Makonzedwe a boma ku United States angafanane ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri, kumene ulamuliro ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati pa boma, boma, ndi maboma akomweko nkofunika kuti mumvetse mmene zosankha zimachitikira ndi mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Mlingo uliwonse wakhala ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana zofotokozedwa ndi malamulo a U.S., chitsanzo cha m'mbiri, ndi kufunika kwake. Nkhaniyi imathetsa kusiyana kumeneku, imafufuza maziko awo a malamulo, ndi kupenda mmene mampambowo amagwirira ntchito m'manja a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kupenda za Maulamuliro a Boma

Boma la United States lagaŵidwa m'miyezo itatu yaikulu: boma, boma, ndi malo akwawo. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi mpambo wake wa maulamuliro ndi mathayo, zimene nthaŵi zina zingatsogolere ku chisokonezo ponena za amene ali woyang'anira. Dongosololo lalinganizidwira kulinganiza ulamuliro kotero kuti palibe mlingo umodzi umene umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri. Mabungwe ameneŵa, otchedwa authonistism, amapanga mphamvu kumene mphamvu zonse ziŵirizo zimagawidwa ndi kugawidwa, kulola kusintha m’kuyang'anira nkhani za kutetezera dziko kufikira ku malo akumalo akuno.

Boma la Federal

Boma la boma ndilo mlingo wapamwamba koposa wa ulamuliro mu United States. Lili ndi thayo la nkhani za mtundu ndi za mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kuyang’anira malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana
  • Kuchitira mapangano ndi mapangano achilendo
  • Kupereka Njira Zotetezera Dziko
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka
  • Kuyang’anira misonkho ya boma ndi ndalama
  • Kusunga dongosolo la positi ofesi
  • Kuteteza chuma cha anthu odziwa zamaphunziro (opereka ndi olemba zikalata zowatetezera)

Boma la boma limagwira ntchito kuchokera ku Washington, D.C., ndipo maulamuliro ake ali ovomerezedwa m'Chigawo I cha Malamulo. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kumasulira maulamuliro ameneŵa kwafutukulidwa kupyolera m'zigamulo za Bwalo Lalikulu ndi Zabwino ndi Zabwino, kulola boma la boma kusamalira mavuto amakono monga ngati kusamala zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kusagwirizana kwa pa Intaneti.

Boma

Maboma akugwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro woperekedwa ndi Lamulo la U.S. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, bungwe la malamulo, nthambi yoyang’anira, ndi dongosolo lachiweruzo. Mphamvu zawo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuyang’anira malonda a m’mayiko ena
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kuyang’anira maboma a m’madera ena
  • Kuphunzitsa (K - 12 ndi maphunziro apamwamba)
  • Kuona kwambiri njira zoyendera (m’misewu ya kumpoto, DMV)
  • Kusamalira thanzi la anthu onse ndi chisungiko (kuphatikizapo kugulitsa adokotala ndi manesi)
  • Kutsatira malamulo aupandu ndi kusunga apolisi a boma
  • Kuletsa ukwati, kusudzulana, ndi malamulo a banja
  • Kulamulira chuma chachilengedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthaka

Maboma ndiwo amalamulira a mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira pa laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto mpaka pa zikalata za akatswiri. Mpando wa Tenth Amendment sumapereka maulamuliro onse ku boma la boma kapena anthu, kupangitsa ulamuliro wa boma kukhala wofala ndi wofunika.

Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma akomweko amagwira ntchito mumzinda, tauni, kapena chigawo. Amapeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, kuwapanga iwo kulengedwa kwa boma. Mathayo awo akuphatikizapo:

  • Kuthandiza anthu (madzi, magetsi, kuyendetsa zinyalala)
  • Kuyang’anira ntchito yoonetsetsa kuti boma lizigwira ntchito m’madera otentha
  • Kulamulira malo ndi malo (zimene zingamangidwe kumene zingamangidwe)
  • Kuphunzitsa sukulu zakumaloko (mabungwe a sukulu)
  • Kuchititsa zisankho za meya wa kumaloko, bungwe la mzinda, ndi maofesi ena
  • Kukonza misewu, mapaki, ndi malaibulale a m’deralo
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga ndi malamulo a zaumoyo

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndi amene amathandiza kwambiri anthu ambiri.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mphamvu

Lamulo la U.S. limandandalitsa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro pakati pa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma. Mpambo wa Tendith Amendment mwachindunji sunapereke maulamuliro a boma kwa maboma ndi anthu.

Mphamvu Zokhalako

Maulamuliro oikidwa ndiwo amene apatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma la boma ndi Konsichushoni. Awa andandalikidwa kwakukulukulu m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8. Zitsanzo zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho ndi kuwonongera ubwino wa anthu onse
  • Mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo
  • Mphamvu yoyendetsa malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana
  • Mphamvu yokhoma ndalama ndi kulamulira phindu lake
  • Mphamvu yokhazikitsa maofesi a positi ofesi ndi misewu
  • Mphamvu yokweza ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo ndi asilikali a pamadzi

Kalembedwe kabwino ndi Koyenera Claus (Mfundo Yoyamba, Chigawo 8, Claus 18) imapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo onse "ofunika ndi oyenera" pochita maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Mawu ameneŵa amasuliridwa mokulira, kutheketsa boma la boma kufutukula malo ake onga ngati kubanki, malo osamalira thanzi, ndi zoyenera za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu wa Khoti Lapamwamba . Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (18: 3) anakhazikitsa kuti Nyumba za malamulo zikapanga banki ya dziko, ngakhale kuti mphamvu sizikundandalikidwa bwino, chifukwa chakuti zinathandiza kuphatikiza mphamvu ngati kulipira msonkho.

Mphamvu Zotsala

Maulamuliro amene atsala ndi aja amene sanandandalitsidwe mwachindunji m’Bungwe Lolamulira ndipo chotero ali osungidwira maboma.

  • Kusokoneza ukwati ndi chisudzulo
  • Kukhazikitsa ndi kulamulira maboma akumaloko
  • Kuyendetsa chisankho (kukhazikitsa ziyeneretso za wovota, kugawa)
  • Kulangiza maphunziro m’milingo yonse
  • Kuyang’anira Malonda a M’mayiko Ena
  • Ntchito zometa (ometa, madokotala, ometa tsitsi)

Maulamuliro otsala amadziŵikanso monga maulamuliro a apolisi chifukwa amalola maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo.

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo

Maulamuliro anthaŵi zonse ali awo ogawana ndi maboma a boma ndi a boma. Maboma ameneŵa amafuna kugwirizana ndipo angatsogolere ku malamulo otsatizana. Mphamvu zachisawawa zimaphatikizapo:

  • Mphamvu ya msonkho (zonse ziŵiri zingakhoze kupeza ndalama za msonkho, katundu, ndi malonda)
  • Mphamvu yomanga misewu ndi zidutswa
  • Mphamvu yokhazikitsa makhoti ang’onoang’ono (makhoti a m’boma ndi makhoti a boma)
  • Mphamvu yobwereka ndalama pangongole
  • Mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo ndi kupereka chilungamo
  • Mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa mabanki ndi makampani

Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana pa mphamvu yapanthaŵi imodzi, Claus wa Constitution (Artle VI) amalamula kuti lamulo la boma likhaleko. Nchifukwa chake maboma sangalembetse mwalamulo kanthu kena kamene boma limaletsa, ngakhale kuti kuonetsetsa kumalola kusiyanitsa kwa mapangano.

Kuthandizana ndi Boma

Kuzindikira mmene maboma a m’dzikolo amagwirira ntchito pamodzi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse bwino mbali yonse ya ulamuliro wa United States, kuchititsa kuti anthu azigwirizana ndiponso kuti azikangana.

Ntchito Yothandizana

Kulinganiza kumachitika pamene milingo yosiyanasiyana ya boma igwirira ntchito pamodzi kuti ikwaniritse zolinga zofanana. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatenga mtundu wa agunts-in-aid , kumene ndalama za boma zimayendera ku maboma ndi malo okhala ndi mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo:

  • Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito zapamtunda (mabuloji, magalimoto oyendera anthu onse) zoyendera zinthu zogwirizana monga Federal-Aid Highway Act
  • Zoyesayesa za othandiza m’kulabadira tsoka, zolinganizidwa ndi FEMA m’chigawo cha boma ndi mabungwe oyang’anira ngozi a kumaloko
  • Kugaŵana maprogramu a maphunziro ndi ndalama, monga ngati mutu wa Masukulu olandira ndalama zochepa ndi Anthu Okhala ndi Lamulo la Maphunziro Opunduka (IDEA)
  • Makonzedwe a zaumoyo wa anthu onse monga kugwirizana ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma pa za kuyang’anira matenda ndi kukatemera

Chitsanzo chogwirizana chimenechi nthaŵi zina chimatchedwa coftiderationism kapena "mable khekhe conuanistism ," kumene mizera ya pakati pa miyezo imasokonezeka, ndipo miyezo yonse imagwirira ntchito pamodzi kuthetsa mavuto. USA.

Kukangana

Kukangana kungabuke pamene malamulo a boma kapena a m'deralo akutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimayambitsa zitokoso za lamulo ndi mikangano ya ufulu wa maboma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Mbali zazikulu za mkangano zimaphatikizapo:

  • State Transpagency la lamulo ndi chiletso cha boma: Monga 2024, maboma oposa 20 alola kusanguluka chamba, komabe idakali Sedyuli I yanga pansi pa lamulo la boma. Boma la boma lasankha kwakukulukulu kusakhazikitsa chiletso m'zigawo zimene zavomerezedwa ndi lamulo, koma zimenezi zimapanga malo aukhondo alamulo kaamba ka mabizinesi ndi anthu.
  • mizinda yosanja ndi kusungitsa anthu a boma: mizinda ina ndi maboma amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oimira anthu oloŵa m'dziko, akutchula zinthu zofunika kwambiri za kumaloko ndi zodetsa nkhaŵa za ufulu wa anthu. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti pakhale nkhondo ndi ziwopsezo za kulanda ndalama za boma.
  • Malamulo a zamwambo amasiyana pakati pa maboma ndi miyezo ya boma: California kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa miyezo yamphamvu ya galimoto kuposa boma la boma, kufunikiritsa wowawa kuchokera ku Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Boma la Trump linachotsa ziŵiya zopimira zotero, zimene zinatsogolera ku ku kuponderezedwa kosalekeza.
  • Kutsutsana kwa malamulo a zachitetezo: Affordble Care AC] Anatsutsidwa ndi maboma akutsutsa kuti inaposa mphamvu zamalonda a boma, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu linaichirikiza. Maboma alinso ndi luntha pa kukula kwa Medicaid, kutsogolera ku ntchito yofufuza.

Kulimbana kumeneku kumathetsedwa kupyolera m'makhoti, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba likugwira ntchito monga chomalizira chopereka. Chiphunzitso cha chimawomboledwa ndi chigawo: pamene lamulo la boma likhala lolunjika kapena lolunjika lamulo la boma, lamulo la boma liyenera kulola. Komabe, pamene Nyumba za Ufumu sizifuna kuchotsapo, maboma amasunga ulamuliro wawo. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumayesedwa nthaŵi zonse.

Chipani cha Fiscal

Mbali yofunika ya maunansi a boma ndi yuniversitensis .] . "Kuyenda kwa ndalama pakati pa milingo ya boma. Federal imapatsa magawo ndi madera malongosoledwe apadera a ma bajeti a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi zingwe zomangiriridwa. Zimenezi zingaperekedwe mogawikana (kwakuti pa zolinga zenizeni monga maphunziro kapena zoyendera) kapena zotsekera) kapena zotsekera. Mwachitsanzo, Mdicaid ndi programu ya boma ya boma limodzi kumene boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zozikidwa pa ndandanda. Zimenezi zimapanga chisonkhezero cha kufutukula koma mapanganowonjezo amalongosolanso bajeti ya kusintha kwa malamulo a boma. [[FL:2] KonF].

Nkhani ndi Mikangano ya M’tsogolo

Nkhani zingapo zamakono zikusonyeza kuti chisinthiko cha boma la America chikupitirizabe:

Boma Autonomy

Ena amatsutsa kuti boma la boma lapitirira malire ake a lamulo, makamaka m'madera onga ngati maphunziro (No Child Lead Behind Act, Wophunzira Aliyense Weds Reseeds ), Surences (ACA), ndi malamulo a malo okhala (Deral Air, Chenea Water Act). Ochirikiza [[FLT: 0] amatsutsa zoyenera za [[FLT:] kuti maboma ali ndi malo abwinopo a kumvetsetsa zosoŵa za kumaloko ndi kuti malamulo onse a boma alephera. Otsutsa lingaliro limeneli akutsutsa kuti mavuto a mtundu amafunikira zothetsera za dziko ndi kuti sangalamulire bwino kuipitsa kapena kutetezera zoyenera za anthu.

Ntchito ya Maboma a M’dziko Lomwe Linasinthasintha

Maboma akukhala malo ochitirako mikangano ya mtundu, kuyambira pa kulamula kwa chophimba nkhope pa kukhazikitsa malamulo okhudzira nyumba. M’zochitika zambiri, maboma awononga malamulo akumalo, monga kuletsa kuletsa kulipira nyumba kapena kuletsa malamulo a mzinda wa kachisi. Zimenezi zayambitsanso kaundula watsopano wa kulowa m'malo a dzikolo kutsutsana ndi malamulo awo.

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kugawana

Kusiyana kwa mapangano kwa chigawo cha boma kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika m'mayanjano a boma. Pamene White House ndi maboma alamulidwa ndi zipani zosiyanasiyana, nkhondo zikuwonjezeka. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo kusungirira boma la boma pa malamulo a kusamukirako, malamulo a malo, ndi malamulo ovota. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku "chearboard" ya malamulo m'dziko lonse, kumene malamulo monga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, kapena kuchotsa mimba kumadalira pa boma limene muli. Chigamu cha Supreme Court 20222 mu [FL:0]. Dobs v. Jackson's Health Organization , kumene anagwedetsa lamulolo, kusonyeza mmene kusinthira kudziko.

Kumvetsa Bwino Nkhaniyi: Mfundo Zothandiza

Kwa nzika, kuyenda m'njira zambirimbiri za boma kungakhale kosokoneza. Kachitidwe kosavuta ngati kuyendetsa galimoto kamaphatikizapo milingo yambiri: miyezo ya boma ya chitetezo cha galimoto (NHTSA), kukhazikitsa madalaivala ndi malamulo a pamsewu, ndi kutsata malamulo a m’misewu. Mofananamo, kuyamba bizinesi kumafuna kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma a msonkho (IRS), kulembetsa ndi kulembetsa kwa boma, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, ndi malonda. Kusintha kwa mabungwe kwachititsa kuitanira ku kukonzanso, koma kusintha kumafuna kuti malamulo a boma ayendetsedwe kapena kachitidwe kaukulu, komwe nkosachitika kaŵirikaŵiri.

Chinsinsi chake nchakuti dongosolo la U.S. nlosintha dala ndipo limaikidwa m’miyambo kuti liletse mphamvu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingayambitse mphamvu ndi mikangano, zimaperekanso njira zambiri zoloŵeramo ndi kubwezeretsa. Nzika zikhoza kuchita nawo pamlingo wa malowo (mabungwe a sukulu, mabungwe a mizinda), mlingo wa boma (maboma, akazembe), ndi mlingo wa boma (Konfera, pulezidenti). Kuzindikira mlingo umene boma lili ndi thayo loyamba la pangano la boma lokhutiritsa la ukwati wa boma.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira kusiyana kwa maulamuliro m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, boma, ndi m'madera omwe muli nkofunika kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofanana. Kumakonzekeretsa anthu ndi chidziŵitso cha kuyendetsa bwino zinthu ndi kukambirana za anthu. Kuchuluka kwa boma sikunapangidwa kukhala kosavuta, koma kuonetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika za dziko lalikulu, losiyana. Mwa kuzindikira mbali zosiyanasiyana, maziko a malamulo, ndi kugwirizana kwamphamvu pakati pa milingo, tingayamikire bwino mmene malamulo amachitidwira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kutsutsidwa. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimatilimbikitsa kutenga mbali yeniyeni mu democracy . Kuchokera kusankhoma kwa khoti lapamwamba. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu sikuli kogwirizana; kumasintha ndi masankhidwe, lamulo, ndi kuweruza, kupitiriza maphunziro aunjika paunzika kaamba ka kukhala nzika yaunzika.