu'ayinza okubuteekamu ebintu ebiyinza okukaluubirirwa okubikwasa, ne kiviirako ebiwandiiko eby'enkola eya bulijjo okubugobererwa.

Okunoonyereza ku Busimba mu Buziba

Wisconsin: Ebitundu Ebirimu Veto n’Enkyukakyuka Ze Byakola

Tewali ggwanga lirina byakulabirako eby'enkukunala eby'okutandika olunyiriri translate translate nga ekozesa ebigambo Wisconsin. Mu 1995, Gavana Tommy Thompson yakozesa ekipande ekya kuwandiika amabaati "s,"" ne "r" okuva mu bigambo "singa 50% ku buli lupapula" mu lukusa olw'essente eza ttinizo, n'akyusa ebisaanyizo ebiziteeka ku "awuluyalibwa ne 0% mu ssi wansi wa 0% ey'omulimu". Ekitongole kino kyakakasibwa Court Supysen Court mu 1997, ne kiviirako okuwakana n'okuvumirira ekiwandiiko. Oluvannyuma, ekitongole ekiterekebwa kyateeka ekiwandiiko ekipya mu 2008, ekyakkirizibwamu ku buli kimu ku bintu, aprootaa, oba ebigambo, oba okugaana abafuzi b'ensolookanya. Naye, ekitongole ekyo tekyakyusizzaamu.

Mu 2019, Gavana Tony Evers (a Democrat) yakozesa olunyiriri ennukutaveto okuggyamu doola z'obuwumbi 300 mu kukozesa ennukuta eya Republican divior. Ba Republican baagezaako okukomyawo, naye ne balemererwa ku ezo ebbiri eziwera emirundi esatu. Ekyakolebwa kyalaga engeri veto gye yasigala nga kyakulwanyisa kya maanyi wadde nga waakayita mu 2008.

Pennsylvania: Veto Obufuzi n’Obunyoolagano bw’Eby’obufuzi

Gavana w'e Pennsylvania alina obuyinza okusazaamu ebintu mu by'ebiwandiiko ebigobererwa, naye ssemateeka w'eggwanga takkiriza gavana kukendeeza bintu. Mu 2020, Gavana Tom Wolvin yakozesa olunyiriri-item translateto okukuba ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti obukadde 2,5 okuva ku biwandiiko by'entongole, okuleetawo ensawo y'embalirira ssente mu by'enjigiriza. Ekiragiro kya Riphabliki-nfuga amateeka kyeyakola nga assawo akattu akattu akat'enkola nga bassaawamu ebiwandiiko bya ddoolagibwa. Ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti akakiiko akat'awula mu by'obufuzi obwa bulijjo kalina okukkirizibwa mu mateeka.

California: Embeera y’Edda Ekyukakyuka mu Nkola y’Edda

Mu kiseera kya California eky'enteegeeger mu myaka gya 2000 egyakayita, Gavana Schwarzenger yakozesanga olunyiriri-item translate translate okukendeeza ku nsawo ezikozesebwa mu bifo ebikuumibwa mu materekero, amaterekero g'amaterekero, n'ebitundu ebikola ku by'obujjanjabi mu by'obulamu. Mu 2009, yakuba obuwumbi obusukka mu doola doola 500 mu kawumbi z'Amerika, ng'agamba nti gavumenti yali tesobola kugigula. Ekiragiro kyayisa essente ezaatwalibwa okukendeeza abangi ababiri mu bungi. Eby'enkola ebyo byagooleka okukendeeza n'okweka obujanja, naye embeera y'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi mu myaka egiddako yalongoolebwa bulungi. [FFLT:0] Kino kyava mu ttalantalossss ebikozesebwa mu by'obuyigirize bw'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'ebyobufuzi ne mu ttalautiutizo, nga ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikoleddwa mu ma

Enkyukakyuka n’Ebinaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Omumugo Ebyakoma mu Kuwandiika

Bwe kiba nga kyaweyambisa enkaayana ezo, gavumenti eziwerako zilowoozezza ku kukyusa ebizingirwa mu bintu ebikolebwa mu nnyiriri. Ebirowoozo ebimu bigendererwa okukugira baveto okukola ebintu ebitegekebwa obulungi, okukomya obusobozi bwonna okukyusa olulimi. Abalala bameja abandibadde bawa abafuzi obwa "bakyusiza mu kuddamu kudda mu ntegeka" obuyinza obwandibasobozesezza okukomya ekiteeso ku kakiiko akategekebwa, nga kulonda ak'enjawulo tekukkirizibwa kufuga mu kifo eky'okulonda obululu. Ekibuuzo kino kye kimu n'ekiteeso ekyetaagisa mu 1998, okusobola okukendeeza ebizikwata ku by'enkola mu by'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola mu ku ku kukendeeza ssente ezikozesebwa mu ku by'obutongole.

Ekirala, kwe kutwala emikutu egigobererwa ku kusalawo kw'amateeka okusobola okugobererwa nga tekikkirizibwa. Kino kikendeeza ku bwetaavu bw'abakulu b'amasaza okuteekawo obwetwaze obw'ekiseera ekiwanvu era ne kikyusa omugugu ne guwa amasoka okulaba nti ebibadde bikozesebwa bikkirizibwa okukozesebwa buli luvannyuma lw'ekiseera. Eggwanga ezimu era zigezesezza n'ennyiriri ezigoberera enkola ya bannaago okusobozesa bannamateeka okukendeeza ku buli kipimo ky'ebigattiddwa mu mateeka, ekiba nga buli kintu ekikolebwako obwegattidde ku mateeka.

Empaka ezikwata ku nnyiriri eziriraanyewo teziyinza kukendeera. Ebiwandiiko bwe bitandika okukasana ku nsaasaanya, okugoba ebbeeyi y'embalirira, n'okukakala kw'ebiwandiiko, ekikozesebwa kye kimu ku b'obudde obwa bulijjo. Kkooti z'ensi zigenda zeeyongera okutereeza ensalo zaazo, era singa abakwasiddooti bamenya amateeka gaamu obuyinza. Ennyiriri 'v' tezirimu kifo eky'okussaawo enkalala, era teziri kikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'enkola ey'ekikaakaka. K'enkola eno y'emu ku ngeri eyolekamu wakati w'okuwa gavana omuyinjabi z'omulembe omutunja oba okuteekawo obugunja obuwagizi mu n'okuteekawo obukulembedde obw'omulembe.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kikozesa ebigambo nga musingi gwa pulogulamu nga nkola ya maanyi nnyo era esobozesa bannaakyemalira okusala enkola nga bakuba obusaale nga bakuba buli kintu okuva ku mateeka. Enkola yaakyo ya njawulo mu buli ggwanga nga yeesigamye ku mateeka, enkola y'amateeka, enkola za bya bufuzi, enfumo. Bwe bikozesebwa mu ngeri ey'amagezi, kiyinza okuleetawo okukangavvula n'okukugira amateeka agasingako. Singa kikozesebwa, kiyinza okukomyawo ab'obuyinza era ne basemba okuleetawo okusoomooza mu mateeka. Gavumenti ne zigenda nga zigenda nga zikyusiza ddala, olunyiriri-mat'olulimi lwenvumbo lujja okusigala ku n'obuyinza bw'abafuzi, n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu nkola eya demokulase. Okutegeera obulungi amateeka gaago, era ne buli muntu yenna ayagala okuteekawo obuzibu mu mateeka.