Okutegeera Obumu bw’Etteeka erikwata ku Butebenkevu mu Bitongole Ebikola ku Kwesanyusaamu

Enjigiriza eno eyoleka obuzibu obwasooka era obw'amaanyi ennyo. Omuntu bw'afuna akabi ku buli kitongole kya Amerika ekikuuma empagi n'ebitongole eby'eby'okwesanyusaamu, abafuna ebisago ku makubo agatali gamu, oba abo abagenda okwesanyusa mu kidiba ekiba kiyimirizaamu eky'omulembedde mu ggwanga, abawa ekifaananyi eky'ekizibu ekyasooka. Omuntu bw'awakanya empagibwa mu bifo bya gavumenti ne mu bitongole eby'okwesanyusaamu, kiba kimwetaagisa okutegeera obulungi engeri gye kiyinza okugobererwamu, n'engeri gye kiyinza okutaawulwawo. Ekitundu kino kye ky'ekenneenya obulungi ensonga ezikwata ku kwerinda n'okujjuzibwa kw'ebyo ebikolebwa okuva mu bifo bya ssaza ne mu kwesanyusa, era ne kisobozesa abakungu abawagidde mu kifo eky'okumanyiirabikwata ku mateeka gano ag'omulimu.

Emirandira gy’Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Okukwata kw’Omuntu mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Enjigiriza ekwata ku kufuga okwokulwanyisa obwetwaze eddibukkulu mu mateeka g'Ekingereza aga bulijjo, omulamwa ogugamba nti “kabaka tasobola kukola kikyamu kyonna” kwewala suti ezikwata ku ngule. Mu Amerika, olukuutivu olw'okugikyusa[ olusooka ku lukalala lw'amateeka agafuga, olusingirwamu olusige olusingibwa gavumenti, olusingirwako etteeka erikugira gavumenti era olusigirwa abakungu mu lukiiko lw'amasaza. Kyokka, enjigiriza eyo esukka ku lukalala olunene olunene olw'amateeka era n'ago.

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti gavumenti ziyinza okukkiriziganya n'amateeka agafuga ensi, era n'etteeka liyinza okukugira gavumenti obutawangulwa mu mateeka agaamu, gamba ng'okukaka abantu okuweerera ku Kkubo ery'Okwawula Ekkumi n'ena. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti nnyingi ziragidde okulangirira ebintu ebikugira ennyo okukwatibwa, era nga mu mbeera ezimu zikkiriza oku kkooti okusalirwa omusango wansi w'embeera ezimu era nga zibaliko ekkomo.

Obubonero obufuga obufuga amawanga

Wadde nga Act (FTCA) [FFLT:1] ekiwa etteeka erikugira gavumenti ya Amerika okugobererwa abanyabizi ba gavumenti nnyingi, n'abateesiteesi ab'enfuga bagobererwa bakozesebwa mu ngeri ya njawulo. Eggwanga lirina amateeka agaalyo n'etteeka erikugira obuteefuga mu nsi yonna. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ya California espect ess Act enneesoboza mu ngeri y'okukulembereza gavumenti, ate Texas n'ateekawo enjigiriza enjereere ekwata ku bannaakyeke. Kino kireetawo obuzibu ku bwe kitabaamu mu kifo kya ssaza ne ku by'okwesanyusaamu.

Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna mu Bitongole Ebikola ku by’Eby’Okwesanyusaamu

Ebitera Okugambibwa Okumenya Eddaala ez’Eby’Okwesanyusaamu

Tuvunaanyizibwa ku bifo ebikuumirwamu eby'okuyitako ettaka nga mw'otwalidde n'amakubo, ebifo eby'okusiisira, ku nnyanja, ku mabbali g'emizannyo, ku byalo eby'omuzannyo n'ebifo ebituuza eby'okuwummuza emizannyo.

  • [[Akabonero:0] era ne kigwako akabenje[[AK'AWULA] ku kunyuma kw'ekkubo, ku makubo ag'okutambula oba mu bifo awasimba ebipakira akato.
  • Ebibuga [[NKULU][[FLT] ku lubalama lw'ennyanja, ku nnyanja, oba ku bidiba ebiwugiramu.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obulumi okuva ku bintu eby'okwesanyusaamu[[[NT]] gamba ng'ebifo we tuzannyira, oba amaloboozi agassuka mu bisenge, oba amazzi.
  • [[Akabenje] Akabenje ak'omu zzaabu kazingiramu emmotoka ezisaasaanyizibwa oba embeera ez'akabi mu mapakiti.
  • [[AK'AKA] Akawayiro kano kaleetera ekiragiro okufuna obubeezi obwa kabenje obwa [[[NKULA] 1] mu bifo eby'akabi eri abalambuzi, mu kabuyonjo, oba mu bifo eby'okwesanyusaamu.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Akabenje ak'okuyita n'okuyita amazzi ku kibuyaga[[KITANDIKI]] olw'obulagajjavu mu kukolawo ebidduka ku mwalo oba olw'okulemererwa okuwa amagezi ku kabi akayinza okuva mu mazzi.

Mu buli mbeera ezo, omukungu ateekwa okusooka okugaana okulaba obanga ensonga ezikwata ku gavumenti ziyinza okusaasaana oba singa omuntu agaana okubaako ky’akolawo.

Omulimu gwa Gavumenti gukola

Enjawulo enkulu mu mateeka agabafuga ekkirizibwa eri wakati w'omulimu gwa gavumenti n'ogw'okufuga n'okufuga proprotrietations[. Enteekateeka za gavumenti zikolebwa kuganyula bantu bonna, naye emirimu gya gavumenti gisobola okukolebwako bizineesi eza bannannyini. Mu bitundu bingi, tegikukkiriza kukola mirimu gya gavumenti; singa ekitongole kyonna kiyingira mu nzikkiriza ya gavumenti, giyinza okutwalibwa nga kinnakyewandikiro kyonna.

Ku bifo ebikuumirwamu eby'eby'okwesanyusaamu, enjawulo eno etera okukyikwako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuddukanya ekifo kya gavumenti kitwalibwa ng'omulimu gwa gavumenti kubanga kikolera abantu mu kifo ekyateekebwawo gavumenti. Kyokka, gavumenti ezimu zigamba nti okusobola okuddukanya kampuni y'omugooti, okukkiririzibwa, oba okukyusizako ebizigo mu paki, kye kikola ekikolebwa mu kukgeesa. Omusango guyinza okwesigamizibwa ku gavumenti oba guba gulinako obweyamo oba gulina ebbaliro. Ekitongole kino kiyamba okutegeera obulungi obwawumbi bw'ensonga bw'ensonga eyo. Ekitongole ekitongole kya gavumenti ekitegeka nti 'FLT' kiyinza okuzingirwako.[FLT':1]

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Obufuzi obw’Okufuga Byonna: Amateeka n’Ebyetaagisa

Ebikolwa Ebigambibwa mu Kkomera

Kumpi buli ggwanga likwasizza ekikolwa eky'okukwata ekikolebwako nga nti gavumenti teyetongodde engeri ezimu ez'okwewandisaamu. Amateeka gano gakkiriza okumenya enkyukyuka ezikwata ku bannabyabufuzi ez'obugayaanyi okufaananako obw'omuntu eyeega yekka, okusobola okusiba ebisale ne by'okuyingiza ebisaanyizo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, [[FLT:] KGUUMENTAMENT Act kyetaagisa okumenya etteeka erikwata ku gavumenti mu bitundu by'ensi eno mu myezi mukaaga egy'okusiba ebizito. Mu bitundu nga New York (yewamalfu w'ebyewawawazo ebizibwa), Florida (mu myaka esatu esatu) era n'etaamanyisa kimu ku ebyo ebisalibwa mu bitundu mukaaga.

Singa omuyinja agaana okugoberera obulagirizi buno, ensonga eyinza okuwerebwa, wadde nga gavumenti ekuuma embeera ey'akabi. Akatego kano kaleetera omuntu yenna aba atuusiddwako ebisago mu kifo kya ssematabi okujja mu mukungu okulambula ewama.

Okukozesa Amateeka mu Kwesanyusaamu: Emirimu egy’Enjawulo

Ng'oggyeko okwetongoza ebiwandikiro, eggwanga emirundi mingi lirina amateeka agafuga enkola ez'okwesanyusa, agakugira nnannyini ttaka okuteeka ensi ey'okwesanyusa ku bwannannyinimunifo awatali kugikola. Amateeka gano, gaategekebwa okukubiriza abantu okuggulawo ebibanja byabwe okusobola okwesanyusa, era gakozeseza n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga ebiwundu bya gavumenti, singa embeera tezikolako mu ngeri ey'okwesanyusa, okuggyako nga yeeyisa obubi obw'amaanyi. [[FLT:] Amateeka ga New York gakozeseddwa okuggulawo ebikolerwamu okusobola okuwummula ebibye mu nsi, nga n'obutebe bw'eby'eby'okwesanyusaamu, okuggyako ng'okutambula mu bifo eby'okunoonya obubuyonjo, n'okunoonya obubuvubi mu kifo eky'okuyingira mu by'okutambula mu kifo eky'okuyingira mu n'okunoonya obulambula. [FF][4]

Omuntu atwala obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukuuma obutonde ateekwa okuwangula ebiba byuma ebikuuma okulwanyisa endwadde era n’eby’okwesanyusaamu ebiziyiza okulwanyisa endwadde, nga kino kyetaagisa obutafaayo ku bizibu ebimanyiddwa.

Ebigaba Obuyambi mu Bifo by’Edda n’Eby’Okwesanyusaamu

Ebiraga Obuto n’Ebitundu mu Kiwandiiko kya 1983

Ekimu ku ebyo ebyetaagisibwa ennyo ku bukuumi obufuga eddembe ly'obwetwaze kibaamu singa omukkirizi akkiriza obuwandiike obw'okulwanirira eddembe ly'enfuga wansi wa 42 U.U. . obuwangwa obukyamu olw'okumenya amateeka oba etteeka lya ssemateeka. Mu buwandikiro obwa 1441, Consertssion errecument errecument errecument arrecument ebirecument ebirrecument ebirrecument ebirreetebwa okulwanirira eddembe erya limukkiriza okulwanirira eddembe erya limu n'enkola nga bwe limukongojjedwa, oba obuwaze. Kyokka, mu Ekitongole ky'eggwanga ekya Michigan ekya Polic [[F:], 491], U.[194] Kikkiriza ekitongole kyonna okutabo (19989), okutaakyambisibwa okutawa mu k'omuteeso. Olupapula lw'omulimu lw'omuti.[

Wadde kiri kityo, abo abakola ku bifo omuli ebikolwa eby’obugwenyufu ku buli omu, baba banenya abo abawagidde abapangisa ku bifo ebyo nga babakaka abantu okukola ebintu ebitali bimu, oba nga bateeka amateeka agakwata ku busosoze mu bifo ebyo, oba singa omukungu oyo avunaanibwa omusango ku bubwe.

Enjigiriza ya Waiver-by-Conduct

Kkooti ezimu zimanyi nti singa gavumenti ereme okutaasa okulwanyisa abantu abo nga yeeyisa mu ngeri emu oba endala, oba nga yeeyingiza mu ndagaano.

Ensi ey'Ebugwanjuba n'EFTCA

Kikulu nnyo okumanya nti aparkero nnyingi ez'amawanga zirabirirwa omulimu gwa National Parker, ekitongole kya gavumenti. Lawsuit ku bufunvu bwa gavumenti kisibuka wansi w'ekitongole ekifuga Fulear Tort Acties Act (FKA)[FLT]] , ekisobozesa ebisaze eby'enkomeredde okukola ku nzikiza ez'amaanyi ezireetebwa abakozesa ba gavumenti, era ekituukana n'obuteekwasiro obuba nga bakolera abawaze oba ebikyamu, ekitegeeza obuteesobozo obubagirwa ab'abakozi mu kyamasaza.[FT] Era, ekivaamu kiyinza okubaamu obulagirizi ku mulimu ogwa bulijjo, obukola ebikolebwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Okusinziira ku nkola y'enkola ya CCA, ebikolebwa ku nsonga eziragiddwawo mu mateeka, ebitegekebwawo ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu nsi yonna, oba mu ngeri enneetakkirizibwa okumanyibwa.[FFT]

Obuzibu mu Bitongole by'Eddagala eby’E Suing State Parks

Weetegereze Ebisaanyizo

Nga bwe kyayogeddwako waggulu, eggwanga liteekwa okutegeeza ekintu ekinaakolebwako mu ngeri entegeke obulungi obujulizi obwa buliko kye kikolako n'ekitongole kya gavumenti oba munnamateeka wa gavumenti nga tannasiba lukalala lwa kkooti. Olupapula luteekwa okuba nga luzingiramu kalonda yenna akwata ku: ennaku, obudde, n'ekifo ekikolebwako; ebinnyonnyonnyolwa ku kikolwa; ebisagooberwa nga bimala; era nga n'ebbeeyi by'obusasikero. Obungi bw'ebirungi ebisasusse bisobola okuvaamu kkomo oba okukireetera okusaza ekiwandiiko ekimalako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu ekitongole ky'okunoonyereza n'okubuuza ebikolebwamu ebitegekebwa ebimenyesa, olukiiko olwo teruugana bulungi olw'olupapula lw'amasanyuma.

Ekiragiro bwe kiba kya kyazuuzibwa, ebiseera byetaagibwa okusobola okuwa amalagiro biba bimpi nnyo. N'olwekyo, singa kampuni zibaamu ekirango, tewabaawo kuba na budde bumala. Era singa gavumenti zikola nga z'abawandiisi baayo be bannaazo zeetaaga okumanya ebifa ku gavumenti emu okw'enjawulo.

Obunafu

Ne bwe kiba nti amalagiro gamaze okuteekebwa mu kiwandiiko ekituufu, ekiseera eky'okutandika oku kkooti kitera kumala bumpi nnyo okusinga etteeka erifuga ebikyamu ebikolebwa omuntu by'aba afunye. Mu bitundu bingi, abawandiisi ba tort batemamu etteeka eriragira ddala ekkomo lya mu mwaka gumu oba nate ntono nga bamaze okujjukirwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu New York, suti eteekwa okukolebwa mu mwaka gumu oba ennaku 90 oluvannyuma lw'okulagula ebirego (teeba nga bifunzidwa). Ekiragiro kino kibulako omukolo guno guba gwa kufa.

Okuddukanyizibwa Enzijanjaba z’Eddembe

Gavumenti ezimu zetaasa abo abawa obukwasizo okusa obutongole bw'eby'ensi nga tebannagenda mu kkooti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole kya California Parks ne perlations kiwandikiddwa nti ebitongole ebikola ku by'esamba ssemasaza birina enkola eteekeddwa okugobererwa mu kkooti nga tezinnasazesebwa.

Enjawulo Ezili mu Buwandiike n'Ebigambo Ebiba Bizzewo

California

Gavumenti ya California Accounts Act (Gov’t Court comment 16) ewa kalonda yenna akwata ku kwefuga awateetwa omuwendo gwa tort naye nga walina bye kikwetaagisa ebikakali. Wabula, mu Actal of California v. Kkooti enkulu[FLT [FLT set set seq]], Kkooti enkulu ey'omu California ewagira etteeka erigamba nti gavumenti ewandikiridde oluba olw'okuteekako olukalala olw'ekiragiro. Gavumenti era yawatise ewa ewa kakwate ne ku mbeera ey'akabi ku by'obugagga ebya lukalulwa mu kifo eki bulijjo. Kkootikko, ekitebe ekikulu kiyinza obutabaako aw'obutebenkera ate ne kiyinza kufuga oba okulunganyanyisa embeera ey'akabi mu kiseera ekyo.

New York

Kkooti ya New York ey'ewandiise nti gavumenti esaanidde okusingirwa mu ngeri y'emu n'ey'omuntu eyewatu naye kasasiti ziteekwa okuleetebwa mu kkooti ey'okugamba, so si mu kkooti enkulu. Etteeka ery'okwesanyusa liwa etteeka erikugira ebikolebwa ku wuzi ez'enjawulo, naye Kkooti y'Akakwate y'Abeeyungibwamu eteekeddwa okuteekebwa mu budde nga y'obululu obw'amaanyi era ne ku mbeera nga gavumenti esaba ssente ez'okukkirizibwa. Ferress v. Ekibuga kya New Rochellel, kkooti yagamba nti okubuuka mu luyimba olw'okwesanyusaamu kwalibwa, tekukkiriza mu kiseera gavumenti lwe yawayirizaamu kukozesebwa mu kidiba.

Texas

Enteekateeka ya Texas ey'okwerinda efugibwa testas Act. Ekiviirako okukuumibwa kw'emmotoka okutawaanyizibwa, ebisago n'ebisago ebireetebwawo olw'embeera ezimu ez'ebintu. Ku pakifo, ebiteeberezebwa biteekwa kuba bitono: omuwandikibwa ateekwa okulaga nti embeera y'ensi erina okumanya ddala obunafu era nti embeera yaleetawo akabi ak'amaanyi. mu kitongole kya Parks ne Wild Wild Wild Wild ne Dr. Mirada, olukiiko olukulu olw'omu Texas lwewazeseeyo teyetongodde ku kwewanjula okuva mu ssaza, era n'okufuga kwafuga kwa gavumenti okulemererwa okuleeta obulamu bw'omulembe.

Florida

Florida teyetongodde olw'okuba ekitongole kya Florida Tort Actiess Act (768.28, Fla. Stat) kye kifuga olukalala lw'abakuumi b'omu Florida. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa okuwandiisa ebiteetwa ku bantu doola 1000,000 buli muntu ate nga buli mwaka ddoola 1000,000 buli mwaka.

Ebirowoozo Ebiganyula Abawabuulizi b’Enkuuliro n’Ebiruubirirwa

Eri Abakolopoota: Okukola Omusango Wadde nga Waliwo Omusango

Singa omukozi wa gavumenti afuna ebisago mu kifo awakuumirwa eby'okwesanyusaamu, ekisooka kwe kumanya ekiwandiikibwa gavumenti era n'ekiragiro ekikkirizibwa. Okubuulirira kusaanidde kukebera mangu ago okulaba ebisaanyizo era kutegeezebwe oba ku mateeka. Okunoonyereza kulaga obanga ekifo ekyo kiwalibwawo ssente ez'okukola ebiteeweebwa oba nti kiyinza okugobererwa ab'emirimu, kubanga kuyinza okumenya amateeka. Nga kusinziira ku ngeri gye beeyisaamu nga waliwo ekigudde olubengo, jjuuuzi oluvanyufu olw'okwewala okwemulugunya ku kikolwa eky'obutego obutuufu, nga bannannyini abakozi ab'obukyamagoba babadde baagala kuyingira mugugungo.

Okubuulirira okw’Abo Abaziyiza Obujaasi: Okusalawo Obumu

Okubuulirira okw'eby'obufuzi okukwata ku bifo ebikuumirwa eby'okwerinda ne ku by'okwesanyusaamu kusaanidde okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'obwannannyini: okubula ku bubaka, obutakola bintu, oba obutatuukiriza kalonda yenna abikwata ku biseera byayo. Mu ngeri endala, kiba kikulu okutegeeza nti ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti biremeddwa okusasulira enzijanjaba y'eby'obufuzi. Bwe bibaamu ebiteeso, bireetawo obukyasinze mu kusalawo, nga bisinziira ku mitendera egibangiddwawo oba gyewandiikiddwamu.

Enkola Ezeetaagisa Gye buvuddeko awo n’Obulagirizi Obubaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Ekiragiro kino kifuga obutonde bwonna.

Mu kawumpuli eya Chovid-19, gavumenti eziwerako zaayisa etteeka eritavunaanibwa bannabizineesi oba ebibiina bya gavumenti okusobola okufuna obubenje olw'obuvanjuba. Eggwanga ezimu zagaziya obuwuka obwo ne zigenda ku pakifo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kaalifornia’s AB 161020 (2020) kyayamba ebiwango bya gavumenti obutatuukibwako kabi mu biseera eby'omu maaso okutawawuka n'obulwadde obwo. Ebiteesoosoozo ebyo ne ku ku ku nsonga ezireetebwa muwandikiro. Wadde nga amateeka ga'akaseera, ekiragiro kiyinza okusobozesa amacapaatiro okugaziwa ku bukuumibwa mu bwangu obw'akawumba.

Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka mu Budde n’Ebifo by’Ennyanja Ebikolebwamu

Ng'enkyukakyuka y'obudde yeeyongera okukoleera omuliro ogutazikira, amataba, era n'obudde obw'amaanyi, ebifo bya gavumenti biyolekagana n'akabi ak'amaanyi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa pakifo wekikomera okuziba ekkubo mu kiseera eky'okulabula omuliro ogumyufu era nga n'omuliro guleeta ebiwundu, abawagizi bayinza okugamba nti eggwanga lyalina omulimu ogw'okulabula. Kyokka, okusala ku nsonga eziba zigenda okusembera, ensala z'ebigere bye ziba ziguddewo.

fundikira

Omuntu akyetongooze ekiwagidde okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, naye tekisuubibwa. Empuliziganya ennungi kwetaagisa okutegeera obulungi emitindo gya gavumenti, okugoberera obulagirizi, okubuuka n'obw'eby'okwesanyusaamu, era n'okunoonyereza ku mirimu egitali gimu, era oluusi n'ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kutuukiriza emirimu gy'eggwanga oba okumenya amateeka. Attorney akiikirira abawaabi n'abawaayirizi bonna. Bino bitegeeza okusasula amateeka n'emisango gya gavumenti, ng'amateeka gatambula mpolampola naye nga galina ebizibu ebirala ebikulu. Bwe beekenneenya ensonga ezikwata ku by'okuziyiza ebikemo, abakugubwa obuteebuzi, ne byeyongera mu by'obuwabuzi, bye bisobozesa okusasula ebiteewagirwa mu ku kubaako kyewandikiro oba okusasula obudduukirirwa mu n'okuterekebwa mu kkooti endala. [5][0] K'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekiryuukiriira entebe ky'eyongera okunoonyereza ekiwa ennyo mu n'okukyuunya enkola.[5