Chiyambi: Mphamvu Imamveka Bwino

Mphamvu ndi mphamvu yosatha m’mabanja a anthu. Kuchokera m’kalasi mpaka m’chipinda chophunzitsira, kuyambira m’banja mpaka m’maunansi apadziko lonse, nkhani yakuti n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena kapena magulu ena ali ndi mphamvu pa ena ndi yosatha ndiponso yofunika mwamsanga. Kumvetsa si nkhani ya maphunziro chabe.

Pamaziko ake, mphamvu ndiyo kukhoza kulamulira khalidwe la anthu ndi zotulukapo. Koma mafotokozedwe osavuta ameneŵa amaphimba mapangidwe ambiri, magwero, ndi zotulukapo. Mphamvu ikhoza kuwoneka, monga ngati mu ulamuliro wa woweruza, kapena wosaoneka, monga m’mikhalidwe yamachenjera imene imalamulira khalidwe la anthu. Ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mogwirizana kapena mogwirizana, mokhazikika kapena mogawiridwa. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza mkhalidwe wa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, kujambula pa mbiri, kakhalidwe, ndi malingaliro amaganizo kulongosola chifukwa chake mphamvu zimapitirizabe ndi mmene zingadziŵitsiridwire ndi kumvedwa.

Maziko a Mphamvu: Chidutswa Chachikulu

Asanaloŵe m’zinthu zina, n’kothandiza kukhazikitsa maziko a mphamvu yomvetsa zinthu. Akatswiri a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu akhala akutsutsana kwa nthaŵi yaitali za chiyambi chake ndi mmene amagwirira ntchito. Katswiri wina wotchuka wa za kakhalidwe ka anthu, yemwe anayambitsidwa ndi John Franch ndi Bertram Raven mu 1959, akutchula maziko asanu a mphamvu, iliyonse yokhala ndi makhalidwe ndi tanthauzo lake.

Mphamvu Yotha Kudya

Mphamvu ya chisokonezo imazikidwa pa kukhoza kupereka chilango kapena kuwopseza ziyambukiro zoipa. Ndiwo mtundu wa kulamulira kopambanitsa, kowonekera kaŵirikaŵiri m'maulamuliro a authoritarianism, polishi, kapena maunansi a kholo ndi mwana. Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu ya kugwirizana kwa kanthaŵi imakhala yogwira mtima ndi yotsutsa. Kudalira kwake pa mantha kumaipangitsa kukhala yosakhazikika ndi yowonongetsa ndalama kuisunga.

Mphoto ya Mphamvu

Mphamvu ndiyo mbali yosalimba ya kukakamiza: imaphatikizapo kupereka zisonkhezero zonga ngati ndalama, chitamando, kukwezedwa, kapena mwaŵi wa kugonjera kotsimikizirika. Kuntchito ndi m’makalasi, mphamvu yopereka mphotho ingasonkhezere kuchita zinthu, koma ingatsogolerenso ku maunansi ogulitsa ndi kusumika maganizo pa kuchirikiza kutha kwa ndalama, mmalo mwa chisonkhezero chenicheni.

Mphamvu Yalamulo

Mphamvu zalamulo zimachokera ku malo odziŵika kapena mbali m'gulu la akulu. Mkulu wapolisi, manijala, kapena mkulu wa boma wosankhidwa ali ndi mphamvu zalamulo chifukwa chakuti chitaganya chimawapatsa ulamuliro wa kupanga zosankha ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Mtundu umenewu wa mphamvu umaikidwa m'malamulo, mapangano, kapena m'mabungwe a gulu. Komabe, mphamvu zovomerezeka zingagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwa ngati ulamuliro suyesedwa ndi njira zoŵerengera mlandu.

Mphamvu ya Akatswiri

Mphamvu zaluso zimachokera ku chidziŵitso chapadera, maluso, kapena chidziŵitso cha dokotala, luso la injiniya la kudziŵa njira, kapena kumvetsetsa lamulo kumawapatsa mphamvu pa ena amene alibe chidziŵitsocho. M'dziko lovuta kwambiri, mphamvu yaluso imaonedwa kukhala yofunika kwambiri, komanso ingachititsenso kudalira ndi chidziŵitso monga ma symmetry.

Mphamvu Yopatsa

Mphamvu yochokera ku mikhalidwe yaumwini yonga ngati kukopa, kukhulupirika, kapena kudalirika. Anthu amatsatira munthu wina wokhala ndi mphamvu chifukwa chakuti amakhumbira kapena kusiyanitsa nawo. Mtundu umenewu wa mphamvu ndiwo maziko a utsogoleri wa mayanjano, mwambo, ndi maunansi apafupi. Mphamvu yobwezera ingakhale yothandiza, komanso ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi anthu opondereza.

Kumvetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kupenda chifukwa chake anthu ena amalamulira pamene ena akukhala otsika.

Mbiri Yakale: Mphamvu Kuyambira Kalekale

Kupenda nkhani zimenezi kumasonyeza mmene mphamvu zimakhalira zosasintha koma zimasintha chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zachuma, za luso la zopangapanga, ndi za maganizo.

Magulu Onyenga

Ku Ulaya wa m'zaka zapakati, mphamvu inali kuikidwa m'dongosolo lamphamvu. Mafumu anapatsa malo kwa anthu apamwamba posinthana ndi utumiki wankhondo, pamene anthu wamba (aakazi) anali omangidwa kudziko ndi kugonjera ulamuliro wa mbuye. Dongosolo limeneli linachirikizidwa ndi malingaliro a kuyenera kwaumulungu . Chikhulupiriro chakuti mafumu anasankhidwa ndi Mulungu. Mphamvu inalandira malo ndipo inali yosavutitsidwa. Tchalitchi chinakhalanso ndi mphamvu zazikulu, kulamulira maphunziro, makhalidwe, ndipo ngakhalenso kulondola ndale.

“ Kugwirizana kwa maukwati sikunali kokha dongosolo la zachuma; kunali dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu limene linaphatikizapo ulamuliro, katundu, ndi dzina.” — Susan Reynolds, wolemba mbiri

Kulanda Dziko ndi Ulamuliro wa Ufumu

Kuyambira m’zaka za m'ma 15 mpaka m'ma 20, mayiko a ku Ulaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kusintha kwa Maindasitale

Chisinthiko cha Industrial (zaka za zana la19) chinasintha mphamvu zokhala ndi mphamvu m'zitaganya. Kukwera kwa mafakitale ndi chikapitolizimu kunayambitsa gulu latsopano la akatswiri a maindasitale olemera . . .Mmenemo munapezeka mphamvu zachuma zimene zinalingana ndi zakale. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, gulu logwira ntchito (protetariat) linakula muukulu ndi gulu, kutsogolera ku magulu a antchito omwe anafuna malipiro abwinopo, mikhalidwe yogwira ntchito, ndi kuimira ndale zadziko. Nthaŵiyi inawona kubadwa kwa nkhondo yamakono, monga momwe Karl Marx anafotokozera, amene pomalizira pake mphamvu ya kupeza mphamvu pa kuyendetsa ntchito.

Magulu a Anthu ndi Kupereka Mphamvu Zochepa

Zaka za zana la 20 ndi 21 zakhala zikudziŵika ndi magulu amphamvu a kakhalidwe amene anatsutsa mphamvu za anthu. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States linalimbana ndi kusankhana mafuko ndi kutha kwa mafuko. Magulu a akazi anatokosa ulamuliro wa makolo ndi kufuna kufanana kwa amuna. Magulu otsutsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda ku Asia ndi ku Africa anagonjetsa mwachipambano. Magulu ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri anaphatikiza kutsutsa kogwirizana (kulimbana, kuukira, kuukira, kutsutsa, kukopa) ndi kusonkhezera mphamvu za makhalidwe abwino (ufulu wa munthu, zolinga za democracy). Amasonyeza kuti mphamvu ingatsutsidwe ndi kuperekedwa mwa zochita zaunyinyinyinyinyi.

Makhalidwe ndi Mphamvu ya Madongosolo

Kuwonjezera pa zochitika zakale, mphamvu za tsiku ndi tsiku zimakhazikika m’mayanjano ndi mabungwe amene amalinganiza anthu.

Gulu ndi Mphamvu ya Chuma

Gulu la zachuma lidakali limodzi la ziletso zamphamvu kwambiri za chisonkhezero. Chuma chimapereka maphunziro, zosamalira zaumoyo, kuimira kwalamulo, zopereka zandale, ndi kutchuka kwa manyuzi. M'mayiko ambiri, 1 peresenti ya anthu amalamulira gawo losayerekezereka la zinthu, kuwatheketsa kukonza ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu. [FLT: 0] Data kuchokera ku World Sutugame database [1] imasonyeza kuti ndalama zimene amapeza padziko lonse ndi chuma zakula kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1980, kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya bungwe la za nyuzi.

Kusankhana Mafuko, Mafuko, ndi Makhalidwe

Kusiyanitsa mafuko ndi mitundu kumayambika m'nkhani za ukapolo, kulandana, ndi kuikidwa m'mabungwe. M'maiko onga United States, South Africa, ndi Brazil, tsankho la utundu likupitirizabe kuyambukira kupezeka kwa nyumba, ntchito, chiweruzo chaupandu, ndi kuimira kwa ndale zadziko. Ngakhale pambuyo pa kusintha kwalamulo, maulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri amapitirizabe kupyolera m'madongosolo obisika, monga machitidwe a kulembedwa ntchito, kuchotsa padera kwa maphunziro, ndi kuikidwa m’ndende kwa anthu. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kumafuna kupenda kulekana kwa zinthu [1] Njira yosiyana ya kutsendereza (mtundu, gulu, igitsina, ) ndi kugwirizana.

Kulera Ana ndi Makolo Akulu

Mabishopu ndi dongosolo la kakhalidwe mmene amuna amasunga mphamvu ndi ulamuliro waukulu kuposa akazi. Zimawonekera m'malipiro osalingana, kugonjera mu utsogoleri, chiwawa cha amuna, ndi miyambo ya chikhalidwe imene imachepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa ndi akazi. Pamene kuli kwakuti kupita patsogolo kwapangidwa . Akazi ambiri m'maulamuliro andale, monga chitsanzo, mipata ya mphamvu imakhalanso yofunika. Malinga ndi World Economic Forder Teagement Report 2024 , pamlingo wamakono, idzatenga zaka 134 kuti athetse mpata wa kugonana kwa dziko lonse. Mphamvu zamphamvu zimawonekeranso mu LGBQ, kumene tsankho ndi chiwawa zimathera ndalama ndi kulandirira ndi kuyanjana ndi kuyanjana.

Zaka ndi Mphamvu za Mbadwo

Makhalidwe a zaka asintha m’njira zotsutsana. M'maudindo ambiri amwambo, akulu ali ndi ulamuliro chifukwa cha chidziŵitso chawo ndi chidziŵitso chosonkhanitsidwa. M'mafuko amakono, achichepere amaonedwa kukhala osinthika ndi atsopano, komabe iwo angakhale opanda mphamvu zolamulira. Kulimbana kwa mibadwo chifukwa cha kuperekedwa kwa chuma (m'chitsanzo, kuwonongera ndalama zapansipo. maphunziro) amasonyeza kuvutikira kwakukulu. Kukula kwa dziko lonse kwa ochirikiza nyengo, monga Grenta Thaunberg, kumasonyeza mmene mphamvu ya ndandanda ya ndale zingayambitsire chitokosokoso ku madongosolo a ndale.

Mphamvu Zamaganizo

Kufufuza za maganizo kumasonyeza mmene munthu amaonera ulamuliro, mmene mphamvu zimasinthira khalidwe lake, ndiponso mmene anthu amagwirira ntchito.

Ulamuliro ndi Kumvera: Kuyesa kwa Mileme

Stanley Milgram atafufuza motchuka m'ma 1960 anasonyeza kuti anthu wamba ali ofunitsitsa kwambiri kumvera anthu aulamuliro, ngakhale atauzidwa kuvulaza ena. Otengamo mbali anauzidwa kupereka mphamvu zamagetsi kwa wophunzira (mtolankhani) kuti apeze mayankho olakwika. Ngakhale kuti anali kumva kulira kwa ululu, ambiri anapitirizabe kuchititsa mantha kwambiri chifukwa woyesa m’nyumba ya opaleshoni anawauza. Kufufuzaku kunagogomezera mphamvu ya ulamuliro walamulo ndi chitsenderezo, kudzutsa mafunso ovutitsa ponena za mmene maulamuliro onga a Nazi Germany kapena a Perebalveration South Africa angachitire ntchito.

Kuyesa Kugwira Ntchito m’Ndende ya Stanford

Philip Zimbardo's Prison Experiment (1971) anasonyeza mmene ntchito zogaŵiridwa zingasinthire mofulumira khalidwe. Ophunzira a ku koleji ogaŵiridwa kukhala "alonda" kukhala ankhanza ndi aukali, pamene kuli kwakuti "ndende" anakhala osachitapo kanthu ndi opsinjika. Kuyesako kunalekedwa poyambirira chifukwa cha nkhaŵa za makhalidwe abwino, koma zopeza zake zinagogomezera mmene mphamvu ingaipitsire ngakhale anthu wamba ngati ziikidwa m’mikhalidwe imene imalimbikitsa kutchuka. Ngakhale kuti kufufuzako kwayang'anizana ndi njira zophunzirira, kumakhala chitsanzo champhamvu cha mkhalidwe wa mphamvu.

Kudziŵa Ubwino wa Mayanjano ndi Kutsatira Magulu

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe, anthu amatengera mbali ya kudziimira kwawo kuchokera ku gulu (m., fuko, dziko, ntchito). Zimenezi zimatsogolera ku tsankho la magulu ndi kusankhana. Magulu amene ali ndi mphamvu kaŵirikaŵiri amayambitsa malingaliro amene amalungamitsa ulamuliro wawo (m’chitsanzo, "olemera amayenerera chuma chawo chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito zolimba"). Komanso, magulu otsika angachititse kuchepa kapena kukhala ndi mphamvu zotsutsa. Kumvetsa njira zimenezi zamaganizo ndiko mfungulo yotsutsa tsankho ndi kumanga mgwirizano.

Mphamvu ndi Chilango

Kufufuza kumasonyezanso kuti mphamvu imasintha mmene anthu amaonera. Anthu amphamvu amasintha kwambiri, amaika moyo wawo pachiswe, ndipo amaika maganizo awo pa zoopsa mmalo mwa ziwopsezo. Iwo ali othekera kwambiri kutengera ena ndipo sangakhale ndi malingaliro a ena. "mphamvu" imeneyi imatanthauza kuti pamene anthu apeza mphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala osamvana kwambiri ndi kudzifunira okha zinthu, zimene zingawonongere kuyenerera kwawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali. A 2011 kuphunzira ndi Adam Galinsky ndi anzawo anapeza kuti mphamvu yowonjezera chikhoterero cha kuchita zinthu pa zofuna za munthu mwini, nthaŵi zina chifukwa cha kusamala.

Zisonyezero Zamakono za Kuphonya Mphamvu

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, mphamvu za anthu zasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko, luso la zopangapanga, ndi njira zatsopano zoyendetsera zinthu.

Kusintha Ndale ndi Ndale Zandale

M’madongosolo a demokrase, lingaliro nlakuti nzika iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zofanana zandale mwa kuvota ndi kutengamo mbali. Kunena zoona, chuma chimasonkhezera kwambiri mwa zopereka za ndawala, kukopa, ndi kukhala ndi oulutsa nkhani. Ku United States, Chigawo cha Supreme Court United (2010) chinalola ndalama zosaŵerengeka za kampani pa ndawala za ndale zadziko, zikumakulitsa mphamvu ya anthu apamwamba m’zachuma. Zimenezi zatsogolera ku dongosolo limene andale angakhale ovomereza kwambiri kwa operekawonetsera zinthu kuposa operekawo, kuchepetsa mlandu wa democracy.

Maphunziro Monga Wotenga Mphamvu

Kuphunzira bwino ndi kulephera kuyendera limodzi ndi mabwana. Sukulu zotchuka, mayunivesite otchuka, ndi madongosolo a maalumini a mapulani amapangitsa njira zopezera ntchito zapamwamba ndi malo a utsogoleri. Komabe, masukulu osatchuka m'madera opeza ndalama zochepa amalimbikitsa mavuto. Mpata wa maphunziro padziko lonse umasonyeza kusalingana kwa chuma, ndipo ana a m’mayiko olemera akhoza kumaliza maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Pamene luso la zopangapangapanga limasintha chuma, luso la zamakono ndi laluso lapamwamba limakhala magwero atsopano a mphamvu za anthu amene ali ndi mwayi wophunzitsa ndi amene saphunzira.

Mabuku, Luso, ndi Mphamvu ya Chidziŵitso

Mabungwe a zamalonda ndi mapulogalamu a zandale ndi a zandale ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu yolamulira maganizo a anthu, kukhazikitsa zolinga, ndi makhalidwe. Malamulo amene amaika patsogolo zinthu zokopa kwambiri angawonjezere mbiri yoipa ndi kugaŵanitsa anthu. Tech Biatton monga Google, Facebook, ndi Amazon asunga chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini, kuwapatsa mphamvu za zachuma ndi zandale. Mphamvu yolamulira chidziŵitso ndiyo mtundu wamakono wa mphamvu yalamulo ndi yaluso, komatu yosagonjetsedwa. Panthaŵiyi, magulu onga # Metoo akusonyeza mmene mphamvu ya udzu imathandizira kutsutsa manyuzi a mayanjano otchuka.

Kusalingana Malo Padziko Lonse ndi Kumpoto kwa Kumpoto

Padziko lonse, mayiko olemera a ku North amasiyana kwambiri. Mayiko olemera amalamulira malonda a mayiko, zachuma, ndiponso zanyengo pamene mayiko osauka akulimbana ndi ngongole za ku South, kuchotsa katundu, ndi kuchepetsa ndale. Mabungwe apadziko lonse monga World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund akulamulidwa ndi mayiko olemera, kulimbikitsa kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu za dziko. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa chuma monga China, India, ndi Brazil kukusintha dziko, kuyambitsa malo atsopano a chuma ndi ndale zadziko.

Kukana ndi Mphamvu: Maziko Ovuta a Mphamvu

Kuzindikira chifukwa chimene anthu ena ali ndi ulamuliro pa ena kuli kokha theka la chithunzi. Imodzi ya iko ikumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu zingatsutsidwire ndi kufalitsidwa. Mphamvu . Njira ya kulamulira moyo wa munthu ndi malo okhala . Ndi mankhwala a mphamvu yopondereza. Mbiri imapereka zitsanzo zambiri za kutsutsa kwauchigaŵenga: mgwirizano wa antchito wofuna malipiro oyenera, ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ofuna kuchitiridwa mofanana, anthu a m'maderawo akumenyera ufulu wa dziko, ndi nzika wamba kulinganiza zochita za nyengo.

Kukana kogwira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikiza mitundu yambiri ya mphamvu: kutsutsa kwaunyinji (kutsendereza kwamphamvu), zitokoso za lamulo (mphamvu yaluso), ndi utsogoleri wozizwitsa (mphamvu yotha mphamvu), imafunikiranso kuzindikira kosuliza [ kukhoza kuzindikira ndi kupenda mphamvu zimene zimaumba moyo wa munthu, monga momwe zinalongosoledwa ndi mphunzitsi wa Brazilian Paulo Freire . Mwakumvetsetsa mizu ya mphamvu zotha kusintha, anthu ndi mitu ya kapangidwe ka kusintha, kuchokera ku ku kusankhitsa ndi kukonza ndi kuyendetsa kwachikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kwa aphunzitsi, zimenezi zikutanthauza kukulitsa malingaliro osuliza ponena za mphamvu m’kalasi. Ophunzira angaphunzire kudziŵa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu, kupenda zitsanzo za m’mbiri, ndi kupenda nkhani zamakono. Iwo angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zawo zodziimira ndi zaluso kuchirikiza zochititsa zimene amakhulupirira. Pomalizira pake, chitaganya chimene chimagaŵira mphamvu moyenerera kwambiri sichimangonena zachilungamo komanso chimakhalanso cholimba, cholimba, ndiponso chokhoza kuchirikiza.

Kumaliza: Mphamvu ndi Thayo

Mphamvu si yabwino kapena yoipa mwa iyo yokha; iyo ndi chiŵiya chopangidwa ndi makhalidwe ndi zochita za awo amene amaiyendetsa. Zifukwa zimene zimachititsa anthu ena kukhala ndi mphamvu pa ena nzachikale, kakhalidwe ka anthu, ndi kakhalidwe ka anthu. Koma zifukwa zimenezi siziri zoikidwiratu. Mwa kuphunzira mphamvu . mphamvu . Zochokera, ndi ziyambukiro zake, zingagwire ntchito ku dziko kumene mphamvu zili ndi anthu abwino kwambiri ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mwanzeru kwambiri.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kufufuza kumeneku ndi chiyambi. Njira yotsatira ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chimenechi m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku: kukayikira ulamuliro pamene uli wosalungama, kupanga kugwirizana kosiyana, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya munthu kukweza mawu otsika, ndi kusaiŵala kuti ndi mphamvu ya munthu ndiye udindo. Ulendo wopita ku chitaganya choyenera uyamba ndi luntha, koma umatha mwa zochita.