Chiyambi

Kusankhana kwa misinkhu kukupitirizabe kukhala mtundu wa tsankho la kuntchito, kumakhudza mamiliyoni a antchito okalamba m'mafakitale. Komabe pamene tsankho laukalamba ligwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ina yotetezeredwa . Monga fuko, mwamuna, kapena mkazi, kapena chipembedzo chiyambukirocho chimakula kukhala chocholoŵana kwambiri. Kusankhana kumeneku kokhala ndi zinsinsi, kaŵirikaŵiri kumatchedwa [[FLT:] kugawana [[FLD: 1], kumayambitsa mavuto apadera kwa antchito amene amayang'anizana ndi zitetezero zosiyanasiyana zalamulo ndi oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Kumvetsa mmene tsankho la msinkhu ndi magulu ena otetezeredwa nkofunika kwambiri kuti apange ntchito yosayenera ndi kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Nkhaniyi imapenda malamulo alamulo, zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko, ndi zochita zapamwamba za anthu a misinkhu yogwirizana ndi zina.

Tsankho la Ukalamba Kuntchito: Kukula ndi Chiyambukiro

Age Discrimination in Account Act (ADEA) ya mu 1967 imateteza anthu a zaka 40 ndi zaukalamba pa tsankho la ntchito. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito kwa mabwana okhala ndi antchito 20 kapena kuposapo ndipo limabisa ntchito, kuombera, kukwezedwa, kupatsidwa ntchito, ntchito, ndi kuphunzitsidwa. Ngakhale kuti zaka makumi ambiri za kusungidwa, tsankho la ukalamba lidakali lofala. Malinga ndi bungwe la U.S. Aumetic Obroclity Option Commission (EOC), milandu yokhudzana ndi milandu yonse ya tsankho imene inalembedwa zaka zaposachedwapa. Komabe zochitika zambiri sizikupezeka chifukwa chakuti antchito achikulire amaopa kubwezera kapena kukhulupirira kuti kukondera nkosatheka.

Kusankhana misinkhu kaŵirikaŵiri kumaoneka mwa kutengera ku kuchuluka kwa zinthu . Mwachitsanzo, kufufuza kwa anthu okalamba kwa European Journal of Ageing kukhoza kusintha, kapena kukwera mtengo kwambiri. Kukondera kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kutsenderezedwa kwa mwamsanga, kusiya ntchito zofunika, ndi kuchepetsa ntchito. Kuphatikizapo malingaliro ena, zotsatirapo zake zikuchuluka. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa 2020 wa bungwe la European Journal of Ageing anapeza kuti akazi achikulire amayang'anizana ndi ngozi yowirikiza kawiri [[FLT:], kukumana ndi zaka za msinkhu ndi kugonana, zomwe zingachepetse mwayi wawo wogwira ntchito kuposa amuna achikulire.

Kuti anthu adziwe bwinobwino mmene anthu amisinkhu yawo amaonera nkhani ya tsankho, olemba ntchito ayenera kuganizira kwambiri za msinkhu wawo komanso kuti akudziwa mmene amaganizira ndi makhalidwe ena otetezana.

Kumvetsa Makalasi Otetezeredwa m’Malamulo Aunyinji

Magulu otetezedwa ndi magulu a anthu otetezedwa ku tsankho motsatira malamulo a boma.

  • Race ndi Color [FLT :1] -- Otetezeredwa pamutu wa Digit VII wa Chifuniro cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964. Wogwira ntchito aliyense sayenera kuchitiridwa mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha khungu lake kapena mtundu wawo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sex ndi Gender [FLT :1] - Zina zofukizidwa ndi Theith VII, kuphatikizapo mimba, kutengeka kwa kugonana, ndi chizindikiritso cha akazi monga momwe zinakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu ku Bostock v. Clayton County [FLT :3].
  • Kutha [1] – The America Odwala Ulema (ADA) imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu oyenerera okhala ndi matenda akuthupi kapena amaganizo.
  • Chipembedzo [ – Olemba ntchito ayenera kuvomereza moyenerera machitachita achipembedzo kusiyapo ngati chikuchititsa mavuto osayenerera.
  • National Origin – imatetezera anthu ku kukondera kozikidwa pa malo amene anabadwira, makolo, kapena chikhalidwe.
  • Age [[FLT :1] + ADEA imateteza 40 ndi achikulire, koma siikuphimba antchito achichepere (ngakhale kuti malamulo ena a boma amatero).
  • Chidziŵitso cha jinitiki – The Genetic Information Nondicringation Act (GINA) imaletsa kugwiritsira ntchito majini a majini posankha ntchito.

Malamulo ameneŵa amasamalira tsankho chifukwa cha khalidwe limodzi. Komabe, antchito ambiri amakhala m’magulu ambiri otetezeredwa panthaŵi imodzi. Mwamuna wa zaka 55 wa Black, mkazi wa zaka 62 wolumala, kapena Msilamu wa zaka 48 wosamukira kudziko lina aliyense ali ndi malo angapo otetezereka. Lamulo likungoyamba kutulukira kusiyanitsa pakati pa makwalala.

Kusiyana kwa Zaka ndi Zizindikiro Zina Zotetezeka

Kusankhana kumachitika ngati munthu wagwira ntchito mopanda chilungamo osati chifukwa cha msinkhu wake kapena chifukwa cha chinthu china chokha, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu amene ali ndi udindo wofanana.

Zaka ndi Fuko Kapena Ufuko

Ogwira ntchito achikulire a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amakumana ndi mtundu wapadera wa tsankho lomwe limaphatikizapo ponse paŵiri malingaliro a msinkhu ndi ufuko. Mwachitsanzo, wolembedwa ntchito wa ku Africa wa zaka zoposa 50 angawonedwe kukhala wokhoza wosakhoza ntchito [ chifukwa cha kuŵerengera kwa zaka ndi fuko, kuchepetsa mwaŵi wawo wa kukwezedwa. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti ogwira ntchito achikulire a Black ali othekera kuchotsedwapo kuposa anzawo oyera, ngakhale pamene akuyang'anira ntchito. Mofananamo, antchito achikulire Achispanya angayang'anizana ndi malingaliro ponena za maluso a chinenero kapena kuyenerera kwa chikhalidwe, ophatikizapo ndi zikhulupiriro kuti iwo ali "akale kwambiri kuti aphunzire njira zatsopano."

Chitsanzo chimodzi cha dziko lapansi chimachokera ku EEOC litigtion, kumene kampani ina inapezedwa kukhala inapitira mwadongosolo kwa antchito okalamba a ku Asia ndi Afirika kaamba ka kuphunzitsidwa mipata pamene anali kuchirikiza antchito achichepere achiyera. Nkhaniyo inasonyeza mmene tsankho laukalamba ndi la fuko zingalimbikitsirena, kupangitsa malo oipa kwa antchito okalamba ochepa.

Zaka ndi Mabanja

Akazi achikulire amayang'anizana ndi kuphatikizana kwa msinkhu ndi kubwezera kovulaza kwambiri. Akazi achikulire kaŵirikaŵiri amawonedwa kukhala okongola pang'ono, osatha kutero, ndi oikidwa m’njira zawo kuposa akazi achichepere kapena amuna achikulire. izi] kaŵiri zimakhudza kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito ndi kubwezera. Kufufuza kwa AARP kumasonyeza kuti akazi oposa 50 amapeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuposa amuna ndi akazi ochepera pa 40 m’ntchito zofanana, ngakhale pambuyo pa chidziŵitso ndi maphunziro. Chochitika cha "galu lofala" chimayambukiranso amuna achikulire m'nkhani zina , chitsanzo cha amuna achikulire m’minda ya akazi angayang'anene ndi kukhoza kwawo kapena mphamvu zawo.

Asayansi ena apeza kuti akatswiri achikulire a zaumisiri amalemba zinthu zambiri pofuna kutsogolera akazi ndipo amachepetsa ntchito yawo poyerekeza ndi atsikana ndiponso amuna achikulire.

Ukalamba ndi Kuipidwa

Antchito amene amapunduka pambuyo pake amayang'anizana ndi misewu yapadera: iwo sali kokha okalamba komanso samatha kuwona. ADA imafunikira malo okhala oyenera, koma otumikira okalamba amene ali ndi ulema kaŵirikaŵiri amakumana ndi malingaliro a msinkhu wa aŵiriwo (m’chitsanzo, "osakhoza kupitirizabe" ndi kuganiziridwa ndi akatswiri. Mabwenziwa angatsogolere ku ku kusankhana ntchito, ndi olemba ntchito akulingalira kuti munthu wa zaka 55 zakubadwa wokhala ndi kuchepa kwa thupi sapindula kwenikweni poyerekezera ndi wantchito wachichepere wokhala ndi mkhalidwe umodzimodziwo.

Ndiponso, kusokonezeka kwa msinkhu ndi kupunduka kungayambukire chikhalidwe cha kuntchito. Wolembedwa ntchito wachikulire wa makutu angamanidwe malo chifukwa chakuti manejala amakhulupirira kuti ukalamba "wachibadwa" wachititsa kupunduka, kunyalanyaza thayo lalamulo la kupereka zipangizo zothandizira. EEOC yawona kuwonjezereka kwa milandu yophatikiza ukalamba ndi kulephera, makamaka m'maindasitale okhala ndi ntchito zolemetsa mwakuthupi.

Zaka ndi Chipembedzo Kapena Chiyambi cha Dziko

Tsankho lachipembedzo kaŵirikaŵiri limagawana ndi ukalamba pamene antchito okalamba ali ndi zikhulupiriro zamwambo zimene zimawombana ndi ntchito zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, wolembedwa ntchito wachisilamu wachikulire angamanidwe nthaŵi ya kupemphera mkati mwa madesiki, ndi womlemba ntchito akutchula kusazindikira chifukwa cha msinkhu. Mofananamo, antchito achikulire a maiko ena angayang'anizane ndi chikhoterero cha chinenero cha [1] Mwachitsanzo, wantchito wachikulire wolankhula mawu oyenera kuonedwa molakwika pa maluso a kulankhulana chifukwa cha msinkhu wake ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lake.

Komabe, bungwe la EEOC lapereka malangizo akuti makhoti athandiza, ndipo makhoti ayamba kuzindikira kuti ukalamba pamodzi ndi makhalidwe ena otetezedwa zingabweretse mavuto apadera.

Kusankhana Mwalamulo Chifukwa cha Nyengo Yosiyana

Malamulo a Federal samapereka lamulo limodzi, lokwanira lobisa tsankho la m'makwalala. Mmalomwake, antchito ayenera kubweretsa malamulo ambiri kapena kudalira pa chiphunzitso cha "m'mitsempha". Pankhani yosiyana, wolembedwa ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira kuti mkhalidwe wotetezeredwa (mtundu, fuko, ndi zina zotero) unali chosonkhezera mchitidwe woipa, ngakhale ngati zinthu zinanso zina zinachita mbali. Mtolowo umasintha kwa bwana kusonyeza kuti chosankha chimodzimodzicho chikapangidwa mosasamala kanthu.

Malamulo Aakulu

  • Agenatic Service in Oromplity Act (ADEA) - Aids antchito 40+ + + . Khoti Lalikulu mu Gross v. FBL Financial Services [2009]) analamula kuti ma spoctiff ayenera kutsimikizira umisinkhu uli "ko komanso chifukwa cha" cha kukondera, osati chifukwa chosonkhezera chabe. Zimenezi zimachititsa nyengo yapamtunda kukhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa fuko kapena kugonana pansi pa Ditudi, kumene ntchito yophatikizana ndi yogwirizana ikuloledwa.
  • I Umutwe VII wa Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe [[FLT: 1] – Zikuto za fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi mtundu. Ilo limalola zikalata za ziyambukiro zophatikizana, chotero antchito angatsutse kuti msinkhu unali chimodzi cha zinthu zambiri . Koma ayenera kugwirizanitsa zaka za kubadwa ndi chikhoterero cha DiI. Mwachitsanzo, mkazi Wakuda wopitirira 50 anganene kuti msinkhu wake ndi fuko lake ndizo zinali zifukwa za kutha kwake.
  • Americas ndi Chilema (ADA) - imatetezera anthu olumala a msinkhu uliwonse. Kwa antchito amene amapunduka patapita zaka 40, onse aŵiri ADEA ndi ADA angatsatire. Makhoti alola kuti ukalamba ndi kupunduka zikhale zoletsedwa.
  • Kaunti ndi Malamulo a kumaloko [1] – Maboma ambiri ali ndi chitetezo chachikulu, kuphatikizapo malamulo amene amalamulira misinkhu yonse ndi kulola mabwalo a makwalala. Maboma ena amazindikira bwino kuti pali kulakwa m'malamulo awo a tsankho.

Mavuto Osonyeza Tsankho la Anthu Osiyana

Chimodzi cha zitokoso zazikulu ndicho kusiyanitsa kumene kuli koyambirira kwa chosankha. Olemba ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa kuti kutha kapena kulephera kulembedwa ntchito kunali chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito, osati tsankho. Popanda umboni wachindunji (m’chitsanzo, ndemanga zaupo zogwirizanitsa msinkhu ndi fuko), otsutsa ayenera kudalira pa kusiyanitsa kwa masamu, umboni wa dongosolo, ndi maumboni achilendo. Vuto lina nlakuti lamulo lochuluka limathandiza magulu otetezeredwa. Oweruza angafune kuti asonyezeretu ausinkhu losiyana pamafuko, zimene zingakhale zosatheka pamene aŵiriwo ali ogwirizana.

Komabe, makhoti ena ayamba kutsatira njira yauchikulire kwambiri. EOC . M&M Supermakets (2088), khotilo linalola kunena kuti wantchito wachikulire wakuda anachotsedwa ntchito chifukwa cha kuphatikiza msinkhu wake ndi fuko, ngakhale kuti womlemba ntchitoyo anali ndi cholinga chosiyana. Chigamulocho chinanena kuti "kusankhana kwa tsankho sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito bwino."

Kukula kwa Malamulo Kwaposachedwapa

EEOC yaika kusankhidwa kwa makwalala pa Plan ya Stractic Entorcement . Mu 2020, bungwelo linatulutsa chikalata chotsimikizira pa Intericational Traction, kutsimikizira kuti milandu ingasungidwe pansi pa zipinda zambiri panthaŵi imodzi. Pamene zimenezi sizimasintha umboni, zimaonetsa kuti ofufuza adzalingalira zatsankhu lowonjezedwa. Kuwonjezerapo, mayiko ena onga California asinthanso Faill Act kuletsa poyera kukondera, kulola antchito kubweretsa mawu ozikidwa pa "kutetezera mikhalidwe yotetezedwa."

Anthu akamakula, anthu ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma ndipo anthu ambiri safunika kutengerapo mwayi wosankhana misinkhu.

Chiyambukiro pa Olembedwa Ntchito ndi Olembedwa Ntchito

Zotsatira za tsankho lapamsewu n’zovuta kwambiri. Kwa antchito, kungatsogolere ku kutayikiridwa ndalama, ntchito yosakhazikika, kufooka kwa maganizo, ndi kusoŵa chilungamo. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu Journal ya Applied Gerontology [1] Kupeza kuti akazi achikulire a mitundu yonse amene anayang'anizana ndi zaka ndi mafuko omwe anali ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi kukhudzika kwa ntchito kochepa kuposa amene anayang'anizana ndi mtundu umodzi wa tsankho. Chiyambukirocho chingasungitse antchito aluso kutuluka m'nthaŵi ya ntchito yanthaŵi yochedwa, kuchititsa kutayikiridwa chidziŵitso ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa anthu.

Kwa olemba ntchito, ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zofunika. Malamulo okhudza kusankhana ndi anthu ambiri n’ngovuta kwambiri komanso n’ngokwera mtengo kuti atetezere. Pakatha ndalama zoyendetsera malamulo, makampani amakumana ndi vuto la kuwonongeka kwa mbiri, kutsika kwa antchito, ndi kuvuta kokopa matalente osiyanasiyana. Kufufuza kwa 2022 SHRM kunapeza kuti mabungwe a zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Anthu amene amakambirana ndi kukondera kwa anthu opatuka. Kusintha kwa anthu okalamba kukhozanso kuchititsa kuti anthu ena asiye ntchito, chifukwa chakuti magulu osiyanasiyana amalephera kusiyanitsa anthu otchuka.

Njira Zabwino Kwambiri Zochitira Tsankho la Olemba Ntchito

Anthu amene amagwira ntchito pa Intaneti amayesetsa kuti asamasankhulidwe ndi anthu ena komanso kuti asamangokhala ndi anthu omasuka.

Kulimbana ndi Kudana ndi Anthu Ena Chifukwa Choyamba Kukula

Apolisi ayenera kunena momveka bwino kuti tsankho lozikidwa pa makhalidwe otetezedwa n’loletsedwa.

Aphunzitseni Mmene Mungadziwire

Kuphunzitsa anthu osiyanasiyana kumawathandiza kuti adziwe mmene angachitire zinthu mogwirizana ndi zimene ena amaganiza.

Kutsatira Zochita ndi Zochirikiza Zosabisa

Kupendanso kwakhungu kungathandize kuchepetsa tsankho pa nthaŵi ya ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafunso olinganizidwa ndi mafunso oyenera kupeŵetsa malingaliro a msinkhu kapena fuko amene angapereke umboni wa msinkhu kapena kutsata mtundu. Kukweza, kutsimikizira kuti musankha zinthu zooneka bwino, zolinga, ndi ntchito. Kuyang'ana zotsatirapo za msinkhu, fuko, ndi ukazi pamodzi, kuyang'ana ngati akazi achikulire a mitundu akukula pamlingo wofanana ndi magulu ena. Ngati kusiyana kulipo, fufuzani zochititsa zake.

Muzionetsetsa Kuti Zinthu Zikusintha

Olembedwa ntchito amafunikira njira zodalirika kuti apereke lipoti la tsankho popanda kuopa kubwezera. Aperekeni njira zingapo zoperekera lipoti: woimira HR, wogwira ntchito yotentha, kapena wachigawo chachitatu wa ombudsman. Kambiranani madandaulo onse mwamsanga ndi mosamalitsa, ndi kuwongolera pamene chidani chapezeka. Oyang'anira malo okhala ndi anthu ongokhala, kuphatikizapo kubwereza ndi kubwezera zosankha.

Chikhalidwe Chosiyanasiyana cha Mikhalidwe cha M’nyengo Yonse

Chitani chikondwerero cha zopereka za anthu okalamba ochokera ku zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Pangani maprogramu a alangizi omwe amagwirizanitsa antchito achichepere ndi achikulire omwe kuti athetse malingaliro olakwika. Alimbikitseni magulu a antchito opezera ndalama amene amatchula za kudutsa kwa msinkhu ndi kuonekera kwina, monga "Akazi Opitirira 40" kapena "Kulemala. Nthaŵi zonse funsani antchito anu za mkhalidwe wantchito ndi kusintha malamulo awo mogwirizana ndi mmene zinthu zilili.

Kumaliza

Kuloŵa kwa malekano a misinkhu ndi magulu ena otetezeredwa sikuli nkhani yokhudza anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito. Pamene mbadwo wa ana otsalawo ukupitirizabe kugwira ntchito zaka zapambuyo pa kupuma pantchito ndipo pamene malo antchito akukhala osiyana, kunyalanyaza kugawana sikulinso chosankha. [[FL:0] Ozindikira kuvuta kwa tsankho ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwadala kudzachitapo kanthu. Mabungwe owonjezereka amakulitsa, mabungwe opirira kwambiri. Kwa antchito, kumvetsetsa ufulu wawo pansi pa malamulo ambiri ndiko sitepeto yoyamba yofuna chilungamo. Malamulo akusintha pang'onopang'ono, koma kusintha kwakukulu kumachitika m'chitaganya. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi machitidwe a nyengo ya kusankhana m'mabungwe, mabizinesi angayambire malo amene antchito akakhala ndi zaka zambiri, azaka zopanda, kapena kulephera kuyendetsa bwino ntchito zauchikhalidwe.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 1] EOC's Age respect [[FLT :2] ndi kupenda [[FLT ]SM] chitsogozo cha SRM pa malamulo amisinkhu yopatukana. Kuŵerenganso za kuyendayenda kungapezeke mu nkhani ya American Bar Association yonena za kudutsa kwa msinkhu ndi fuko.