Ennyanjula: Emusingi gw’Okugoberera Amateeka

Enteekateeka y'amateeka mu Amereka si kitongole ekikuumirwa bannamateeka n'abalamuzi; nkola ya gavumenti esobola okuleetera buli mutuuze yenna okubaako ky'akola era n'agoberera. Okwenyigira mu nkola eyo tekikoma ku kugondera mateeka --it buteeberezebwa okulonda abalonde abakola amateeka, nga bakolera ku b'amateeka abasala emisango egisala eby'amazima, nga bawuliriza emisango gya gavumenti, era nga n'okusoomooza okusoomooza okusoomooza kwa gavumenti okuyitira mu kutegeezebwa. Ebiwandiiko bya kkooti enkulu mu Landmark ebimenyesement Supper binnyonnyola ensazeko n'enkola eyo, nga kikakasa nti enteekateeka eno esigala nga egoberera era ng'ekuuma eddembe ery'okutuukiriza obuwangwa obutuufu.

Obuvunaanyizibwa obw’Okwogera mu Ngeri ey’Eddembe:

Mu kugattika obugambi, oba mu kuwandiika ebigambo ebyangu okutegeera, enteekateeka z'eby'amateeka n'ebyobufuzi zisobola okukkirizibwa okuweerera ddala.

[[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kiwandika olunyiriri okuva mu '.' Des Moines Independent School Community [[[ZIMBE]] (1 969)

Mu misango egisinga okuwozesebwa ku bayizi, kkooti yagamba nti abayizi tebaasazaamu ddembe lyabwe ery'okuwummuzaamu Empuliziganya eyasooka ku geema. Mu 1965, Mary Beth Tinker, muganda we John, ne mukwano gwe yasiba ku ssomero engalo eziddugavu okusobola okwesamba Vietnam. Ssaawa z'essomero zaateekawo enkola eyakugira abaana okusiba emmesero n'okuziko. Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti okwogera kw'abayizi kwalinamu ebigambo eby'akabonero kukuumibwa okuggyako nga kusinziira ku ngeri gye balemesembyemu amasomero. Ekyo kyakakasa nti abavubuka beenyigidde mu mateeka okumenya amateeka, so si bakulumyewo buteesitemu. [FLT:]

[[AGUZI:0] Brandenburg v. Ohio[[:1] [-1] (11969)

Wadde Ekiragiro kino kyawandiikiriza omuyizi emboozi, Brandenburg era n'akyusa ensalo z'eby'obufuzi okussaawo ennukuta. Omukulembeze w'ekika kya Klux Klan yasingisibwa Omumenyi w'amateeka mu Ohio olw'ekigambo eky'obutujjukizi, olw'okusiibya obukyamu abantu abaddugavu n'Abayudaaya. Kkooti n'eb'Abayudaaya Supper yakyusa ekireetera enkola ey'amaanyi: ebikolwa ebimenyamenyamenyemenyemenyemenye bye bikuumibwa okuggyako nga (1) obukwasikiriziddwa oba okuvaamu ekikolwa ky'obujeemu ekikolebwa oba okuvaamu. Kino kiyinza okuviirako omumenyi w'amateeka okusiimula ekigenda mu kifo eky'omutindo ogw'enkala, era n'okugezesaamu mu ngeri ey'enna ey'ensonga ey'amaanyi. Era, mu ngeri eyo teyawukana mu nkola ey'eby'omulembereza ey'omulembereza ey'omu mateeka, eyinza okugo, ate eyo eyo eyo e

[[Akawayiro:0]Texas v. Johnson[[KITANDIKI] (1989)

Oboolyawo tewaaliwo nsonga eyinza okulaga bulungi amaanyi g'ebigambo eby'akabonero nga tegobereza ddala obunene bw'ennyimba okuggyako 'FOL] Johnson v.. Omuwaabi yayokya bendera y'Abamerika mu 1984 Republican National Convention okukalambira ku nkola ya Pulezidenti Reagan. Kkooti, mu kusalawo okw'akabonero, yakitwala nti ebendera ey'akabonero yakuumibwa mu Amereka agasooka. Ekiragiro kyanyiiza abantu bonna era ne kwegayirira okukomya enzijijira mu mateeka, naye era ne kiyongera omusingi ogugamba nti gavumenti teyinza kuziyiza kwogera bigambo bya Polezira. Kino oluusi kikwata ku nkola ey'amateeka kitegeeza okulwanirira eddembe ly'abo be tutakkiriziganya nabo. Kino kiraga nti amatabi g'olukiiko lwokkaasaze olw'olupapula lwonkana olwo lwonkana olumu oluvanyuvu okuwakanya endowooza y'abasinga obungi.

Obukuumi Obusobola Okulema Okunoonya n’Okuleka Obubonero: Eddembe ly’Okuna Erina Okugobererwa

Okusobola okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka emirundi mingi kyetaagisa okumanya ddi abakwasisa amateeka lwe bayinza okunoonya oba okunyaga ebintu, era ne kumanya biki ebiyinza okukolebwa singa bamenya amateeka ago. Kkooti Enkulu etaddewo olukuutivu mu nsonga ezisobozesa abantu okunoonyereza mu bukyamu n’okuzza omusango ab'obuyinza.

[[Act:0]Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ne Kkomo lya Exclussion Traument

Dollree Map yasingisibwa omusango ogw'okubeera n'ebintu eby'obuwemu oluvannyuma lwa poliisi okukebera amaka ge nga tewalina bujulizi butuufu. Kkooti Supper yasala nti obujulizi obufunibwa okuyitira mu kumenyebwa kw'Essaza ery'okutaano buteekwa okuggibwa mu misango egya sirrikiti. Kino kitegeeza nti “etteeka erya nnamba” lyakozesebwanga mu kkooti z'eggwanga zokka. ] [Kiragiro kyakolebwa okuziyiza obukyamu. eribatuuze b'abatuuze, kino kitegeeza nti okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka kizingiramu okubuusabuusa obukyamu mu kkooti. Singa obujulizi obukyamu bukwekeberezebwa, ekyo kiyinza okugwawo, naye nga kisigala nga kikyakyasinze mu kuwakanya nsonga.

[[AKITANDIKI] Terry v. Ohio[[AK'AWULA] (1968) era ne Sstat- and-Frisk

[[[FUN]] Kino kyalaga nti poliisi eyinza okuyimiriza omuntu n'ekukwata ebyokulwanyisa singa omuntu yeekengera nti omumenyi w'amateeka aba yeekutte. Kino kitegeeza nti “okuleka n'okuyimba] obuyinza butono ku kiviirako, naye nga businga ku kikolwa eky'omulembezi. Omukungu akiraze okuba n'akakala okusingako n'omuteekwa ku kyama. Omuwabuzi omuwawa ateekwa okumanyibwa ennyo. [[[FLT:] TY] Kino kiyinza okuba eky'amaanyi: singa ayimirira ku luguudo, omu ayinza okubuuza oba omukungu oyo aba akyayitiddeko, era singa agaziya okusinga ebyetaago ebisukka ebyetaago mu kifo eky'okwerinda ebikolebwa mu ntalo ezo zonna, ebiyinza okumenyawo ebirembe ebiyinza okumenya amateeka. [[F][5][5][F][19]

[[Akawayiro:0] Katz v. United States[[AK'AWULA] [[:1] (1967): Kisuubirira kya kyama ani atakyo

Nga [[NKULU:0], Obukuumi obw'okuna bwagattibwa ku bintu: singa omuntu ekifo kye ekinoonyezebwa, nga talina bukwasi; bwe kitaba bwe kityo, kiyinza obutakkirizibwa. Charles Katz yakwasibwa omusango okusinziira ku bujulizi okuva ku siteegi ya sitamenti ya bantu. Kkooti enkulu yakikakasa nti Omutemwa gw'ekyuma eky'okuna kikuuma abantu, so si bifo. Omuntu yafuuka abadde yeekebeesa obwamasamasamasa obwa kompyuta mu ngeri nti obwa kompyuta bwewandikiddwa “obwetaputa obwannannyini obwa bulijjo, era nti abantu bategeera nti obwamaguzi bwe bukkirizibwa. Okukyusiza mu nkola ey'omu mateeka leero kitegeeza nti omutemwa gwa kompyuta zisobola okwekwekebwa, nga zigoberera enkola ey'okukyusa mu bya tekinoonesenzizo.[5][5]

Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Obwenkanya: Okwenkanankana n’Okwawula mu Ngeri Ennungi

Bwe tutabaako kye tusalawo, tujja kukiraba nti okugattika oba okubaako kye tukolawo mu ngeri eyoleka obutali bwenkanya, era nti tuwagira enkola y'amateeka.

[[Akawayiro:0] Gideon v. Wainwright[[=KY'OKUZIMBA] (1963): Obudde obw'okuwabulako

Clarence Earl Gideon yasalirwa omusango ogw'okumenya ekisenge. Teyasobola kugula munnamateeka era n'awalirizibwa okwekiikirira. Yasalirwa omusango era n'asalirwa emyaka etaano mu kkomera. Okuva mu kaduukulu ke, yawa ekiragiro nga asaba mu kkooti enkulu, ng'awakanya nti Amateeka geetaagisa gavumenti okuwa abawaayiriza abamenyi b'amateeka. Kkooti zonna zikkiriza okugusika '[FFON]. Bray[FLT] v. [FOLT][12] (192]) era nti eddembe erya okwesalirawo lirina okukubagawanulira mu kkooti y'ensonga mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, lirina n'okuwagira enkola y'okuwagira enkola y'emu. [FFFF:] kubanga omu ku abo abali mu mukiikivu w'omukulembeze w'ekibiina ky'omumenyi w'amateeka: [FF] omu ku:] omu ku nsonga ezisinga okukyusiza mu mateeka mu Amedizo. Kino kikwata ku nkola y'oyo awagira akakyusizza omu ku nkola y'omu ku mu kkooti y'omu

[[Akawayiro:0] 'Brady v'. Maryland[[KITANDIKI] [1963] ate Entegeka za Discovery

Ennamba ezinaasobozesa abawozesebwa zizingiramu n'obujulizi obuzingiramu. Mu , mu buwagizi. Maryland v', kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abo abawaabirwa bateekwa okubikkula obujulizi obulaga nti bawaabi obwa bulijjo ku nsonga. Singa abawaabirwa bawa buwa bujulizi bulaga nti waliwo ebiwagarizo ebireetebwawo, obujulizi buyinza okuvuusibwa n'oguyitibwa. Kino kitegeeza nti “Etteeka lya Brady liba lirina kye likola eky'amaanyi ku muwaabikkuliriza oba abalambuzi ababufunamu obujulizi okuva ku nkola yaazo; bannamateeka era abalwanirira ensonga zaabwe basobola okubukozesa okulaba nti abawandiisi baweebwa omukisa mu bujjuvu era nga banoonya omukisa.

[[Akabonero:0] Duncan v. Louisiana[[AK'AWULA] [1968]: Obudde bw'okutongoza ekiragiro

Kumpi buli mumenyi w'amateeka yenna alina obuvunaanyizibwa okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y'abalamuzi singa ekibonerezo ekiyinza okusalibwa kisukka ku myezi mukaaga. Duncan v. Louisiana yagatta olukiiko olw'omukaaga olw'ebiwandiiko eby'abalamuzi olw'okukiisebwa mu kkooti. Kino kitegeeza nti okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka tewagirwa bannamateeka n'abawaayirizibwamu. Abatuuze b'eggwanga baweebwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okusala omusango era basalira omusango oba bannaagwo. Obuweereza bwa Jury y'emu ku ngeri ezisinga ez'obusokereza ezisinga okutongozebwa mu ggwanga. DUNCUN[FL:3] Kino kitegeeza nti omutemwa gw'amateeka tegulwamu. Abatuuze mu ggwanga abawagidde omusango mu kifo ky'okusalirwa omusango, tekkirizibwa gavumenti erwo.

Okwenyigira mu Ngeri y’Ebikwatako mu by’Eby’Amateeka Leero: Wadde nga Ndi mu Kkiiko

Emisango egiba giteekeddwa ku kabonero g'eby'obufuzi gimenya ensonda z'eddembe ly'abantu, naye buli lunaku okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka ekolebwa mu ngeri nnyingi.

Okwenyigira mu Ddiini n’Okugoberera Obukulembeze

Amateeka gaakolebwa abalonde abalondebwa era okulonda y'engeri enkulu abatuuze gye bakyusaamu amateeka. Kkooti enkulu ezze esala ku ntegeka z'okuvvunnanya, okuva ku Reynolds v. Siml (1964) okuteekawo “omuntu omu, okulonda omu" eri [FL:2] Shelby County v. Shourt) [2013]) Attira ku mateeka agafuga. Mu kulonda, abatuuze beenyi mu kulonda abalagizi, abalamuzi (mu magye agamu) n'abalamuzi. Enkola y'eby'amateeka teri ku nsonga ezifuga bokka naye enkiiko z'amateeka ze zisalawo ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Obuweereza bw’Omujusi: Omulimu gw’Omutuuze

Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, abalamuzi bakola nga bannannyini bantu okwegatta ku kakiiko akalamuzi. Okuweereza ku kakiiko akalamuzi kiwa abantu aba bulijjo amaanyi okunnyonnyola ebituufu n'okugoberera amateeka wansi w'obulagirizi bw'omulamuzi. Omusango Duncan gukakasa nti ekyo kituufu. Kkooti zeesigama ku bantu okutuukiriza omulimu guno, era abo abakola omulimu gw'amateeka. Okulemererwa okutegeeza omulimu gw'abalamuzi guba gulina okufeebya obuvunaanyizibwa obwo, kireetawo obukyamu ku nkola y'amateeka.

Ebibuuzo, Okukolokota, n’Ebikwata ku Amicus

Nga bannabyabufuzi tebannateekawo mateeka, batera okukkiriza ebyo bye boogera mu bantu. Abatuuze basobola okukyusa enviro, obulamu, n'obukuumi nga bawa ebiragiro ebibakwatako obulungi. Emboozi n'ebyokulabirako, ebikuumibwa Tinker[ ne [[FLT]] Brandenburg[, [kiyinza okuleetera abantu okukyusa endowooza yaabwe n'okukyusa ekitongole ekifuga enfuga enfuga enfuga enfuga. Enkola eno eyinza okusobozesa abantu aba bulijjo okwegatta ku lukalala. Enkola ey'enjawulo ey'okuyingiza mu kkomyukalubu. Enkola eno ekkirizibwa mu n'okujjuzaamu mu nfunze za kkooti.

Ebyakwata ku Kugaba n'Okusomesa Ebikwata ku Mateeka mu Kitundu

Abatuuze abamu beenyigira mu kuleeta amateeka oba ebikolwa ebisoomooza ab'obuyinza. Buli omu ku bannabyabufuzi ayogerwako wano[ Gideon, [[], [, [[[FLT:]][[4] Kajju][[[FLT]][AMENT]][[[5]]] Abatuuze baakirima] batandika nga bagaanye okukkiriza obukujjuzi. Okukolagana kutera okwetaagisa okukolagana n'entegeka za bannannyini ddembe nga ACLUU oba NaACCPFF Fund [F][9][9], naye kisigala nga kigimu ku nsonga endala. Abatuuze mu mateeka bwe bategeera eddembe lyabwe mu by'ebyo ebikolebwa. projectives [5][F9]

Olugero: Eky’Obusika Ekirabo

Omuntu okwenyigira mu nkola y'amateeka, aba alina obuvunaanyizibwa. Obubonero obwali buteekeddwawo mu kkooti esingayo obukulu buyigiriza nnyo eggwanga ku ngeri gye litwalamu emitindo gyayo. Ekiragiro kino kiyigiriza nti obuvumu okubugaana bukuumi; [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] buyigiriza nti eggwanga liteekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu kyama kya lyo; [[[FLT:]] Gideon[[[:5]] kiyigiriza nti obwenkanya tebuyinza kwesigamizibwa ku bya bugagga. Ebisalibwa bya bannaggwanga byeyongera okuzikwatako. Singa okuyitira mu kulonda, okusamba, oba okusala omusango, oba okugaana mu kkooti, buli muntu ayinza okwenyigira mu nsonga. Kkootikko kya bulijjo kikolebwa mu ngeri y'ensonga enfunze mu mateeka, era ne mu nkola y'enkola ya kakyo ya Amerekawo.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku nsonga ezikwata ku bitonde ebikola ku nsonga ez'enjawulo n'engeri y'okwegatta ku b'ekangalasa, kebera eby'obugagga ebiri ku ku kifo kya kkooti esinga obukulu [, SCUSTUSlog[[ mu kunoonyereza okw'ensonga, n'ebibiina ebiteeka essira ku buyigirize obwa mateeka. Jjukira: etteeka eri eri eri abantu, era nga liginyigiramu lisigala nga lyalamu.