Kumvetsetsa Zosankha Zachiyambi

Masankho aakulu ndiwo njira imene zipani za ndale zadziko zimasankhira osankhidwa awo kaamba ka chisankho cha onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti potsirizira pake masankho a onse amasankha amene ali ndi udindo, ma primes amachita mbali yaikulu m'kuumba zosankha zopezeka kwa ovota mu November. Njira yaikulu mu United States imavomerezedwa bwino kwambiri, ndi boma lililonse, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chipani chilichonse cha ndale zadziko mkati mwa boma. Malamulo ameneŵa angasonkhezere kwambiri wovota, wosankha, ndi dongosolo la democracy.

Apandu angapezedwe kachiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, pamene okonzanso opita patsogolo anayesa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabwana a chipani ndi kupatsa nzika wamba liwu lachindunji posankha ofunsira. Kusanatero, oyembekezera kubatizidwa anali kusankhidwa pa misonkhano yachigawo kapena m'zipangizo zoyendetsera. Lerolino, maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa masankho aakulu, ngakhale kuti pali gulu limodzi limene lidakali ndi masupansi (monga Iowa ndi Nevada). Kumvetsetsa mitundu ya mapulogalamu ndi kusintha kwa maiko nkofunika kwa wovota aliyense amene akufunafuna chiyambukiro cha chidziŵitso.

Mitundu Yoyambirira ya Zosankha

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa madongosolo aakulu ndiko amene amaloledwa kuvota. Mitundu itatu yofala kwambiri njotseguka, yotsekedwa, ndi yotsekedwa kamodzi:

  • Otsegulira: Wovota aliyense wovomerezeka angatengemo mbali m'chipani chilichonse, mosasamala kanthu za gulu la wovotayo. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maboma monga Michigan, Wisconsin, ndi Alabama. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti limalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kokulirapo ndi ofunsira oyenera, pamene otsutsa amalola ovota kuchokera kwa magulu otsutsanawo “kudutsa [1] ndi kusonkhezera zotsatira zazikulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Otsekedwa: Osankhidwa okha ndi gulu lopatsidwa angavote m'chigawo chachikulu. Dongosolo limeneli nlofala m'maboma monga New York, Florida, ndi Pennsylvania. Otsekera amatetezeredwa monga osunga umphumphu, koma angachotse ovota odziimira okha amene alibe chipani.
  • Semi- Primed Prime : [[FLT ] M'dongosolo lophatikizali, osasankha (osadalira) angasankhe chipani chachikulu kuti avote, koma mamembala a chipani cholembetsa angangosankha chivoti m'chipani chawo chachikulu. Maboma onga Arizona, Massachusetts, ndi North Carolina amagwiritsira ntchito ma primium.

Kuwonjezerapo, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma chatenga pamwamba-paŵiri , kapena pamwamba pa 4 [[FLT :3] madongosolo aakulu (nthaŵi zina amatchedwa “jungle primerivary"). Pamwamba pa magawo aŵiri, ofunsira onse amawonekera pa gulu limodzi; mavoti aŵiri osankhidwa kupita patsogolo ku chisankho, mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maofesi ambiri, ndi ku Louisiana kwa ma maofesi onse (kumene amatchedwa “makepeti yaikulu ). Madongosolo aŵiri a cholinga cha kuchepetsa malo ozungulira ndi kulimbikitsa kukambirana, komanso angatsogolerenso ku gulu la anthu aŵiri.

Boma ndi Boma: Zitsanzo Zabwino

California

California akutsogolera njira yoyamba ya ma maofesi a mabungwe ndi maboma, yotengedwa ndi bungwe la 2010. Oyembekezera kubatizidwa onse andandandalikidwa pa pepala limodzi, ndipo ovota angavote kwa wobatizidwa aliyense mosasamala kanthu za chipani. Ofunsira aŵiri okhala ndi mavoti ambiri, osayang'ana za chipani, apitiriza kusankhidwa kwa onse. Dongosololi lapanga masankho osankha pakati pa Democrats ziŵiri, Republicans, kapena msanganizo, ndipo apatsidwa mbiri ya kusandutsa mpikisano wa malamulo a boma. Kulembetsa kwa ku California kuli tsiku limodzi (lo loyamba) mkati mwa kuvota ndi pa Tsiku la E Couragetion, kupanga gawo lopezeka kwambiri.

Texas

Texas imagwiritsira ntchito njira yotsekedwa. Kuti avote m'chipani chachikulu, wovota ayenera kulembedwa ndi chipani chimenecho. Komabe, Texas imalola ovota kusintha gulu losankha pa Tsiku la Chisankho lalikulu (mwa kupempha gulu lotsutsalo, limene limasintha kulembera kovomerezeka). Bomalo lilinso ndi zofunika zodalirika zovota, zimene zingayambitse mavuto. Texas Primmaged imasungidwa Lachiŵiri loyamba mu March la zaka za chisankho cha pulezidenti, ndipo kumapeto kwa May kwa nyengo zosakhala za pulezidenti. Masankho a Runoff ndi ofala ku Texa ngati palibe wovotayo amene alandira mavoti oposa 50%, kuwonjezeranso chidutswa china.

New York

Dongosolo lotsekedwa la New York limafunikira ovota kulembetsa ndi chipani kudakali bwino. Nthaŵi ya kulembetsa iri kwenikweni masiku 20 mpaka 25 isanafike pa pulogalamu yoyamba, ndipo ovota sangasinthe kugwirizana kwa chipani china mu windo. Izi zachititsa kuti pakhale kutsika ndi kuchepa kwa kugawana ndi ovota odziimira okha. New York imachititsanso masankho aakulu a ma maofesi a pulezidenti ndi osakhala a pulezidenti, ndi pulezidenti wamkulu kaŵirikaŵiri mu April ndi boma / malo oyambirako mu June kapena September. Nthaŵi zina malamulo a ndawala ya chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha New York ndi madeti amapeto achepetsa chisonkhezero cha pulezidenti m'malemba la mapwalensiti.

Florida

Florida imafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala boma lalikulu lotsekedwa, koma imalola kusiyanitsa kowonekera: Osankha osakhudzidwa angatengemo mbali m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipani ngati chipanicho chisankha kuwalola (mbali yotsegulira”. M’zochitika, magawo aakulu mu Florida sanatsegule malo awo odziimira okha, chotero dongosololo limagwira ntchito monga chinthu chachikulu chotsekedwa kwa ovota ambiri. Pulezidenti wa Florida amachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri mu March, pamene kuli kwakuti mabwalo a boma achitika mu August. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito malo onse olandirirapo alendo a pulezidenti wa Republican Prial Primenmaries , amene apanga nkhondo yaikulu.

Illinois

Illinois amagwiritsira ntchito cholembera chachikulu koma chotsekedwa kulola ovota a pa pa parti kusankha chisankho patsiku loyamba, kupangitsa icho kukhala dongosolo lotseguka bwino. Olembetsa ndi gulu angangosankha gulu lalikulu. Illinois ali ndi kulembetsa kofanana kwa tsiku limodzi, kumene kwawonjezera kutembenuka. Choyambirira cha boma chimachitika m'March kaamba ka mafuko a pulezidenti ndipo mu June kaamba ka boma ndi maofesi a kumaloko. Illinois amalolanso kusanthula koyambirira kwa masiku 40 tsiku loyamba lisanachokere, kupangitsa icho kukhala chimodzi cha magawo ofikirika koposa m'mawindo wosankhidwira.

Iowa

Iowa ndi wotchuka chifukwa cha makompyuta a pulezidenti, osati apadera. Ngakhale kuti kampasi ya caucus ili yosiyana, imatumikira chifuno chimodzimodzi: Kusankha nthumwi ku misonkhano ya dziko. Kaucuse imaloŵetsamo misonkhano ya ovota kumene amakambirana oyembekezera ndi kuvota poyera. Malo a Iowa achotsa chisonkhezero chifukwa chakuti amachotsa kalenda ya pulezidenti yopanga madenti, koma amasuliridwa kuti ali opereŵerapo (maola ochepera, kusoŵa kwa kuvota kwa osankhidwawondawo) ndi kuti abwereze kwambiri, osankhidwa akale. Iowa amapanganso masankhoti aakulu a boma ndi maofesi akwawo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotsekapo.

Mtundu watsopano wa Hampshire

New Hampshire imasunga chinthu choyamba m'dziko, mwambo wotetezeredwa ndi lamulo la boma. Imagwiritsira ntchito dongosolo lokhala ndi anthu osagwirizana: Ovota osavala angavote m'mbali zonse zazikulu za chipani, koma mamembala a chipani cholembetsedwa ali opatulidwa kwa iwo okha. New Hampshire ili chochitika chachindunji chosankha, ndi ovota akuponya maboloti achinsinsi pamalo ofunsira. Dzunzo lake loyambirira, wovota wamkulu, ndi chikhalidwe cha malonda chimachipanga kukhala chilo cha kulembetsa kwa ofunsira. Bomalo limalolanso kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi la voti, kuthandizira ku kuchuluka kwa otengamo mbali yake.

Georgia

Georgia amayendetsa dongosolo lotseguka. Voters salembetsa ndi chipani, ndipo angasankhe chisankho cha chipani kuti chivote pa tsiku loyamba. Mu 2021, Georgia anakhazikitsa masinthidwe apadera a chisankho (SB 202) amene anachepetsa mabokosi, anawonjezera zofunika zatsopano za ID zopitira kuphonya, ndi kufupikitsa nyengo ya kutha kwa dziko. Chigawo chachikulu cha Georgia chimachitidwa mu May kapena June. Runoffs chimafunidwa ngati palibe wolandira unyinji, ndipo lamulo la boma 2021 limafupikitsa zenera kuchokera pa milungu isanu ndi inayi, kusintha ndawala yamphamvu.

Washington

Washington akugwiritsira ntchito njira yoyamba yapamwamba yonga California. Oyembekezera onse amawonekera pa pepala limodzi, ndipo opanga aŵiri otchuka a gulu apita patsogolo . Chigawo chachikulu cha Washington chandandandalitsidwa mu August kaamba ka maofesi a boma ndi a kumaloko, ndipo mu March kaamba ka mipikisano ya pulezidenti (boma limagwiritsira ntchito njira yapadera ya gulu la pulezidenti logawana ndi la pulezidenti). Washington imakhala pamalo ake kuyambira 2008 ndipo ikuŵerengedwa ndi mlandu wa kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwa nthaka m'zigawo m'madera ena. Washington irinso ndi mavoti aakulu ovota-ma, ndi maboloto otumizidwa ku onse olembetsa.

Madeti Ofunika ndi Madeti a M’mavoter

Ngakhale kuti masiku amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma ndi chaka, nthaŵi yaikulu imayamba motere:

  • Registration Deadlines: Maboma ambiri amafuna ovota kulembetsa masiku 15-30 asanalembe chigawo chachikulu. Komabe, maboma ena (Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota) amalola kulembetsa tsiku lomwelo. Nambala yowonjezereka imapereka kulembetsa kwa pa Intaneti, kumene kwasonyezedwa kuti kukuwonjezereka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsiku la Chisankho: Primial Primes zimasumikidwa pa “Lachiŵiri Loyamba" (Lachiwiri loyamba mu March), koma kalendala imayambira pa February ku Iowa mpaka pa mabwalo a pambuyo pake mu June ndi July. Boma ndi mapringitala a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amachitidwa m'nyengo ya chisanu kapena yachilimwe.
  • M'''poyambapo kuvota ndi Abree Voting : [[FLT :1] Maiko ambiri tsopano samapereka kuphonya kwa kuvota kwa opasewera kapena kuyambirira kwa kuvota asanabadwe. Maboma onga Florida ndi Texas amalola kuvota koyambirira kuyambira masiku 10-21 padera. Zote-by-mail ndizonse ku Oregon, Washington, Colorado, Utah, ndi Hawaii.
  • Ballot Access Deadlines : Madansi ayenera kutayidwa mapepala ndi kukwaniritsa zofunika za kusaina miyezi isanafike. Mavoter ayenera kuyang'ana ofesi ya chisankho chawo kaamba ka nthaŵi zapadera.

Kufunika Koyenera kwa Malo Ochitira Upandu

Upandu suli chabe njira yaluso m’kusanthula; uli ndi zotulukapo zazikulu za kulamulira, kuimira, ndi zipani.

  • [[FLT :0] Kutsekereza menu ya Chisankho: Upandu umasankha kuti ndi oyembekezera kuwonekera pa pepala la November. Kutsika kwa tchuthi kungatulutse minene yopambanitsa imene siingaimire sankhidwe yokulirapo, pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wokwera kwambiri amayanja zinthu zoyenerera.
  • Voter Activiment and Education : Upandu umayambitsa chisamaliro cha nyuzi, mikangano ya ofunsira, ndi kulinganiza kwa chitaganya, zonsezo zingawonjezere chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko. Kwa ovota ambiri, choyamba ndicho kukumana kwawo kwachindunji ndi njira yosankhira.
  • Down-Ballot Impact:[FLT :1] Upandu umagwiranso ntchito ku boma lokhazikitsa malamulo, bungwe la mzinda, bungwe la sukulu, ndi mafuko achiweruzo. Mipikisano imeneyi yapansi ya mpikisano kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala ndi kuwoneka kochepa, kupanga chisankho chachikulu m'zigawo zogaŵa kwambiri.
  • Party Platform ndi Nthumwi: M'mapulogalamu a pulezidenti, nthumwiyo imasankha chipanicho. Njira ya kugawiridwa kwa gulu lapadera . Wopambana atenga-all . Amapanganso malamulo a gulu pa mageti aakulu (m'Chipani cha Democratic Party) kapena nthumwi zosaŵerengedwa (m'Chipani cha Republican Party).

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, masankho aakulu amayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zazikulu zimene zingafooketse lonjezo lawo la democracy.

  • Mphatso ndi Kusaimira : Proffix njaifupi kwambiri kuposa kutuluka kwa masankho wamba, kaŵirikaŵiri pa 30%. Ovota amene amachita nawo zinthu amawoneka kukhala achikulire, oyera, ndi odziŵa zinthu zambiri kuposa oweruza wamba, zimene zingakhudze zotsatirapo za kupitirira. Chochitikachi chimadziŵika monga “kusungunuka kwa madzi.
  • Kusinthasintha kwa mitundu yoyamba, kutsata, ndi kusoŵa zofunika kumayambitsa chisokonezo, makamaka kwa ovota atsopano kapena osapezeka kaŵirikaŵiri. Kufufuza kwa 2020 Pew kunapeza kuti osankha ambiri sakudziŵa mtundu waukulu wa boma lawo. Kulephera kufotokoza bwino zinthu kungapangitse zolakwa, monga ngati kusanthula m'gulu lolakwika.
  • Ndalama: [[FLT :1] Ndalama za Kampeni m'mapulasitala zingapereke phindu lokulira kwa oyembekezera kusankhidwa kapena awo ochirikizidwa ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC). Kaŵirikaŵiri kuwonongera kunja sikunaikiziri koikidwiratu m'malamulo kuposa m'masankho wamba. Zimenezi zimakulitsa nkhaŵa ponena za chisonkhezero cha opereka ndi zikondwerero zapadera.
  • Gerrymaning ndi Saset : [[FLT :1] M'zigawo zokokedwa ku chipani chimodzi, chachikulu ndicho chisankho chokha cha mpikisano. Izi zingalimbikitse oyembekezera kupezera ochirikiza chipani mmalo mwa anthu onse, kuchepetsa kugaŵa. Mapangano onga ngati makhonsati odziimira okha ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa dongosolo (mzera, pamwamba-2) cholinga cha kuyang'anira zimenezi, koma kuyang'anizana ndi zopinga zandale.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsendereza ndi Access : Madziko okhala ndi malamulo a wovota okhwima, otsekereza kuvota, kapena mawindo achidule olembetsera angatsutse kagulu ka anthu, ndalama zochepera, ndi achichepere ovota. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la ID la Texas latsutsidwa m’khoti. Mofananamo, akunena kuti kusapereka kulembetsa tsiku limodzi kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi kutsika kwa anthu amasiku angapo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Predified Primary Kalenda: Kalenda yamakono imapereka chisonkhezero chosatha ku maboma akale onga Iowa ndi New Hampshire, amene ali oyera kwambiri ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu. Zoyesayesa kuzungulira kalenda kapena kupanga maprizire a chigawo zalingaliridwa koma sizinapatsidwe pa mlingo wa chipani cha dzikolo.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Mtsogolo mwa Upandu

Malingaliro angapo osintha zinthu apezedwa pamlingo wa boma ndi mtundu:

  • Mavoti a ku kampani achotsedwa, ndipo mavoti amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masankho aakulu ndi a anthu onse ku Maine, Alaska, ndi mizinda ingapo.
  • Maboma onse a Maposi: amene amapanga masankho kwakukulukulu mwa makalata (Oregon, Washington, Colorado) awona kuwonjezereka kwa kutuluka, kuphatikizapo m'mapulaneti. Kufutukula voti paposi kungawongolere kupezeka, ngakhale kuti kumakweza chisungiko ndi nkhaŵa za pulogalamu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mwachibadwa Voter Religistration (AVR): [[FLT :1] Uniteds monga California, Oregon, ndi Vermont modzifunira amalembetsa nzika zoyenerera pamene agwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma pokhapokha ngati asankha. AVR wasonyezedwa kukhala akuwonjezera mlingo wa kulembetsa ndipo, m’zochitika zina, kutsegulidwa kwakukulu.
  • Otsegulira ndi Nonpartisan Systems: Ochirikiza akutsutsa kuti kutseguka kapena ma Princial aŵiri otseguka amatulutsa oyembekezera oyenera ndi kuchepetsa malo otseguka. Osuliza amawopa kuti amapeputsa chizindikiritso cha chipani ndi chosankha cha wovota. Kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe m'malamulo a boma ndi mchitidwe wa zopereka.
  • Kuyesa Kalenda ya Pulezidenti:[FLT :1] Magulu a Democratic and Republican asintha malamulo a kubwezera malamulo amene amasunga mapulaneti apatsogolo kapena kuchepetsa kudzaza kwapatsogolo. Komabe, dongosolo lamakonoli lidakali nkhani ya kusuliza kopitirizabe chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwake kuimira ndi ndandanda yosokonezeka.

Kumaliza

Chiyambi cha masankho ndi njira yoyambirira yosinthira. Ndi kumene munda wa demokrase ya America umaikidwa, kumene mapulatifomu a gulu amapangidwa, ndi kumene ovota atha kunena mawu awo oyamba atanthauzo kuti atsogolere. Komabe, kucholoŵana kwa dongosolo ndi kusalingana kungachepetse kugawana ndi kupotoza. Ofufuza malamulo a boma a nthaŵi yaitali, madeti, masinthidwe, masinthidwe, mapulogalamu oyambirira, oyenerera kupangitsa mawu awo kumva. Kumira kwambiri, kuyang'ana kunsi kwa chuma chonga [[FLT: 0] National Confective of State [FLT:] [FLF1], ndipo kuthandizira anthu ena kuvomereza.