Okutegeera Obumu bw’Empisa y’Obufuzi bw’Ensi

Enjigiriza egamba nti abantu ba gavumenti bavunaanyizibwa olw'okumenya eddembe ly'abantu. Enjigiriza eno yeewala okuvunaanibwa mu kkooti y'ensi awatali kukkiriza. Wadde nga yatwalibwa ng'obukuumi eri abantu abawagizi gavumenti olw'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Enkola eno ereetebwawo etteeka ery'edda erigamba nti "kabaka tayinza kukola kikyamu kyonna." Enjigiriza eno ekuuma abantu obutatwalibwa mu kkooti y'ensi yonna nga tebakkiriza.

Ku nkuta ya United States tewateekebwawo butereevu butereevu obufuga gavumenti okuggyako nti yatongozebwa mu Lukiiko lwa gavumenti olwasooka naye yateekebwawo nnyo olukuutivu olw'Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusa Enteerye mu mwaka gwa 1795. Olukiiko olwo lugamba: "Amaanyi agasala omusango mu Amerika tegalina kutwalibwa ng'agoolekawo mu mateeka oba okugattika oba obutakola, agavunaanibwa mu ggwanga lyonna eryetongodde oba obukulembedde, ekitongole ekiva mu ggwanga okuggyako nga abatuuze oba abatuuze b'eggwanga eddala bago oba ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikola mu ggwanga ebirala." Mu byasa ebikumi bibiri, kkooti enkulu tezingirwa mu mateeka, era tegattirwa ggwanga eriruusibwamu abatuuze.

Eri abawagizi b'eddembe ly'abantu, kikulu okutegeera engeri gye lirinamu okulwanyisa obwetwaze. Enjigiriza eno esobola okukomya obusobozi bw'ebitongole bya gavumenti, abakungu ba gavumenti mu buyinza bwabwe, era n'abazimbi ba gavumenti mu ngeri ezimu. Era ereetera abantu okubaamu ekifo eky'enkaayana ennyo ekiyinza okukolebwako nga gavumenti (etaagala kufugibwa bufuzi obwa bulijjo) naye nga tekulwanyisa gavumenti.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Endowooza y’Edda ku Bukulu bw’Eby’Amateeka

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Emwenda n’Okunnyonnyola Esooka

Obukugu mu kkooti ey'ensi yonna obwaweza obukujjukujju bwava mu kkooti enkulu eya 1793 Chachilm v. Georgia, nga kkooti gye yasinziira nti omuntu omu yekka asobola okusemba obutuuze mu kkooti y'ensi emu. Ekiragiro kyanyiiza nnyo abakkirizi b'obuyinza, ne kiviirako okutongozebwa amangu mu kkooti y'ensi. [FLT:] Olukiiko olwatongozaamu okutongozaamu ensonga. Olukiiko olwo lwayisaamu enkomeredde ennyo eky'enkomerero mu ngeri ey'obuteempeerezi. Olukiiko olwo lwayisa nga ekyasaze ekyasatu, ekyasatu kye kyamanyibwa nga ekyasaanyewo ekikumi n'okutu, era nga kyenyinyiirwamumumumumumumu, era nga mu kkooti y'olukiiko olwo terunnyinyisiddwamu. Kyokka, kkooti z'olukiiko olukulu teruumirizibwamu, era tezikyungibwawo kkooti z'amateeka zigenda okugobe.

Okusoma kuno kwakyusa engeri y'okwefuga okuva ku mateeka ne kufuuka musingi gwa grandment. Oluvannyuma kkooti yawa obukuumi bwe bumu eri ebisago mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu Alden v. Maine' (1999), nga kwalina nti gavumenti tezisobola kusalirwa mu kkooti zaabwe nga tezikkirizza, ka kube nga zimenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ebyo byonna byayamba okuteekawo ekibalemesa eky'enkomeredde nti abateesoso okuddukanya eddembe lya bantu ba bulijjo bateekwa okubuukako nga basoose kukakasa kiwandikiro.

Okukuba Amaanyi mu kizimbe n’Enkomerero Zaakyo

Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza ensibuko bbiri enkulu ez'amaanyi mu kukkirizisa gavumenti: Ekisenge 5 ku kitongole ekya 14 eky'okukyusaamu (ekisobozesa abantu okufuna obukuumi bwe bumu n'engeri ez'enjawulo eziba zigobererwa) era ne kkooti eyo etaddewo ekkomo ku buyinza obwo.

Mu Florida, kkooti yagamba nti Kkooti tesobola kukozesa buyinza bwayo obwa Clausone ku butebenkevu obwa bulijjo mu ggwanga. Kino kyasalawo olukalala olw'enkola ya Indian Gammigation Regargeritation Act era n'eraga nti Kkooti ekuuma gavumenti obutakwata ku mateeka. Kkooti ekkiriza abantu okukyuka obwa nnamba wansi w'Ekitundu 5 eky'Emitemerekko, naye singa amateeka gaba "Ggwenyi n'eb'empandika" ey'okulaga enkola ey'okugoba mu ggwanga. Ekyo kyagoberebwa mu [FFOK:] era ne ku Kkootikko ya Florida. [2]

Ebiragiro bino bissaawo enteekateeka ey'okukuuma abantu mu ngeri entegeke obulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omutwe VII ku kakwate ka Civil Rights Act aka 1964 (okusinziira ku kusosola mu by'emirimu olw'eggwanga, langi, eddiini, oba ebweru w'eggwanga) mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, guteekawo obutebenkevu mu kukakasibwa obwa nnawookkonoze kubanga kisobozesa abantu okukakasibwa enkola y'okukukuuma kaweefube oyo enkanyi ezisukka ku bunene eya Claatifomu ya Clausce Clauslee [FOL:], ng'abo abali mu Amerekawo nga abakosebwa n'omulimu, baasooka okusukka obuyinza 5 mu ] Board of Trices of the University of Alabacce v. Garret [FL.2001] [2001], nga ku nsonga enkulu ekkiriza okumanyibwa ennyo okumanyibwa kw'ebyo ebiva mu kkooti z'ebyo ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu mateeka eby'ebyo. LaFLT.[FFFT][3][3][

Ekisumuluzo Ekiva ku Mufuzi w’Obufuzi

Wadde nga enjigiriza eyo nnene, bangi bawa abapangisa eddembe lya bantu basobole okufuna obuweerero. Okutegeera obusosoze buno kiyamba nnyo mu kuyigiriza obutuufu bw'amateeka.

Empandiika y’Abato n’Abakungu mu Gavumenti

Ekyegombebwa ekisingayo obukulu kyava mu kkooti ekola ku nsonga eya 1908 Ex erroote Young. Kkooti enkulu yagamba nti abantu abamu bayinza okusalira abakungu ba gavumenti omusango nga bakkirizibwa okuwerebwa obuwagizi obubasuubira okulekera awo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ebbeeyi y'eggwanga ekkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti okuleka abakungu ba gavumenti okumenya amateeka, okufulumya abasibe okumenya amateeka, oba okuzza obuddukiro mu mateeka.

Exparte Young liba likokkokkofu eriggumizibwa ku ddembe ly'abantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuwagizi awakanya obukalu bwa gavumenti asobola okusemba akakiiko akakola ku kkooti okukakasa abaami ba gavumenti. Mu ngeri y'emu, omusibe asiba omukambwe n'ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo ayinza okusiba omukuumi w'ekkomera okukkirizibwa okufuna obuweerero. Kyokka, okugyewawawawa ssente ku k'eggwanga okufiirwa obwa zzawo obuddukiro obwa bulijjo. Okuzza obujase ku kiwandukusirwamu, okuzza ebisale by'okugoba ebiva mu kkooti ku n'okugoba ebiva mu nkola y'emu mu mateeka kiyinza okukyusiza omukuumi w'eddembe.

Embeera Ejja ng’Eyongojjeddwamu

Gavumenti ziyinza kyeyagalire okumenya amateeka ageetaagibwa okulwanyisa obulyi bw'enguzi n'okugakkiriza. N'olwekyo, singa waiver zikkirizibwa mu mateeka g'ensi, ekyo kiyinza okutegeeza nga zikozesa enkola y'okwewombeka nga ziyitira mu bikolwa nga ziggya omusango mu kkooti. Gavumenti nnyingi ziwayizza ebiwandiikiddwa okukkiriza okukkomola ekkomo eriko ektongole kya gavumenti, naye nga ziyinza okuteeka amateeka amafunze, era nga zeetaagisa abakkirizi okukolera ku biragiro eby'okulabula.

Era kisoboka singa gavumenti ekkiriza ensimbi singa etteeka erikwata ku ssente likkirizibwa. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu etaddewo etteeka "Lw'okukkiriziganya": Consert eririna okukyogerako okusobola okumanyisa essente z'ensimbi z'ewawa oyo aleme okukuumibwa. Olulimi olwo bwe luba lukkirizibwa okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, buli muntu awandiddwa ssente z'eggwanga luyinza obutamala.

Embale Zammwe mu Kitundu Ekya 1983

42.C. mu 1983 kye kitongole ekikulu mu kulwanirira amateeka era n'endembe ezigattika bannabyabufuzi. Wadde nga 2016 1983 ekkiriza enguudo okuwakanya "person" wansi w'amateeka, kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti ebitongole bya gavumenti si bya bantu mu ngeri ey'ekika kya waggulu. Kino kitegeeza nti omukungu tayinza kuvunaana ggwanga olw'ebyo ebiva mu ttuluba lyennyini wansi wa 76 1983. Kyokka, abakungu ba gavumenti kinnoomu bayinza okusalibwa mu buyinza bwabwe obw'okusasula ebbanja, singa tebakkirizibwa kutuukiriza bisaanyizo ebyo bye balina. Okugatta ku ebyo, ebitongole bya gavumenti tebireetera kutwalibwa nga "person" era nga mu 1983awerezebwa olw'ensonga nnyingi olw'okumenyaamenya amateeka.

Eri abo abawagira e ddembe ly'abantu, enjawulo eno eggumiza obukulu bw'okwawula n'obwegendereza omuwaabi abeere n'obuyinza mu busobozi bwabwe, yeewala okulwanirira abo abalina obusobozi obw'okuziyiza endwadde, abakungu abo ne bakuuma obuwagizi obutabaako musango okuggyako nga bamenye amateeka "gaanyweredde ddala". Okugattulira ddala obuteefuga era n'obusobozi bw'okuziyiza obutuufu, bireetawo obuzibu obw'emirundi ebiri obw'okutandikira ku nsonga yonna.

Okusoberwa kw’Emisango

Obuzibu mu Bifo Ebimu

Omuntu bw'aba ow'okutuuka ku buli kifo ekirwadde ekya nnawookeera, aba afuna obuwangwa obukyamu, abakungu ba gavumenti bayinza okusiba abakungu ba poliisi naye ne batasobola kugaana bapoliisi kubaako kye babakolako okuggyako nga gavumenti emaze okutawaanyizibwawo. Mu eddembe ly'abasibe, ebiteeso nga biwambiddwa ekitongole kya gavumenti, nga byewandisizza essusiro erirukira ekitongole ky'obujjanjabi ku bujjanjabi, ebireetebwa ebirengo eby'okusasula ebizingirwamu bibbiddwawo mu ngeri y'emu singa banoonya obusawo obusaze obw'okusasula ssente.

Abakuutira eddembe ly'obwannannyini boolekaganye n'ebizibu eby'amaanyi. Abakugu abo Bannabyabuwandisi abava ku Tsuubikira mu mboozi z'ebiwandikiro. Bwe bamala okuzuula obusosoze mu by'emirimu, bannannyini basigala nga tebasasulwa mirimu. Abakozi abaliko obulema okwesigama ku bujjanjabi bw'amateeka oba obusobozi bwabwe okubuggya ku bannannyini. Wadde nga obuwerezo obuva mu Ex erce Young Kino kisigalawo, ebiva mu ebyo ebivaako ebiva mu butakola kiyinza okukalubya, n'okukebeesawo ebiva mu ku bizibu ebireetebwawo kiyinza okuleetera ab'obuyinza okukola n'okugondera ebiva mu buyinza.

Mu kifo kya ak'eddembe , obusobozi bw'okwefuga obwa bulijjo bukozesebwa mu kugoba amateeka ga ssemateeka, aga ID, n'okusaanyawo obululu. Ekiragiro ekiyitibwa Voting Rights Act ekya 1965 kikosezza obutementi obw'okukugira eddembe eririna ku ntegeka wansi w'ekika kya 5 eky'ekikumi eky'ekkumina eky'okubiri, bwe kityo amateeka ne gayinza okusalibwa obutereeze mu kumenya amateeka ago. Wadde nga ebisaze ebisalibwa ebya brooteesiteesi bitegeeza nti amateeka amalala ag'okulonda tegayinza kuteekawo kkopi y'emu mu Kitundu 5 eky'ekikumi kya 141 eky'etteeka ekyo.

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obwaweebwa Abali mu Bukiiko Obulungi

Wadde nga waliwo ebibalemesa, abawagira enkola eno basobodde okukola obulungi. Engeri esingirayo ddala ey'omuganyulo kwe kugattika omukungu wa gavumenti wansi wa [FL:0] ex pace Young nga yeekwasa enzigo omukungu z'alinako. Kino kisobozesa omuyiiya okukomya obusambajja obumenyesemenyese obwa bulijjo era n'atwala omuzannyi mu bya nfuna. Ekirala kiri kya kulwanyisa gavumenti (ebirango, ebitongole, ebituuza ebituuti) mu kifo kya gavumenti gye zibeera, ng'ebibiina ebifuga obufuga obusobo.

Kkoyiro ez'emikutu egikolamu ebiwaayiriza, binoonya obuweerero mu bibiina okusobola okugezesa obwatyolebwa, gamba ng'embeera ezitakkirizibwa mu makomera oba obutongole obutereevu obufuga enkola y'obuyambi bwa gavumenti. Olw'obuweerero ng'obwo buba bugenda mu maaso, bwenkana nga bwe butuuka ku Exte Young[FLT] era busobola okuvaamu enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ne bwe kiba nga ebisaasa by'embalirira bya gavumenti tebisangibwa.

Okugatta ku ekyo, kkooti z'eggwanga ziyinza okukkiriza ebyo bye ziba ziwandiikiddwa mu kkooti z'ensi ezimu. Gavumenti ezimu ziremesezza ebika ebimu eby'ennamba ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, oba zikkirizza amateeka agafuga okuwa obukuumi obusingako okusinga amateeka g'eggwanga. Abawagizi tebasaanidde kubuusa maaso obusobozi bw'okutongoza ensonga mu kkooti wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti, obwetwaze bwe businga okuba obulungi.

Okufuba Okuleetawo Enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi

Ebibiina ebikola ku ddembe ly'abantu bireeseewo enkyukakyuka mu by'amateeka okukugira eddembe eribaawo mu bantu.

  • [[Act:0] Amateeka ag'ekitongole agalaga bulungi ekigendererwa kya Congress eky'okutaasagana n'okutakkirwa mu Kitundu 5 ku kikumi eky'Emitemere ey'ekkumina. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Ekiragiro kino kiwagidde okuzza obutereevu etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu nga lizingiramu olulimi olumenyedwa obutereevu.
  • Enkola eno ekozeseddwa bulungi mu bifo nga mu Medicaid ne mu by'entambula, naye etteeka lya Kkooti esingayo obukulu likifuula kizibu okusoomooza embeera singa embeera tewateekebwawo mu bigambo ebitegeerekeka obulungi.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Enkyukakyuka ez'omu siteegi. Ebitundu ebimu bye kiteeyagalidde ku bikwata ku nkola y'amateeka oba ku nkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti ya California ey'oku Tort ekkiriza ebisawo ebifunzidwa okukkirizibwa okubunyisibwa eri ebibiina bya gavumenti, so ngako Kkooti ya New York ewandikiro ewandikibwamu ewandiisa enkola ku gavumenti.

Ku ludda olukuutira, abakkirizi bakyeyongera okugezesa ensalo z'obwannaddala. Omusango ogwakamalako gye buvuddeko awo, nga Allen v. Cooper [20]], ogugamba nti ebitabo ebiwandiikibwa nga Remedy Carificiation Act tebyatongodde ddala kisobozese okukugira obusobozi bw'ebiragiro, nga biwandikira Kkooti ekigenda mu maaso okukimenya obukwakkula. Kyokka, okusalawo okwo kulaga nti gavumenti tezirimu yufu w'obuyambizi eri mu bakungu obutuufu obusobola okukirirwa abakubiira n'abasiizi n'abakola nga bannabyo ebibaweereddwa mu ku buwandikiro obwa bulijjo.

Okukwata Obukulembeze n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Obufuzi mu Nkuŋŋaana z’Abasomi: Wabaawo Okuwakana Okutakoma

Obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'enkizo z'abantu kinnoomu tebuyinza kugonjoolebwa mangu ddala. Abo abawagira etteeka ery'okwefuga bagamba nti likuuma eddembe ly'eby'obufuzi, likuuma eby'obugagga bya gavumenti, era lissa ekitiibwa mu ntegeka ya gavumenti. Balabula nti okusala emisango mu mateeka kuyinza okuviirako gavumenti okuba enkonge era ne ziremesa emirimu gyazo egy'okufuga.

Abavumirira bagamba nti ebbowabuzo eriva ku kuvunaanibwa okubonerezebwa olw'empisa embi era n'okuleetawo okusala omusango mu bwenkanya.[1] Eggwanga erisinga okuba ery'amaanyi, liba ttono nnyo okutegeeza ebyafaayo ebireetebwawo gavumenti nga zikozesa obusosoze mu kufuga, obukambwe bwa poliisi. Enjigiriza eyo, bawakanya nti, eba tekkirizibwa mu nkola ya demokulase mu nkola eya demokulase eya bulijjo ereetebwa amateeka.

Ekitabo eky'okunnyonnyola ebigambo kiraga nti eddembe eriri mu masaza terifaanagana n'eddagala erikkirizibwa mu mateeka. Nga Profesa Erwin Chemerinsky bwe yawandiika, "Ebisuubizo ebisinga obukulu mu mateeka tebirina makulu bwe bigaana okukakasibwa ku gavumenti ebimenya amateeka." Endowooza eno ereetebwawo abakungu ba ddembe abatwala ebweru okugattulula nga tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Obulagirizi obw’Omuganyulo eri Ababuulizi b’Eddembe lya Bannannyini

Eri abo abakola mu ddembe ly'abantu, okumanya ebikwata ku buli ekiwandikiro tekiba nga tekigenderedde kubaako kye beesalirawo. Bino bye bimu ku bintu ebiyinza okukolebwa:

  1. [[AGUMENTI:0] Buli kiseera londa omuwayiribwa omutuufu. Kiragiro kiragibwa oba nga omwonoonyi kitongole kya gavumenti, oba nga gavumenti ey'omu kitundu. Okwekenneenya kuno kujja kulaga obanga obwetwaze bukola era ne buweerero ki obuyinza okubaawo.
  2. [[Akawayiro:0] Kano kakireetera omuntu okunoonya obuweerero mu ngeri ey'okwerinda. Okugyako mu kifo ekimu ex Young[ Kino kisobozesa omuntu okugenda mu maaso okulaba engeri ez'okukwata ku budde obutereevu. Wadde nga ebisale eby'embalikkebwa ku ssente kye bisobola okukola, ekiragiro kiyinza okukendeeza ku bizibu ebiva mu kweteekako ne bidda ku kkopi ez'okwerinda.
  3. Ekiragiro kino kiremedwa okukebera amateeka agamenyedwa mu mateeka. Amasaza mangi gataddewo amateeka agakkiriza okusaabanya kkooti mu mbeera ezimu. Biseeraetaagisa enfuga okukoowa, okuteekamu ennyiriri okumalawo ebbanga erisigaddeyo, n'okulabula okuziteekamu.
  4. [[NT:0] Suzuma amateeka ga gavumenti.[[FULT:1] Kkooti z'ensi ziyinza okunnyonnyola amateeka gazo okusobola okuwa obujjanjabi enkooti z'ensi bwe zireme. Eggwanga ezimu era ziremesezza okutaasaamu ebinywa oba okumenya amateeka, nga zireetawo eddagala eritakkirizibwa mu mateeka g'ensi.
  5. [[NKULA:0] Kulayira ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu kkooti ey'oku ntikko. Etteeka erikwata ku busobozi obufugaetwazi liba liba na buli kigambo. Abakuutira basaanidde okukebera ebiba bisaliddwawo ebikwata ku kipimo eky'okukyolebwa, ekiba kivudde ku [ Kitaawuka ekitono[ era n'okussa kimu n'ebiragiro ebiri wakati w'amateeka agafuga.
  6. [[AKLT:0] Kino kikola kimu n'entegeka ez'amawanga. Kino kye kimu ne '[FLT'] Kino kitegeeza ebibiina by'abantu mu Amerika Ekirabo (ACLU]) era ne LY]LCENTY Kino kiyamba okuzuula emitindo gy'enkumbo ezikwata ku buli muntu we yeerinda era kitera okuwawagidde obuwagizi mu mbeera enkulu. Ebikobo byagwo bisobola okuyamba okuzuula empalo ez'amateeka n'ebbisookero.

fundikira

Omuntu bw'aba awagira gavumenti, tekibeera ng'ekikoowu eky'amateeka agafuga olukalala lw'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo buli luvannyuma lw'amateeka okusobola okuwa enkyuuka. Ekiragiro kino kikyusa ku kusalawo okutuufu okw'amateeka agakwata ku ddembe lya bantu. Omuwawawaayibwa kwewandiisibwa erinnya, era ne kukwata ku by'okukwata. Wadde ng'enjigiriza eno erimu okusoomooza okw'amaanyi, enkola n'enkola ebyayogeddwako waggulu biwa bukakafu obulaga nti obwenkanya bukyasobola okusalirwa omusango. Omuntu bw'ategeera nti omuwayirizo avunaanibwa, kiba kizibu nnyo bw'aba nga gavumenti efuga, naye nga teyinza kulema. Kkootikkooti bwe kyeyongera okutereeza ensawo ensawo, era nga bakitaasawo bannassawo balaga ensaze, omutikkuulira ddala emitindo gy'ekuuma eddembe ky'etteeka.

Era: Ekiwandiiko eky'empeerezaamu ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'enamu kisobola okuzuulibwa okuva ku .gov Constitution Anchor. Okwekebejja okw'ebikwata ku byafaayo n'embeera y'okwerinda okw'omu kiseera kino kuyinza okusangibwa mu [[FLT:] Confly Empution Ex'information [[FLT:][FLT]] ku muntu akuumibwawo. Ebisalibwa ebyakongo ebyakongojjedwa mu kkooti enkulu bisangibwa ku mu [FLT]