Okutandika: Enteekateeka y’Amateeka

Endowooza ekwata ku kutuukiriza omulimu gw'obudde esinziira ku nzirukanya y'amateeka ga Amereka. Empandika eya Magna Carta ekakasa nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ajja kufiirwa bulamu, ddembe, oba bintu okuggyako nga ba mulembe oba nga bannaggwanga bannaabwe bateekeddwawo oba nga bawa mateeka g'ensi. Enkola y'okukyusa yateereddwawo mu ngeri ekkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu ntalo. Enzijiji z'amateeka ez'enjawulo zikwata ku gavumenti z'ensi yonna, era ziraga nti tewali muntu n'omu aliba “atwalirwawo obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, okuggyako nga kiragiddwawo mu nkola esaanira." Ekitebe eky'amateeka ekya 1450, ekikkirizibwa okumanyibwa mu ntalo. Enteekateeka zino zonna zitwaliramu enkola ennungi, era zikkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Enkola ekkirizibwa si y'enkola eya bulijjo. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola nti waliwo ebintu ebisobola okukuuma obwannannyini. Nga bino: ekiragiro gamba nga amalambe, okuwulira, n'obukiiko obusosoze obufuga.[1] era n'obukuumi obw'enkomeredde obukuutizibwamu obukuutizibwa obukusifu obulaga nti gavumenti terina kakwate konna kalina kuyingira mu nkola. Enkola eno ey'enkola y'enkola y'ekimu n'enkola ya Bill of Rights, Controunic, Resorrencess, Resourcesments, Leaders, enfugamut, ne gavumenti ez'omukasanwe ze zikozesemba, ne gavumenti z'etongoddewo nga tezitaddeko nkola ya gavumenti.

Okutegeera engeri enkola ey'okukwatamu eddembe erikkirizibwa mu kulondamu, kyetaagisa okwebuuka mu byafaayo, okukebera mu mateeka, n'obwewandiike obw'ebiragiro ebikyusa amateeka ag'omu kiseera kino. Ekitundu kino kikebera engeri kkooti enkulu gye ekozeseemu okusobola okumanya Bill of Rights ekakasa nti “Drikiti z'eddembe.”

Okutegeera Ekirondebwa

Enjigiriza ey'omu mateeka ekkirizibwa okuva ku lukalala lw'ensalaze ya Kkooti enkulu etandika ng'ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'esatu era n'ekyamakumi abiri emabega. nga tennaba kutongozebwa kwa kkopi ey'ekkumi n'enasatu Amereka mu 1868, Bill of Rights yakwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka, nga bwe kikakasibwa n'ensonga Barton v. Baltimoret[[FL:1]. Amagamu gaaaakkirizibwa okuteekawo enkola zaagooyagooyaawo, enkukuuma, n'enkwakwakwakwate ne byamaguzi nga tegattiddwawo gavumenti. [FL:][FFFFF]

Wazzewo endowooza bbiri ez'okuvuganya: mu buli kimu kigattidwa ne [FLT]]. Ekiragiro ' kinnaakyo kinnaakyo, nga kiwandikidwa Omulamuzi Hugo Black, nga kyakakataanya nti Omuteesi w'Esc Recumentation Evension of Nitment Claus yagattamu Bill of Rights [[FLL:1] ne .] Kino kyaleetera abalanzi obutakkiriza nti abaterezi b'enkola eza Kkomyusaawo (Enkola ya KGUPUPUMENT'eyita KKOLALA) obwa ne buba nga buli omu ku lukumbo lwayo olusooka okuzuula oba nga lukujjulira ddala olutuufu olwa “amasaza.

Mu kifo eky'okutongoza enteekateeka ya Claus mu Kizimbe eky'e 144 eky'Emitemere efugibwa Claus, so si amanya ga Claus. Wadde nga 1873 [[FL:0]] Cases ez'Ennyumba'okuswala[ Zikugira obusika oba entegeka za Immunimentation Claus, oluvannyuma mu kyasa ekya 20 bye byatongoza ekiragiro kya Clause nga injini ya . Ebivaamu bye bikola: ebisingira empeere, naye si byonna ebireeteendwawo ku ntegeka za ddembe, kati bikolera ku mateeka. Entegeka ey'okusatu bw'empakaluuzibwa ku nsonga enkulu. Entegeka ey'ekitongole esooka tezirimuko, ate ne ku kuteesiteesi ey'okubiri byateekebwa mu mwaka gwa 2010 [FL:2] MccanvFFF]. productives Kino kikakasa nti mu lukukkulongo lwoseetuka olw'ensonga enkulu ezimenyeddwa mu mateeka. . vume okukaka okumanyibwa mu 2010

Lwaki Yalonda so si Byonna Ebiriwo?

Kkooti kye yandyagadde okunnonda olukalala lw'enkola eya gavumenti olw'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola y'obufuzi n'okugezesa ebigo. Ate era, okugattidwa kwa buli ddembe lya gavumenti kwayinza okulemesa abamenyi b'amateeka okuzza emisango n'eddembe ly'abantu. Ate era, ebyawandiikibwa ku mulongo gw'entegeka ey'ekkumi n'enakunamba tebyogera ku Bill of Rights; eyogera ku “magero g'amateeka.” Kkooti ebigambo bino bifuze nga mutindo ogunywerako eddembe erisimbye ku byafaayo by'eggwanga so si ku lukalala lwa bannalukalala. Ekiragiro Ekiragiro kikkiriza Kooti eyo okuzza mu n'okukubaganya eddembe ly'abantu nga baakakolobo.

Engeri Enkola y’Okutuukirizaamu Ebikwata ku Kiwandiiko

Ekiragiro kino kituukiriza enkola y'emu ey'amateeka okusobola okulonda n'okulondamu omutwalo gwa digiti. Kkooti Supper tebuuza bubuuza oba ddembe lino lirina eddembe mu Bill of Rights; libuuza oba eddembe eryo lya ggyibwa mu ntegeka ey'amateeka ey'obwenkanya. Okunoonyereza kuno kuva mu ntegeka ya SSELicer Procession Clause yennyini. Nga bwe kyali kinnyonnyonnyolwa mu Palko v. Connecticut[[FF:1] [37], obwangu bwe likkirizibwa singa liba “enkola y'enkola y'enkola ey'entegeka ey'eddembe.” era singa ekimenyaamu ekyo kiba “kyewalibwa mu

Ekiragiro kino kikebera engeri gye kifugamu amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, enteekateeka ey'okusengeka esobozesa omumenyi w'amateeka okutereeza esobole okukakasa nti omumenyi w'amateeka aweebwe olukusa. Kkooti esooka ye era egoberera enkola y'amateeka. Omusango ogw'omukaaga okuwerebwa mu ngeri esobozesa omumenyi w'amateeka okufuna okuwerezebwa okw'ensonga mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya. Omukolo gwasaako omuwawawawaayirwa okuzibwa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, era gusobola okukiteeka mu nkola ey'okukimu nga bw'oteetaanyiivugibwa obwa bulijjo. [[FLT:] Enkola eno eyinza okuzingirwa mu ngeri y'okuteekawo olukalala. Ekiragiro mu ngeri y'emu, eyo ekuuma eddembe eri wakati mu gavumenti y'emu ne mu ngeri ekontana ne mu ku nsonga eziragibwa. Wabaawo ate nga mu ngeri eyinza okubaamu enziromenti eya bulijjo, era ne mu ngeri y'okulagamu: [Foseeba nga mu butuufu]

“ Eddembe ly’Obuntu Obukulu”

Okugezesa eddembe kyakolebwa mu nkola ey'okwekenneenya obutereevu, kye kintu ekikulu mu kulonda n'okulonda n'obusobozi. Nga basinziira ku kikeberezero kino, kkooti ekebera obanga eddembe “erina akakwate n'ensonga ez'amaanyi mu Amerika.” Omutindo guno gwawulibwa mu misango egitali gimu. Duncan v. Louisiana[FL:1] [1968] [1968], nga gwayingiza Kkooti Kkooti eya Sixth Contempletedment eri mu musango ogw'amaanyi, era nga gukomyawo gavumenti y'egamba nti, gulina okukomyawo n'okusala omusango mu nsonga enkulu. Kkooti eyo egoberera enkola y'ebyatuufu singa kiba nga “yeetaagisa obufuzi obw'oku Bungereza n'oku Amerika okufuga. Kkootikkoleentuleentuleendwa, era n'okugoberera obuko. Singa olugo olwo lw'olufulumya olwa ddyo, ekyo kitegekebwa kitegekebwa mu mateeka, era ne mu mateeka kyekigatta mu mateeka eky

Ekiragiro kino kikebera eddembe ly'obuntu nga tekikolera ku nkola eya bulijjo. Kkooti eno elowooza ku kigendererwa ky'eddembe, ekifo ky'omuntu kinnoomu, era oba nga teriyinza kulemesa kutongoza mateeka. Obufuzi obw'okutaano obw'okumenya etteeka eryo bugattiddwa mu Mapp v. Ohio[FL:1] [1961] kubanga kkooti yasalawo nti awatali kugikuuma, okusooka n'okukwatibwa ensazesebwasaze tekuyinza kubaako makulu. Bwe kityo, enkola ey'okusalamu eyinza okuba nga tekkirizibwa nga mukuumi w'amateeka. Bwe kityo, etuukiriza obusobozi obwo bwokka obw'omusango busobola okugaziwandibwa mu matwale g'eggwanga.

Eddembe Eriri mu Ntegeka era n’Eby’Ebyafaayo

Omulamuzi Benjamin Cardozo bw'annyonnyola ebigambo “eddembe” mu Palko yafuuka ekikozesebwa ku kukozesa enzigi. Ekiragiro eddembe eritegekebwa litegeeza enkola ey'eddembe efugibwa amateeka, eddembe gye likuumibwa naye nga liremeddwa ddala. Mu kugoberera omutindo guno, Kkooti egaanyemu ebigambo bya Bayibuli ebitali bya lukalu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, eteeka essira ku bukulu bw'okussaawo eddembe eririna ku mateeka okuzikuuma emirembe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okukikuuma okw'okufuga kwa Kkomyawo ak'okutaano kuyinza okumenyebwawoo ookkusingibwa emirundi ebiri mu . Mary v[FLT][FON][3] [6]] kubanga Kkootikko kizudde nti “buzibuvuufumu ku kuboneromenti y'okunnyiikiriza.

Ebyafaayo era birina kinene kye bikola mu kunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo. Kkooti eyo emirundi mingi ekebera obanga eddembe lyatwalibwa nga lya musingi mu kiseera ekyo nga Timbs v. Indiana (2029), eryavanga mu nnukuta esooka ey'ebigambo ebiyitibwa Redmid Redfieds Claus, Court yasonga ku Magna Carta, amateeka agafuga enfugamud, ne ku mateeka g'eggwanga okusobola okulaga nti obukuumibwa ku businze obukyasinze mu bulombolombo bwa Amerika. Enkola eno ey'ebyafaayo eyoleka engeri y'okukwata ku butebenkenkeekkumi n'ekkumi n'ebiri (207:0) yakkirizibwa okunnyonnyola mu ngeri y'enkola y'enkola eya BPlateembiriraasa ya Magna, ne ku mateeka agafuga mu makomera.

Emitindo gy’Eby’Amateeka n’Emyaka Egimu: Okuva mu Palko Okutuuka mu McDonald

Mu 197, enkola ey'okukyusaamu mu ngeri ey'okukwataganyaamu n'enkola eziragibwa mu mateeka. Empandika ey'amaanyi eyasooka yasibuka mu Palko v. Connecticut [1937]. Kkooti eyo bwe yagaana okuyingiza mu nteeko y'enkyukakyuka ey'emirundi ebiri ey'okutaano mu by'amateeka, olukalala lwalina okukuumibwa okuva ku mateeka.

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika mu mitendera gya 1960 mu kkooti y'ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka mu Warren. Malloy v. Hogan (1964), kkooti n'egatta ku nkizo ey'okutaano ey'okwewandiisaamu mu kifo kya bulijjo. Kkooti eyo yateekawo enkizo ey'okusengeka olukalala ekkirizibwa okussaawo akawayiro aka '-incrip'. Ennamba ya New Jersey[[FLT][FLT]] [08]. Kkooti eyo yayayawookereza “omuti ogufuga omuntu ow'omunda” era mu kifo kyayo n'okugamba nti, eddembe eryo liba lirina okwegatta ku ku kkooti ey'obwenkanya. Kino “kyekoba nga ku nsonga enkulu. Ate era kigezesa okusobozesa okumanyisaamu okuleetawo okugatiibwa, okuleetawo okumenyawo.

Mu [[NT:0] mu v. Louisiana [1968], kkooti yaddamu okutereeza omutindo ogwo era ne egamba nti obuvunaanyizibwa bwe bulina okukolebwako “mu gavumenti ya Anglo-American ey'okuteebwa.” Kino kyasobozesa kkooti okuyingiza eddembe mu musango wadde ng'amawanga agamu, nga Bungereza, gaali gakozesezza obukiiko obutonotono. Mu musingi guno, kkooti etunuulira ekifo eky'ensonga mu Amereka, so si mizingi egyayo. Ekika kya Buswittu kikebe nti Kko kikkirizibwa okuyingiza ensonga mu kkooti ezikwata ku balamuzi.

Gye buvuddeko awo, mu McDonald v. Chicago [2010], kkooti yawandiisako olukalala olw'okunaawula ku ddembe ery'okubiri ery'okwekuuma n'okusitula amagye. Endowooza ey'enjawulo yakozesa enkola eno “eyesigamiziddwa ku byafaayo by'eggwanga lino n'okugezesa okw'obulombolombo”, nga ejjuuzisa enkola esaanira ekozesebwa okukebera eddembe eririmu. Omusango ogwo gwalaga nti okuyingiza emikono mu nkola esaanira kwe njigiriza empya, era nti okuzza ebigikwata ku mateeka amapya. Kkootikko era kyaggumiza nti okuteesiteesi mu kigezo kya Claus ye graaso, nga egaana okuzza obuggya obwa n'enkola eya Immu oba olukalala.

Emisango Emikulu mu Kkooti Ennyo

Emirambo egiddirira giraga engeri enkola ey’okulondamu eddembe ly’obuntu gy’eyinza okukolebwa, era n’eyinza n’okugaziya ekiwandiiko ekyo okukuuma abantu baleme kuwambibwa gavumenti.

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Mu Gitlow v. New York, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti eddembe ly'okufuga eryasooka ery'okuyisa mu nkola ey'ekitongole likwata ku gavumenti okuyitira mu ddembe ery'okuyisaamu ekiwandiiko ekya ID4th Amendment Reformation Claus. Wadde nga Benjamin Gitlow yasigirwa omusango wansi w'amateeka mu New York, Kkooti Kkooti yagamba nti eddembe ly'okwogera lya ku mukono ogwa ddyo likuumibwa mu nkola esaanira. Omusango ogwo gwaggulawo oluggi olw'okuyingiza eddembe ly'enkola endala mu kungulu, nga mw'otwalidde n'eddiini, okukuba ebitongole. Ekiragiro kyasalibwawo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mu kusooka ezikwata ku ndowooza nti Kkubo lya Clausleak akuuma eddembe lya n'okutambula.

Mmaapu v. Ohio (1961)

Mapp v. Ohio yateekamu amateeka ag'okufuga okw'okuna [O] nga gagaana obujulizi obufunibwa okuyitira mu kunoonyereza okw'abamenyi b'amateeka n'okukwatibwa embuyaga. Nga tekunnaba ku Map, gavumenti ziyinza okukozesa obujulizi obutali bwa mu mateeka. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti, okuteebwa kw'ebiwandiiko eby'okubiri okw'okwesamba ebiteetegeera tekusobola kuba na makulu ku kigero kya gavumenti. Mu nkola eyo, kkooti z'amateeka tezikkiriza bujulizi bulaga nti obujulizi obubakiikiikibwawo olw'okumenya amateeka era n'okuziyiza obukyamu obusaze.

Wainwright (1963)

Oboolyawo ensonga emanyiddwa ennyo mu kugatta omuduumizi w'amateeka, Gideon v. Wainwright, yakkiriza nti okuwummuza mu nkola ey'okuwabula okw'amaanyi mu nkola y'ekika kya Sikisi kikulu era nti kikwata ku gavumenti. Clarence Earl Gideon, omusibe w'omu Florida, yawakanya nti ekiwandiiko kye kyali tekiriiko mu mateeka. Kkootikko afuga, era nti olukusa olukusa olukongobo olw'okukibwa mu [FLT:] betts v. Brady[FLD] [192]. (192]). Kkooti yawawawa ekiragiro nti “mukootikko, omuntu yenna eyagenda mu kkooti y'ensonga, eyagenda mu nnyazeeko olwazi, tasobola kusasula mukolo gwa mu bwenkanya, teyinza kuweebwa mu bwenkanya okuggyako ng'okusala omusango guno ogwagisa omusango.

Miranda n’ekitundu Arizona (1966)

[[NKULA:0] Mira v. Arizona yagattamu enkizo ey'okukyusizaamu ey'okutaano okumenya amateeka agafuga enneyisa ya poliisi era n'eteekawo okulabula okwa ttutumu kwa poliisi okulina okusooka okukuwawawawawa ebiwandiiko ebimala nga tewannabaawo kaweefube okubuuza abantu nti, oba nti Kkooti ya Saaluza yalina okusuubira nti omuntu ateekwa okumanyibwa eddembe lye n'okusirika n'okuweebwa omuwagizi wa munnamateeka. Wadde nga Mirnda amanyiddwa olw'amateeka agafuga, omusango ogwo gulina kusinziira ku musingi nti okubuuza abantu nti okubuuza oba okubuuza oba okubuuza ebibuuzo biremedwa. Kko kiwawawawa bukuumirwa nti buli muntu yenna aweereddwa kyeyagalire era nga yesigika.

Ensonga Endala

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Benton v. Maryland (1 969):[[FULT:1] Yagattamu ekiragiro eky'okufuga olukalala olw'etteeka olw'okutaano ekitaateekako kabi konna mu kabi ak'emirundi ebiri, nga kigamba nti ke kalina okukolebwa mu nkola y'obwenkanya mu Amerika.
  • [[Akatundu] Duncan v. Louisiana (1968):[[Akabonero] Kasatu] Kagatta ekiragiro mu kulamula omusango ogw'amaanyi ogwali guba gufuga, ne kiteekawo omutindo gwa “eddembe eryategekebwa".
  • [[Act:0] McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Yagattako ekiwerezo eky'okubiri mu kulekayo n'okusitula emikono ku kigezo ekya “nnyinyonnyola ennywevu”.
  • [[NKULULA]Timbs v. Indiana (2029): Yagattamu espeed Redmid Fine Claus’s Reast [Ekiwandiiko eky'okuwererezaamu], nga kiraga enkola ereetebwawo mu byafaayo.

Emisango gino giwa enkola enkadde: Kkooti enkulu ekozesa enkola ey'okwekenneenyeza okuzuula eddembe ly'eddembe n'obwenkanya, era gigobereza eggwanga nga giyitira mu kulonda obugaali obw'enjawulo. Empandiika eyo esobozesa ebitundu ebitali bya ddiini okubeeramu obuwagizi ate ng'ewagira emitindo gy'eggwanga erimu obukuumi.

Okuddamu Okukubaganya Ebirowoozo

Omulimu ogukolebwa mu kulonda enkola ey'okulonda enkola ebeerawo nate, gukyali mulimu ogukola. Obubonero obwakayita nga Ramos v. Louisiana (2020), obwagattamu etteeka ery'omukaaga erikkiriza okusumulula etteeka erigguddwawo ku buli lukiiko olw'enjawulo olw'ensonga ez'amaanyi. Okugeza, [[FLT]]] Timbs v. Indiana [[FLT]] [209]] (209) Kino kiraga nti enjigiriza tekyava mu nkola. Kkooti yeeyongedde okubuuza ensonga lwaki eddembe liba lirina kusobola okusiba wakati w'ensonga ezo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, [8:]

Abakuguwanya enkola eno bagamba nti Kkooti efuuse enkola y'enkalakkalira ennyo, era nti eteekeddwa okussaawo emitindo gy'enkola z'abamenyi b'amateeka. Abalala bagamba nti enkola esaanira okugattibwako erina okugaziwa ne kiba nga kizingiramu eddembe eritannakozesebwa, gamba nga Ekkuumbululo Eryokusatu oba Ekiwandiiko eky'okubiri ekifuga ennyo. Okuteesa kw'abamagye era kukwata ku nkola esaanira: abalamuzi abamu babuusabuusa obanga enkola y'okuteeka mu nkola eya Creasession okuteeka eddembe mu n'okuteekamu eddembe ly'enkola nga Bill of Rights, ate nga n'ensonga ez'okusala emisango gigitunuulira nga kintu kikulu nnyo ekiyamba okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu.

Wadde nga wabaddewo obutakkaanya buno, omusingi ogusinziirwako gusigala gugonjooddwa: Amateeka agafuga enkola agaagisobozesa okulonda n'okugatta abantu. Awatali busobozi, ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu Amerika abasinga obungi, abakolagana n'ab'obuyinza n'ab'omu kitundu. Ebiwandiiko bya IMpeeji ya 14 bikakasa nti eddembe ekkulu ery'oku si lya bapaasika ba gavumenti oba kkooti z'ensi.

Empeera: Enkolagana ey’Olubeerera wakati w’Entegeka n’Obwesige Kinnoomu

Mu bufunze, omulimu ogukolebwa si yingini eya ggystal esobozesa obutwazi enkola ey'okuleetawo gavumenti. Nga yeetaaza nti ekimu ku biwaanyi ebiteekeddwa ku mateeka ga Amerika, kkooti enkulu ekozese enkola emala okukebererwa okusobola okuzimba ekisenge eky'eddembe ly'abantu. Okuva ku ddembe ery'okwogera okutuuka ku bulagirizi, okuva ku mateeka okusobola okulonda ebyokulwanyisa okutuuka ku ddyo, buli tteeka liba liteekeddwawo ku nkola esaanira mu byafaayo, obulombolombo, n'obwenkanya.

Okutongozaamu kwawa Bill of Rights entegeka ebeere nga esobola okutuukana n'embeera ezikyukakyuka nga bwe kituukiriza etteeka erya kkaasanti. Ekivaamu kiba kikwata ku mateeka agakuuma ekitiibwa ky'omuntu kinnoomu era agakakasa obwenkanya bwe bumu wansi w'amateeka. Ebibuuzo ebyakajjawo okuva ku mateeka bwe biba nga birina okujjawo, ka kibe nga kikwata ku bugamyo bwa kompyuta, ku poliisi, oba okusalirwa ogw'okufa. Ekiragiro kijja kweyongera okuwa Kkootiza eddembe ek'okusalawo ku ddembe erya Kkooti ne liba linaasaanidde okugobererwa gavumenti zonna, ekiwandikiro oba erimenti y'eggwanga okusobola okutegeera amakulu gonna ag'amateeka ga Amereka.

Ekiragiro kino, genda ku kkopi ey'ebiragiro [[Akabonero:0] nga onoonya ebiba bitegekeddwa ku lukiiko.gov, oba okejjez Project [, oba wejjukanya bye kinoonyereza mu Cornell Information Institute’s examentified[]