Mafuta a Jeopardy Claus amachokera m'mapempho akale a lamulo ofala opempha kumasula ndi kumasula akaidi. Chimasonyeza chiweruzo chachikhalidwe chakuti boma siliyenera kuloledwa kuyesa mobwerezabwereza kugamula munthu, kuwachititsa manyazi, kuwonongetsa, ndi kukumana ndi mavuto, ndi kuwakakamiza kukhala ndi moyo m’mkhalidwe wopitirizabe wa nkhaŵa ndi kusatetezeka. Lamulo limeneli, lotchuka ndi Jasi Black mu [FL:0] Ubight v. United States , imagogomezera mitengo yapamwamba yophatikizidwa. Kuopsa kwaŵiri sikuli kokha mkhalidwe wa zasayansi; ndiko kuyenera kumene kumachirikiza ziweruzo zomalizira ndi umphumphu za dongosolo lachiweruzo.

Chikalata chachisanu cha Lamulo la U.S. chimapereka chimodzi cha zitetezero zazikulu kwambiri pa boma lopinga pa dongosolo la chiweruzo: Kuweruza kwa Malamulo kwa Mawiri: Kusunga kwa Malamulo, ndi kusunga umphumphu wa oweruza. Otetezera, mwachipambano kubweretsa zitetezero zoŵiriŵiri angakhale chida champhamvu koposa m'zikole, chokhoza kukana mlandu wonsewo chisanayambe mlandu wachiŵiri. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira zapamwamba zotetezera zogwiritsira ntchito khoti, kutetezera, ndi kutetezera milandu, ndi kugonjetsa makhoti.

Kumvetsa Maziko a Malamulo a Malamulo a Malamulo Othandiza Kuika Moyo Pachibale Pangozi

Asanaloŵe m’madzi m’njira zodziŵikiratu, nkofunika kumvetsetsa mbali zazikulu za Fact - Jeopardy Claus. Khoti Lapamwamba lapeza zitetezero zitatu zosiyana zimene Claus amapereka:

  • Kuchinjiriza ku mlandu wachiŵiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa.
  • Kuchinjiriza ku mlandu wachiŵiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo pambuyo pa chitsimikizo.
  • Kutetezera ku zilango zambiri chifukwa cha mlandu umodzimodziwo.

Zitetezero zimenezi zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maikowo kupyolera m'Malamulo a 14 mu mlandu wachizindikiro Benton v. Maryland () (1969). Nkhani ya chikumbuku m'kusanthula kulikonse koŵiri ndi kuikidwa paupandu [kuikidwa pa mlandu]. Jeopargy samagwirizanitsidwa ndi kumangidwa kapena kutsutsidwa. Imamatidwa pa nsonga yapadera m'mabwalo: pamene komiti ya milandu yalumbiro, pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira m’chilango, kapena pamene khoti livomereza kudandaula kwa mlandu.

[[FLT: 0] Strategic Insight: Nthaŵi ya kugwedezeka kwa ngozi ziŵiri kaŵirikaŵiri imayanjidwa ndi kumamatira ku ngozi. Kachitidwe ka kuchotsa pa malo a ngozi aŵiri kayenera kupangidwa kusanaikidwe kuti kugamulidwe kukhale kotsimikizirika, koma kangapangidwe kokha ngati ngozi yaikidwa m'kachitidwe ka kasadakhale. Ngati woweruza akakana mlanduwo alumbira, kulakwa koŵirikiza kaŵiri sikumaletsa kuweruza kwa mtsogolo.

Masitepe 1: Kufuna Kuchotsa Pansi Pamwambo Wamwambo

Njira yachindunji kwambiri ndiyo kukonza njira yapasadakhale yotsutsira mlanduwo, kunena kuti milanduyo ndiyo "chilango" monga mlandu wapita. Makhoti osuliza ayenera kuyankha kuti: Kodi nchiyani chimene chikupanga "chilango chimodzi"? Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa maziko oikidwa m'malo ambiri kuti lipange chigamulo chimenechi.

Malo Osindikizira / "Same Pregions"

Chida chachikulu chopendera ngati milandu iŵiri ndi yofanana ndi mayeso a statburger , opangidwa mu [[FLT :2] .[FLT] .3] tamburgr v. United States [1] [1932]]. Kuyesa kumeneku kumayang'ana pa mfundo za malamulo. Pansi pa mayeso, maupandu aŵiri si "safanana" ngati aliyense afuna umboni wa mbali imene inayo siitero.

Strategy : Ntchito ya loya wodzitetezera iri kugamula mosamalitsa mbali za malamulo a milandu yamakono ndi kuziyerekezera ndi milandu yoyambirira. Cholinga nchakuti asonyeze kuti milanduyo njofanana kapena kuti munthu ali wopatutsidwa ndi wina.

Chizindikiro : Ngati woimbidwa mlandu poyamba anaimbidwa mlandu wa kuukira kosavuta (kuyesa kuvulaza thupi) ndipo tsopano akudzudzulidwa ndi kuukira kowonjezereka (kuyesayesa kuvulaza thupi ndi chida chakupha), mlandu watsopanowo umafuna umboni wa mbali ina (kuvulala kwa thupi, chida chakupha). Komabe, ngati mlandu wowonjezerekawo wa kuukirako wazikidwa pa kachitidwe kamodzimodziko ndi wodwalayo, kuchinjirizidwako kungakhalebe ndi njira zoukira, monga kutsutsa chilolezo kapena "kutsatira khalidwe lachigamu" pamene kuli kothandiza.

" lamulo logwira ntchito nlakuti kumene kachitidwe kamodzimodzi kapena malonda amapanga kuswa malamulo aŵiri osiyana, kuyesa koyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsimikizira ngati pali zolakwa ziŵiri kapena chimodzi chokha nchakuti kaya makonzedwe alionse amafuna umboni wa chenicheni chimene wina sakufuna. [1]
Jaji Harlan, [[FLT:] . United States

Kulephera "Mayendedwe Abwino" ndi "Kusintha kwa Zinthu"

[[FLT: 0] United States v. Dixon[FL:1] (1993), Khoti Lalikulu linakhazikitsa mwachindunji "mayendedwe" okhazikitsidwa mu Grady v. Corbin[[FL:3]. [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT] Kuyesa kudali ataona kuti kuopsa koŵirikaŵiri kukhoza kutsekera mlandu wotsatirapo ngati boma linkafuna kusonyeza kale nkhani ya mlandu woyambirira, ngakhale mbali za milanduyo zinali zosiyana. Khoti la [1] Khoti lapeza kuti likhoza kuimbidwa ndi kubwerera ku mbali zazikulu za chiŵalo cha chiwopsezo.

Strategic Insight: maloya otetezera sangadalire pa "mlandu waupandu womwewo" pansi pa lamulo lalamulo la boma, ngakhale kuti makhoti ena amamasulira mitu yawo yaupandu ya kaŵiri mokulira kuletsa kugamula kotsatizana kwa kusungidwa kotsatizana. Ofufuza ayenera kupenda mphamvu zawo za boma kaamba ka zitetezero zazikulu.

Zida Zomwe Anazigwiritsa Ntchito Poyesa Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito

Njira ina yogwirizana kwambiri imaphatikizapo kutsutsa mlandu monga . Kutsutsa kochuluka kumatsutsa mlandu umodzi m'maŵerengero angapo. Zimenezi zimaswa lamulo la Kaŵiri la Kuletsa chilango chambiri.

Strategy ya kanema: Facect kuchotsa ziŵerengero zambiri kapena kukakamiza apolisi kusankha ndandanda imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza woimbidwa mlandu ndi ziŵerengero khumi za kuba zinthu khumi m’sitolo imodzi mkati mwa chochitika chimodzi kumakhala kothekera kuti kuchulukitsa ngati lamulo logwira ntchito limalongosola kuba kukhala mmodzi, kupitirizabe kwa larceyny. Chitetezo chimatsutsa kuti wopereka malamuloyo anafuna kuchitapo kanthu kamodzi.

Masiteshoni 2: Colteral Estopel (Kudzipatula)

Nthaŵi zina, ngakhale ngati lamulo lotsatiralo liri lakulondola kwa "kulakwa kwapadera" pansi pa Blockburger, boma lingakhale likuyesera kuvomereza chenicheni chimene chinagamulidwa kwenikweni m'chiyanjo cha woimbidwa mlandu m'kuyesa koyamba. Imeneyi ndi chiphunzitso cha colpal estoppel , chopangidwa kukhala chogwira ntchito ku milandu yaupandu mu [FLT :2]. [FLT] ASHE v. Spenson [FLT: 4.] [[FLT:] [1970]

Strategy : Imeneyi ndi njira yamphamvu, koma yoinyalanyaza . Kutetezera kuyenera kupenda chigamulo cha juli yakale kuti aone ngati mfundo zinali "zosatsutsika" ndi kubisa. Zimenezi zimafuna kuyang'ana mosamalitsa malangizo a ajuli, kuweruza mlandu, ndi umboni woperekedwa.

Chizindikiro (Mlandu wa Ashe): Oseŵera asanu ndi mmodzi a poker anabedwa. Iye adapatsidwa mlandu wakuba ndi kumasulidwa kwa kulanda mmodzi wa oseŵera. Bomalo kenaka linayesa iye chifukwa cha kuba woseŵera wina. Khoti Lapamwamba linanena kuti nkhani ya chizindikiritso ("Kodi mmodzi wa mbala?") inagamulidwa ndi oweruza oyambirira. Bomalo linaimbidwa kuti lileketsedwe kuimbidwanso kopelo.

Kufufuza kwa polisi: Loya wotetezerayo ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa malangizo a oweruza, kuweruza, ndi umboni wa mlandu woyamba kulongosola bwino lomwe nkhani imene inagamulidwa. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito makamaka m'milandu yonena kuti imakhudza ziŵembu za mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena chinyengo chocholoŵana, kumene boma lingayese kugaŵa chiwembu chimodzi chaupandu m’mayeso ambiri, osonyeza kuti ndi osiyana.

Njira 3: Kutsutsa Kupereka Chilango ndi Kutsatira Zotsatirapo

Chiyeneretso chachikulu pa ngozi ziŵiri ndicho chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa munthu . Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimagwira chifumu (m’chitsanzo, boma la boma ndi boma, kapena maboma aŵiri osiyana) chimodzi ndi chimodzi chili ndi mphamvu ya kuweruza woimbidwa mlandu kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kofanana ngati kuchitako kuswa malamulo a wolamulira aliyense.

Ulamuliro Waumodzi Uli Pafupi

Mu . Gwigg v . United States [FLT :2] [[FLT ] (2017]), Khoti Lalikulu linabwerezanso chiphunzitso chimenechi, likumati chitsimikizo cha boma cha kukhala ndi mfuti siiletsa boma kuchita mlandu wa chigamulo chimodzimodzicho. Khotilo linagamula kuti boma ndi maboma ndi madera osiyanasiyana, zikumatulutsa ulamuliro wawo ku mitu yosiyanasiyana.

Strategy: Pamene chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri chiri cholimba, maloya otetezera angauukirire m’mphepete:

  • "Mlandu wa Chitsutso" kapena Chilango: Argue kuti mlandu wachiŵiri ulidi chiŵiya cha woyamba, kumene wolamulira mmodzi akungogwira ntchito monga chiŵiya kapena nthumwi ya wina. Imeneyi ndi chiwiya chapamwamba kwambiri choti tichingane.
  • "Same Council" Mpposo: Atsutsutso kuti maulamuliro a kumalo ndi boma, kapena maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma amene amagwira ntchito zolimba kwakuti akugwira ntchito monga wolamulira mmodzi, ayenera kuchitiridwa monga mmodzi. Zimenezi zimafuna kusonyeza mlingo wapadera wa kufufuza ndi kulamulira pamodzi.
  • Uchifumu wa : [[FLT :1] mafuko a Eni America amaonedwa kukhala odziimira okha ku United States . Mfumu angaikidwe mlandu kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kamodzimodziko m'khoti la fuko ndi khoti la boma. Njira yotetezera pano imasumika pa Indien Civil Rights Act ndi kaya kuweruza kwa fuko kunali kolungama ndi kokwanira, ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizimaletsa boma kuweruza.

Kuzenga ndi Kuthandizana

M’maboma okhala ndi malamulo amphamvu oloŵeramo, loya wotetezera anganene kuti wozenga mlanduyo anachita m’chikhulupiriro choipa mwa kulephera kugwirizana ndi milandu yonse yobuka pa mlandu umodzi waupandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kukana kugawanako sikumawononga nthaŵi zonse ngozi ziŵiri, kungapereke maziko a kuchotsedwa ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo asonyeza kuti wachita mwadala kuletsa dongosolo la kusungidwa kwa Claus.

Njira Yachinayi: Kupambana Pambuyo pa Kulakwa

Imodzi ya mbali za mkangano wa malamulo owopsa aŵiri imaloŵetsamo mayeso. Ngati mlandu utha m’maweruzidwe olakwa, woimbidwa mlanduyo angazengedwe mlandu wachiŵiri kapena mwina kusakhala wozengedwa mlandu, kudalira pa amene anapempha kulakwako ndi chifukwa chake.

Kulimbana ndi Machenjera Kuchititsidwa ndi Chitetezo

Ngati wodzitetezerayo apempha kulakwa, kuzenga mlandu kotsatirako kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitidwa osati yoletsedwa ndi ngozi zoŵirikiza. Chilingaliro nchakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo mwaufulu asankhe kuthetsa mlandu woyamba.

Milandu Yoperekedwa ndi Mlandu Kapena Khoti

Apa mpamene kutetezera koyenera kuli kowopsa. Ngati woweruza walakwa mlandu mwa kusamvera, kapena ngati woweruza alengeza kulakwa pa chitsutso cha woimbidwa mlandu, ngozi ziŵiri zidzatsekerezanso mlanduwo pokhapo ngati mayesowo analungamitsidwa ndi kufunikira kokulira kofunikira kwambiri.

Strategy : Kudzitetezera kuyenera kutsutsa mwamphamvu chilengezo cha kulakwa ndi kunena kuti vutolo silili losachiritsika. Ngati maseŵero olakwika alengezedwa, chitetezo chiyenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga ndi kuchotsedwa chifukwa cha ngozi ziŵiri. Kuchinjiriza kunganene kuti "kufunikira kwenikweni" kumafuna muyezo wapamwamba(kuposa kuvuta kapena mavuto wamba.

Juries : Ajuli apaka pulogalamu ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha kufunika. Ngati juli yagamulidwadi pambuyo pofufuza kwambiri, woweruza angalengeze kulakwa, ndipo boma lingatsutse woimbidwayo popanda kuphwanya kuopsa kuŵiri. Mchitidwe wa Difense: [FLT:] Sutect: Wodzitetezerayo ayenera kutsutsana ndi mabwalo olakwika, akuneneza kuti asakhale olakwa ndipo angafikire chigamu. Ngati kulakwako, chotetezera chimasunga mbiri yotsutsa kuti woweruzayo akuimba mlanduyo sanam’kakamiza kuumirira pulogalamu ya dala.

Kulakwa kwa Kulakwa: Ngati wozenga mlanduyo mwadala akupempha mlandu kulakwa, kapena ngati woweruzayo achita chisembwere chowopsa kwakuti amakakamiza woweruza kulengeza mlandu, makhonde a ngozi oŵirikiza. Umenewu ndi muyezo wovuta kuyang'anizana nawo. Kuchinjiriza kuyenera kusonyeza cholinga chenicheni cha kuchititsa kulakwa, osati kulakwa kapena kulakwa.

" Makonzedwe a ngozi a kaŵiri a Demendment yachisanu samatsimikizira kotheratu kuti mlandu wa woimbidwa mlandu udzamalizidwa pa chigawo chimodzi chopitiriza. ... Funso lovuta nlakuti kaya woweruzayo anachita mosamalitsa ndi mosamalitsa kusanthula kuthekera kwa njira zina asanalengeze kulakwa kwake.

Njira Yachisanu: Kupereka Mlandu ndi Kupereka Chilango pa Zilango Zosiyanasiyana

Upandu wa kaŵiri suli kokha kuyesedwanso; umagwiranso ntchito ku kuchotsedwa kaŵiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo. Imeneyi ndi malo owopsa ankhondo pa gawo logamula.

Zilango Zovuta Kuzenga

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wa kuweruzidwa kwa ziŵerengero zambiri zimene zatsimikiziridwa kukhala "mlandu umodzi" pansi pa Blockburger, bwalo lamilandu liyenera kugwirizanitsa zikhululukiro kaamba ka zifuno za kuweruza. Chitetezo chiyenera kudzutsa nkhaniyo mwamphamvu.

Strategy : Kudzitetezera kuyenera kuyambitsa mfundo yakuti ziŵerengerozo nzochuluka ndi kuti ziganizo zotsatizana zingawonongetse ngozi ziŵiri. Izi zimafunikira kuyerekezera kwatsatanetsatane kwa zinthu zogwirizana ndi mfundo zenizeni za mlanduwo. Ngati milanduyo yazikidwa pa khalidwe limodzimodzilo koma iri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kudzitetezera kungatsutsebe kuti malamulowo sanafune kulola chilango chowonjezera.

Kukometsera Mlandu ndi Zikhulupiriro Zoyambirira

Njira yofala ya boma ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito chitsimikiziro chapasadakhale kuwonjezera chigamulo pa mlandu waposachedwapa. Chitetezero sichiyenera kukhala chilango chachiŵiri pa mlandu woyambirira. Mwachisawawa, kubwezera chilango (ngati "masewero atatu") sikumawononga ngozi ziŵiri, pamene iwo amalanga woimbidwa mlanduyo chifukwa cha upandu watsopano, osati wakale. Komabe, ngati boma liyesa kufotokozanso mfundo za kulakwa koyambirira kulungamitsa kulungamitsa, liyenera kutsutsa kuopsa ndi zinsinsi wiri.

Kulandidwa Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Chigaŵenga

Malo osangalatsa a njira ziŵiri za ngozi amaphatikizapo kuswa malamulo a boma ndi kuphwanya lamulo. Boma kaŵirikaŵiri limalondola zonse ziŵiri chuma cha boma ndi milandu yochititsidwa ndi khalidwe limodzimodzilo. Defense Strategy :[ Argue kuti kulephera kwa anthu kuchita zinthu kunali kulakwa kwakuti sikunali chilango chachiŵembu. Ngati apambana, mlandu wa apandu ungatsekedwe. Khoti Lapamwamba mu United States v. Ursery [1] (19696) kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala ndi mlandu wakuti kulephera kwa anthu chifukwa cha kuopsa, koma kuukirako sikungalepheretseketseketseke kowopsa, koma kuukirako kumene kuli kopambana kapena kopanda cholinga.

Njira Yachiwiri: Kugwirizana kwa Mapangano a Chipembedzo

Ngati woimbidwa mlandu wachita chilolezo, iwo anganene kuti mlanduwo ukhoza kuwonongeka kaŵiri, pokhapokha ngati nkhope ya mlanduyo siinena kuti mlanduwo wachitika.

Strategy : Pamene kuli kwakuti boma kaŵirikaŵiri limafunafuna zidzudzulo zokulira, loya wa chinjirizi wa savvy angagwiritsire ntchito kuchotsa kuyenera kwa kuŵirikiza kaŵiri monga chikalata chopangira. Mwachitsanzo, kudzitetezera kungavomereze kuchotsa chiwopsezo choŵirikiza ku kutsutsa kosiyana ndi kuvomerezana kwa chivomerezo chachikulu. Mosiyana, chitetezerocho chiyenera kukambitsirana mwamphamvu kutetezera kuyenera kwa wogulayo kuwonjezera chiwopsezo pa apilo, ngakhale ngati chipemphona chaloŵa.

Zolephera Zothandiza ndi Zomwe Amayesa Kuchita

Anthu oteteza boma amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri akamafuna kuti adziwonere okha kuti ndi oopsa, ndipo ndi malo ovuta kwambiri kutulukira malamulo amene boma lili ndi ubwino wake.

Kumaliza

Kudziŵa bwino luso la kutetezera koŵirika kaŵiri kumafuna kumvetsetsa kocholoŵana kwa malamulo ovuta, kumasulira kwa malamulo, ndi lamulo la malamulo. Kaya kukungotchula zinthu zimene zinayambitsa mlandu pansi pa Blockburger, kugwiritsa ntchito projective estoleemple kutsegulira mfundo yaikulu, kapena kutsutsa kwambiri chilengezo cholakwika, ntchito ya loya wotetezayo ndiyo kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mtolo wake wa malamulo ake. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso cha uchifumu cha mbali ziŵiri ndi "makhalidwe ake opereŵerapo" zikuyesa zopinga zoopsa, Jeopardy Claus imakhala yolimba ndi yofunikira. Mtengo, ndi chitetezero chimene, pamene chigwira ntchito bwino ndi kuoneratu, chingakhale chiŵiri chotetezera: kupambana ndi kulephera kwa boma.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa Kuwopa Kaŵiri Claus ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake, onani Cornell Legin Information Institute's pa Kusintha kwa Maŵiri [1].