Obusobozi n’Obusobozi bw’Okugaba Obulungi

Okugasa kye kimu ku biragiro ebisinga obukulu ebiweebwa Congress wansi wa tteeka lya Amereka. Kukola mu ngeri y'ennaku ez'okukuuma amaanyi ga gavumenti essatu, nga kikakasa nti tewali ttabi lirina buyinza busingako — naddala akulira — okufuuka ery'amaanyi ennyo oba ery'okuyisa obubi obuyinza bwalyo. Okutegeera obuteesiteesi kikulu nnyo mu kutegeera enjawulo eriba mu nkola za demokulase mu Amereka, ng'eyoleka obutategeeragana obuzingirwa mu n'engeri y'okuvunaanyizibwa mu bya bufuzi. Ekitundu kino kiyamba mu kunoonyereza okusobola okuzuula mu n'okuteeka mu nkola y'ebyembaliriraago.

Biki Bye Tusaanidde Okukola?

Okugasa kye nkola y'amateeka ek'awa Abakiikirira ekkomera eryalyo ekkomo. Ennyumba ya badayirekita, omumyuka wa prezidenti, oba abakungu ba gavumenti abalala baagiteekako "mu kulowooza, obulyi bw'enguzi, oba obumenyi bw'amateeka obulala obw'amaanyi." Amaanyi gano gakkirizibwa mu katundu II, Ekitundu 4 ku mateeka ga U.S. . Ekiragiro "obumenyi bw'amateeka obw'amaanyi n'obusosoze" tekitegeeza kumenyebwa mutemu mu mateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka; mu kifo ky'okumenya amateeka, okulyamu olukwekereza abantu, oba ebikolwa ebityonoona amateeka.

Ekigendererwa eky'okuyisa obusongasonga si kubonerezebwa naye okuggibwa ku mulimu era nga basinziira ku lukiiko olukulu, baasumululwa ku kifo kyabwe ekyaddawo. Bujjanjabi bw'eby'obufuzi mu kifo ky'omumenyi w'amateeka, ekitegekeddwa okukuuma obuwamba obwo obulaga nti tebusaanira mu buyinza. Nga Alexander Hamilton bwe yannyonnyola mu [FL:0] [FLT] , obuwandiisi oba obwo obuva eri abamenyi b'amateeka, obuba busobola okugobererera eri abakungu ba gavumenti abo abakiraze obutatuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe. Kino kiwagidde "ebibi byonna ebikolebwa okuva ku mpisa embi ez'abantu, oba, mu bigambo ebirala, okuva mu ngeri ey'okuyisa obubi obukyamu oba okukyayibwa obuteesingirwamu mu byafaayo by'omu Amerekayini." Kino kyawawa obulagirizi mu byonna ebigenda mu byafaayo bya Amerika." Kino kiwagidde ku ku ku ku ku ekyo.

Engeri gye Basalawo

Enkola eno ekolebwa mu mitendera ebiri: okusooka mu Nnyumba y'abakiikirira, ate mu Nkiiko enkulu. Buli mukolo guzingiramu enkola eziraga ekigendererwa ky'abo abakiikirira abo abagenda mu bitundu eby'ensi ebitali bimu nga banoonyereza nga basinziira ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi.

Ekimu: Ennyumba y’Ababaka

Akakiiko kalina obuyinza okutandikawo okunoonyereza. Akakiiko akatwala ebitabo nga akawagizi katandika n'okunoonyereza ku kakiiko akayitibwa House Judicary, akayinza okubaamu ebiwandiiko, obuwandiike, era ne kawuliriza obujulizi. Akakiiko ke kekasalawo obanga kasemba oba kakkiriza oba kakkiriza ssente eziba ziweereddwa okugaweereddwa ku buwagizi oba okubuwandiisa mu n'okuteeka mu nkola. Akakiiko bwe kakubiriza okukuba emboozi, buli lupapula oluba luba lujuliziddwa.

Ekyokubiri: Okuwozesebwa kw’Olukiiko Olukulu olw’Abayudaaya

Olukiiko olukulu lukola ng'olukiiko olutongoza. Olukiiko lw'amateeka kwetaaza okugezesa byonna ebisalibwawo, nga ne Kkooti Enkulu ekola nga Omulamuzi w'amateeka nga kooti y'esaze. Ennyumba elonda "macallars" awadde ensonga. Omukungu aweebwa obulagirizi ayinza okuteekawo oludda oluwagizi, okuyita abajulizi, n'abajulizi b'eddaalasa. Abalamuzi baweereza nga ba lukiiko naye ng'abalamuzi b'amateeka era n'ensonga; bayinza okubuuza ebibuuzo mu kiseera eky'okuwozesemba. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira obujulizi, ekkomera n'obululu. Ekijulirwa kiyinza okuzingiramu abajulizi b'abajulizi b'ebitongole b'omulalabi abaliwo n'okutongoza. Singa abamenyi b'abamenyi b'olukiiko olwo baggibwawo mu ofiisi, era ne ektongole ekitongole ekitongole ekibatwala mu maaso mu maaso g'obuyinza ekibawandikiro.

Olukiiko olukulu lutaddewo amateeka agakwata ku ngeri gye lusalawo ensonga, naye ebizingirwamu bya njawulo. Olukiiko olwo luwa ekkanisa eddembe okugezesa ebigere byonna ebiba biteekeddwawo, nga likiwa olukusa okussaawo enkola zaalwo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okuwulira abajulizi abalamu oba okuneesigama ku ngeri gye bayisibwamu. Ennyumba n'Olukiiko olukulu byonna biba bya mu butonde, naye era nga bigoberera amateeka agafuga ennyimirira y'amateeka okusobola okukakasa nti enkola esaanira era n'okutuukiriza obutuufu.

Bye Tusaanidde Okukola n’Obusobozi bw’Okukozesa Obulungi

Amaanyi agafuga enkola y'okukebera n'okussaawo enzijjuvu mu mateeka. Abalina obuyinza obwo, beegendereza amaanyi agafuga enfuga, baateekawo amatabi asatu ag'ebisaanyizo ebigattiddwa awamu. James Madison yawandiikira mu Féderalist N'ofissist. Ago ge gateekwa okukolebwa okulemesa obuyinza obuyinza obw'okufuga obuyinza. Ekiragiro kino kikebera ofiisi y'ettabi erikola eby'ekitongole empandika eya sistemu (teesiteesi y'ekitongole ekikola amateeka). Ate ku balamuzi, ku ttabi ly'abalamuzi.

Obusobozi obw'okussaawo empalana tebw'enkalakkalira naye tebw'enkaluubirizo. Okugobereza kuyinza okujjawo singa ow'obuyinza amanya nti waaliwo ekikyamu eky'amaanyi; si kya kukwataganya bya bulijjo. Kyokka, olw'okuba omutindo gwa "obumenyi bwa mateeka obw'amaanyi n'obw'amakwasisa" gunnyonnyonnyoddwa, obusinziirwako obukujju obw'eby'obufuzi bubaako kye bukola mu nkola. Ab'obufuzi basuubira nti okusazesalidde mu bwenkanya era n'obuvumu, nga bwe bulonda abakungu mu kifo eky'okusalira omusango ettabi lya copa liba liba liba liba limu.

Ebiraga nti Okozesa Bulungi Endowooza Embi

Enteekateeka eno erimu eby'okwerinda ebigifuula enneyisa ya bannalukalala. Ekisooka, Ennyumba eteekwa okulonda, nga kino kyetaagisa abantu bangi okukikkiriza nti emisango egyo gya maanyi nnyo ne kiba nti gisobola okuweza omusango. Ekyokubiri, olukiiko olwo olw'obuyinza lulina okuba nga lukulu nnyo okusobola okusobola okukakala ku bajulizi. Eky'okubiri, olukalala, olusooka, olutongole olukulu lulina okusigaza eddembe eriri mu n'obujulizi nga luteekeddwawo okuwakana mu ngeri ey'okuyitako obujulizi.

Ebyafaayo Ebikwata ku Bintu Ebyazuulibwa

Ba prezidenti basatu bokka — Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ne Donald Trump — be baapikiriziddwa ennyumba. Abalala babiri, Richard Nixon ne John Tyler, baatiisibwatiisibwa nnyo okuleka omulimu gwabwe oba okukyusa eby'obugagga byabwe eby'ebyobufuzi. Ku luuyi olulala, bannabyabufuzi abassibwawo abalamuzi abasukka mu kkumi na babiri, baavunaanibwa era ne baggibwawo, olw'obulyinja oba olw'empisa embi ezaakozesebwa ku ntebe.

Okuboogerako nga Pulezidenti Atasobola Kubunyisa Buzibu

  • Anderson (1868): Johnson yasoberwa olw'okumenya Omutemwa gwa Ofiisi ng'aggyawo omuwandiisi wa Office Edwin Stanton nga tasoose kusemba lukusa. Ekibuuzo kya kyewandiisa Johnson kyamuteeka mu kalulu omu.
  • Richard Nixon (1974): Akakiiko k'Akakiiko k'Akakiiko k'Akawumpuli kakkiriza okugaana Nixon okukomyawo obwenkanya, okukozesa obubi amaanyi n'okunyooma kakiiko akagendera ku kyuma eky'omu nnyanja. Ennyumba yonna bwe yali tennafuna, Nixon n'amalibwawo. Okuva mu buyinza bwe ku w'ekitongole ekyo, okutongoza obweyamo kyamu kikkirizibwa okutongoza omusango n'okutongoza enkola eno.
  • BIll Clinton (1998: Clinton] Clinton yasabibwa okusobola okuggyawo enkolagana gye wakati wa Bazungu ne Nnyumba Monica Lewinsky. Olukiiko tegwamuggyako ddembe waddemu ekitundu ekisinga obungi, era tewaaliwo na kimu ku ebyo ebyetaagisa emirundi ebiri 932. Omusango ogwo gwalaga obuzibu obw'okunnyonnyola "obumenyi obw'amaanyi n'obusosoze" n'obuteebbeeyambi obw'obwesigwa obwa bulijjo.
  • Donald Trump (2029 ne 2021): Trump ye pulezidenti yekka eyandiwagiddwa emirundi ebiri. Ekiragiro ekyasooka kyamuvunaana okukozesa obubi obuyinza n'okulemesa katembaayirizo mu kibiina kya Ukraine okukakala omulabe w'eby'obufuzi. Ekiwandiiko ekyokubiri (2021) kyamuvunaana okuwakanya okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti oluvannyuma lwa Mukama waagaagatte ku Capitol emirundi ebiri. Olukiiko olw'okubiri lwamuvunaana obululu, naye olusooka ne luvanyuma okukibwa mu kkooti y'okusingisa obululu okutongozaamu pulezidenti, nga buli mwaka gumugattidde wamu ne Democrates.

Misango gino gilaga nti okugattika amateeka ga gavumenti kisinziira ku nkola y’obufuzi ya gavumenti era abantu balina endowooza ennuŋŋamu.

Etteeka ly’Abalamuzi Abafuga Efroomu

Abalamuzi bawagirwa emirundi mingi nga ba Pulezidenti olw'okuba abalamuzi baagala okuteekawo "empisa ennungi" mu kifo kyabwe, nga kiba kitegeeza nti empisa embi esobola okuggibwawo. Obubonerezo buzingiramu Omulamuzi John Occeleration (1883), ekikosebwa okuggibwawo olw'obutabanguko n'okunywa omwenge; , era ekikongojjedwa mu ngeri eyo kiviirako obulyinja oba obulyingi obw'okusibawo olububonerezo, okuggyawo ekkosebwa mu mubiri ne mu buli kantu. Bino biyongera ensonga eziba ezibaviirako okugoba abalamuzi okusasula emisolo n'okukkebeebwe. Abakungu abakungu abakungu abo abavunaanibwa mu kifo ky'okugoba omusolooze mu by'emisolookka.[FLticfo (20.6:0]][FFF.]]][FLG.]

Ekizingirwa mu Kusalawo kw’Abasinga Obulungi

Endowooza ya bantu ba bulijjo esobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkola yonna. Olw'okuba okugaana mu by'obufuzi kya mu butonde, abakungu mu Congress batwalibwa mu ngeri y'enjawulo ku ngeri gye batunuuliramu omukungu avunaanibwa era ne misango gye bavunaanibwa. Emboozi z'oku mpapula z'amawulire zikola kinene nnyo mu kukyusa endowooza y'obulombolombo obwo. Ebbeesaamu obujulizi busobola okubikkula ebibi, okutegeeza ebiwandiikibwa ku Watergate. Ku luuyi olulala, abafuzi bannamawulire ab'ekitongole ekyo basobola okuteeka mu nkola ebikolebwa mu ngeri ereeteesiteesi oba mu buwagizi bwa gavumenti.

Mu kiseera kya Clinton ensensenserso, okunoonyereza okwakolebwa kulaga okuwakanya okusiiga ebitundu bingi, wadde nga Abamerika bangi baali tebaagala kuggyamu mpisa za Clinton. Endowooza eyo yaleetera olukiiko lw'amateeka okusaliriza mu ngeri esaanidde era yaleetera ekkomo. Mu kiseera kya Trump ebiwandiiko, endowooza zaayawukana nnyo ku bibiina, era obuwagizi bwa bantu tebwatuuka ku kigero ekisensena okusobola okupikiriza abantu okuyingiza gavumenti z'eggwanga. Okukubaganya ebyo ebifulumira mu mawulire gye kuviirako okubunyiga mu kiseera kino, ne ku ebyo ebikolebwa ku bantu ne ku nsonga eziyinza okufulumya obutundu obutegeeza nti gavumenti z'abawandikiro.

Abakungu ba poliisi baali basuubira nti pulezidenti eyali takyesiga abantu yandigudde olubege era nti Olukiiko lwandyogerezza ebyo gavumenti bye lwagala. Kyokka, emirundi mingi obwesigwa bw'ebibiina bukendeeza ku ssuubi eryo, ne kiviirako obukakafu obuba bukwata ku ngeri ensonga gye zikolebwamu mu kifo ky'okussa essira ku ngeri ensonga gye ziyinza okukolebwamu.

Amakulu ga "Obumenyi bw’Ensobi n’Obubi"

Egimu ku bibuuzo ebiwakanirwa ennyo mu mateeka ge gamu ku makulu g'ebigambo "obumenyi bw'amateeka obw'amaanyi n'obusobe." Amateeka tegategeeza bwe gatyo, okuleka Andrew Johnson okutaputa mu Congress. Mu byafaayo, ebigambo bino bitegese okubaamu okukozesa obubi amaanyi agafuga n'okumenya amateeka, gamba ng'enguzi, okukugira, n'okusibuka obwenkanya mu mateeka. Tekyetaagisa kumenyebwa mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okumenya amateeka ga Andrew Johnson. Okutaasa obululuza kwalina ku mateeka mu mateeka kyali kyesigamye ku kumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, naye abakugunja wa mateeka bangi bagamba nti ekikolwandikiro kyali tekiteeyagasaamu mateeka.

Obunene bw'obumenyi bw'amateeka n'ensobi ennungi biwa olukalala lw'ensonga, naye era bireetawo okuwakana kwa bannaakyemalira. Abamu bagamba nti ebibi by'abamenyi b'amateeka ebitongozesebwa bye byokka ebisaanidde okukkirizibwa; abalala bagamba nti okusasula tekuliwo kiwandikiro ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi. Kkooti esinga obukulu tekiri mu kuwakana kuno, nga kufuga mu NICON v. United States (93)

Okweteerawo Emitindo n’Ebiseera eby’Omu Maanyi eby’Omu Maaso

Enkola eno ey'okuteesa yeeyongereddeko nnyo mu myaka egyakayita, naddala oluvannyuma lw'okuteesa kwa Pulezidenti Trump. Abamu abeekengera nti okugoba gavumenti tekikuyambye kuziyiza maanyi g'ensi za gavumenti. Abalala bagamba nti enkola eno ekoleddwa: Ennyumba esobola okuvunaanibwa bannakyewa, era Akakiiko kawaawe keewala okuggyawo ebintu ebiteetaagisa.

Okusemba okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ez'enkola eyo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga eziba ziyinza okunnyonnyolwa, okukugira ekiwandiiko ky'Olukiiko Olukulu okusazanya ebintu nga terunnawozesebwa, oba okutandikawo akakiiko akawyiro ke kateewa okunoonyereza ku bye bawaayiriza. Kyokka, okukomyawo kwa mateeka si kyangu okukolebwa, era enkyukakyuka yonna mu nkola y'obusosoze yandyetaagika ne kiba nga kyetaagisa okukkirizisa ku nsonga — ekintu ekitatera kulabika mu by'obufuzi.

Bye Tuyigira ku Batuuze n’Abasomesa

Okutegeera nti obusongasonga kikulu nnyo mu kuyigiriza abaana engeri amateeka gye gatuukirizaamu ebigendererwa byago. Kuyigiriza abayizi engeri amateeka gye gasobozesamu omuntu okuvunaanyizibwa, engeri ebya bufuzi n'amateeka gye bikolaganamu, n'engeri amaanyi gye gagabulwa mu demokulase mu Amereka. Abayigiriza bayinza okukozesa okunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo okulaga obukulembedde wakati w'amateeka n'eby'obufuzi, era n'okuyamba abayizi okumanya engeri gye balemererwamu okukola omulimu. Eby'obugagga ng'ekya '[FLT','ekya bulijjo, ekitongole ekiwandikiro kiyinza okuwa obulagirizi obusinga obutuufu.[FLT:]

Ate era, okwogerezeganya mu lujjudde n'okugattika enkola enyweza omusingi ogugamba nti gavumenti eteekwa okukkiriza abafuzi. Nga James Madison bwe yalabira mu [FL:0] Fieralist No. 51, "Ekyetaagibwa kya buli muntu kiyinza okuba nga kye kisinga okuleetera ab'obuyinza okukkirizibwa oba okugattika obuwagizi obwa gavumenti." Abatuuze abategeera obuyinza obwo basobola okuvunaana n'okusiima abawagizi baabwe mu ngeri eyolekamu amateeka ga Amerika.

fundikira

Okuteesa tekukoma ku byafaayo oba ku ngeri y'okuleetawomu entalo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo; eno nkola ya bulijjo esobozesa abakungu okuggyawo enfuge eza bulijjo ze babadde bassibwamu obwesige. Era ewa enkola ey'okuggyamu ab'obuyinza ababadde bawagira obuwangwa bwabwe obw'amaanyi nga batuukiriza ebbeetaanya enkola ez'amaanyi ezisookebwawo mu nkola y'obufuzi n'enkyukakyuka. Amakampuni gaago gasobola okusobozesa buli ggwanga okufuna eb'obuyinza okukozesa ebiwandiiko byalyo mu ngeri ennukuta. Okugaaniriza n'okutegeera ebyafaayo byalwo, enkola yaago, era n'ensonga zaago bya mugaso nnyo eri buli muntu yenna ayagala okutegeera ekipimo kya demokramenti mu Amereka. eggwanga bwe ligenda ligenda mu maaso n'okuva mu kifo eky'okutandika okukubaga enk'enkola ya tepirseetuka, amaanyi geesalibwa, era ne bwe kiba nga kiragibwa, ekibiina ekiyinza okusigala nga kinnyonnyola, era nga kiyinza okubaamu n'okulaga enkola ey'okulaga mu kifo eky'enkola. — enneeyisa