Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ndi mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo la ndale zadziko la America, kuumba malamulo amene amakhudza moyo wa nzika iliyonse. Kumvetsetsa amene amachita zimene zili zofunika ndi chifukwa chake zili zofunika osati kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi okha komanso kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuchitapo kanthu mwatanthauzo ndi ulamuliro. Nkhani ino ikufufuza magaŵano a maulamuliro, chisinthiko cha boma, ndi ziyambukiro zenizeni za malamulo ameneŵa. Kuchokera pa maphunziro ndi thanzi mpaka kuyenera kwa chamwambo ndi kusanthula, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi boma la dziko kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa, kusonyeza mphamvu ya dziko la demokrase la America.

Kumvetsetsa Mafuko

Federalism ndilo kugaŵana kwa lamulo kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi maboma achigawo. Ku United States, dongosolo ili linalengedwa kulinganiza umodzi wa dziko ndi ufulu wakwawo, kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kusonkhanitsa ulamuliro wochuluka. U.S. Constitution imalongosola maulamulirowa, ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] maulamuliro okhazikika [a]] ndi mapangano a boma ndi [FLT] ovomerezedwa ndi mphamvu [FLT:] yosungidwa ndi malamulo a pansi pa malamulo khumi. Mpaketezo, boma lachoka kuchokera ku chitsanzo cha "keke" ku "kakhomakedwe" ku chitsati cha makeke ofala" pamene chisinthiko cha chisinthiko cha chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezekezo cha chiwonjezeko cha chiwonjezeko cha chika.

Federalism si lingaliro lachikhalire; lakhala ndi masinthidwe aakulu kuyambira pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa. Mkati mwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dzikolo, maboma aŵiri anagogomezera mbali zosiyana za ulamuliro, boma la boma linasumika maganizo pa nkhani za dziko zochepetsedwa. New Deal zera loyambitsidwa m'boma logwirizana, kumene maboma a boma ndi maboma anayamba kugawana mathayo aakulu, makamaka m'madera onga ngati chitaganya ndi zigwirizano. Posachedwapa, kukwera kwa "unistism" pansi pa mapresidenti onga Nixon ndi Reagan adalupeka kubwerera ku boma mwa kupereka ndi kuchepetsa kwa boma. Masinthidwe ameneŵa akugogomezera kuti kugawana kwa mphamvu kwa ulamulirowo kumachitidwa nthaŵi zonse kupyolera m'nkhani zandale, zigamu za khoti, ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Mphamvu za Boma la Federal

Boma la boma limalamulira mwa maulamuliro ondandalitsidwa mwachindunji m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo, chodziŵika monga maulamuliro a chigawo chimodzi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa malonda a boma, kukhazikitsa ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuchititsa maunansi achilendo. Kuwonjezerapo, Nacessary ndi Seant Claus imapatsa mphamvu zoyenerera, kulola Congress kukhazikitsa malamulo ofunika pokhazikitsa ntchito zake zoikidwa. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma la boma limakhazikitsa maofesi a positi ndipo, pansi pa kampani ya Claus, lingayang'anira ntchito zachuma zimene zilipo, monga kubanki ndi kuyendetsa matele. Supreymacle amakhazikitsanso lamulolo lolamulira pamene mikangano ya boma ibuka, kukhazikitsa malamulo adziko limodzi ndi kulanda dziko.

Kupyola maulamuliro apakati ameneŵa, boma la boma lakhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'zitetezero za ufulu wachibadwidwe, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Mabungwe a Federal onga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amagwiritsira ntchito mofanana m'maiko onse. Luso la kukhoma msonkho ndi kuwonongera ubwino wa onse wa boma limaperekanso boma liŵiro lapadera, popeza likhoza kuika mikhalidwe yopereka malamulo ena amene amapanga kukhala otsatira malamulo ena. Mphamvu imeneyi yachikhalidwe cha dziko lakhala dala la chisonkhezero chachikulu m'madera osungidwiratu, monga maphunziro ndi zoyendera.

Mphamvu za Maboma

Boma limapatsa maboma mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku boma la boma, monga momwe anavomerezera ndi Penshoni ya Tenth. Maboma ameneŵa amalola maboma kulamulira malonda a dziko, kukhazikitsa maboma a dziko, kuchititsa masankho, kupereka maphunziro a anthu onse, ndi kuyendetsa thanzi ndi chitetezo m'malire awo. Ulamuliro umenewu umathandiza maboma kupanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi anthu awo apadera. Komabe, California angakhazikitse malamulo okhwima kwambiri a malo okhala, pamene Texas angagwiritsitse ntchito malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma osiyanasiyana a msonkho. Mfundo ya ufulu wa maboma wa mayiko wakhala mutu wosasintha m'ndale za ku America, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga malabolabutali a demokrase, kuyesa malamulo asanayambe kulandiridwa. Komabe, ulamuliro , siulipiritu; iyenera kuswa malamulo a malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma.

Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka zitetezero zowonjezereka kupyola pa maziko a boma, zonga kuyenera kwa chinsinsi kapena kuchirikiza maphunziro. Maboma alinso ndi mphamvu za apolisi, zimene zimawalola kukhazikitsa malamulo a thanzi la anthu onse, chisungiko, ndi makhalidwe. Nchifukwa chake malamulo onena za kugulitsa moŵa, kulinganiza, ndi kutumiza makampani a zaumoyo amasiyana kwambiri. Kukhoza kwa kusamalira nkhani za boma kumapangitsa maboma kulabadira kwambiri zofunika za m'madera ena, pamene boma la gombe limasumika maganizo pa kukonzekera kwa mphepo ya mkunthofu, kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi nthambi za komiti ya boma, kukonza njira zosiyanasiyana zoyendera. [FLD:0]

Mphamvu Zomwe Zilipo: Mathayo Ogawana

Boma la boma ndi la boma lomwe limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za nthaŵi imodzi, kutanthauza kuti iwo angachite zinthu panthaŵi imodzi m'mbali zina. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhoma misonkho, kumanga misewu, kukhazikitsa makhoti, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kubwereka ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti magawo onse aŵiriwo angakhazikitse ndalama ndi kugulitsa, boma silingapereke msonkho wa boma, ndi kutsutsana ndi . Mphamvu zamakono kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna kugwirizana, monga momwe zimawonera m'mabungwe a boma kumene kuli kulinganiza kulinganiza kwa boma. Zimenezi zimagogomezera mbali yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma la America, kumene kugwirizana kwake kuli kofala kwambiri kuposa kupatuka kwapadera. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma limapereka ndalama zothandizira kumanga magalimoto, koma limayang'anira ntchito zenizeni za boma zomanga ndi kukonza.

Makhoti awiri ndi chitsanzo china cha mphamvu zimene zimagwira ntchito. Makhoti ambiri amaweruza milandu ya upandu ndi milandu ya anthu, pamene amaweruza milandu ya boma, milandu ya boma, ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma. Pamene milandu ikhudza malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma, zotsatira zake zingadalire pa ulamuliro. Maulamuliro a nthaŵi zonse amayambiranso kuyang'anira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi. Mabungwe onsewa amayang'anira zinthu zoopsa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mabungwe a boma amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuunjika zinthu. Kugwirizana kumeneku n’kofunika kuti boma liziyendetse bwino zinthu zofunika popanga zinthu zofunika ndiponso poyendetsa zinthu.

Kugawanikana kwa Mphamvu N’kofunika Kwambiri

Kugawiridwa kwa maudindo pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kumayambukira mwachindunji miyoyo ya Amereka, kuyambira pa mtundu wa maphunziro kufikira ku mtengo wa zaumoyo ndi mkhalidwe wa malo okhala. Kumvetsetsa mbali imeneyi kumathandiza nzika kukhala ndi mlingo woyenera wa boma ndi kuzindikira kuchotsedwa kwa malonda oloŵetsedwa m'zosankha za lamulo. Pansipa pali mbali zazikulu zimene kulinganizika kumeneku kumasintha zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi ntchito ya boma, ndi zigawo zakumaloko zoyang'anira sukulu, kulembedwa ntchito, ndi kulinganiza ndalama. Komabe, boma limasonkhezera maphunziro kupyolera mwa kupereka ndalama ndi malamulo, monga ngati Everse Students Foundations Act (ESA), imene ikufuna kuti boma likhazikitse miyezo ya maphunziro ndi kupenda ntchito. Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amathandizanso kuti pakhale ufulu wolingana wa maphunziro, kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, chiwerewere, kapena kupunduka kwa ndalama. Zimenezi zimalola maulamuliro kuyambitsa pamene akusunga zitetezero. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angatenge njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesa kapena kupereka malamulo, koma ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma kuti alandire ndalama za makampani osoŵa. Chipwiritsira kutsutsana pakati pa olamulira ndi oyang'anira sukulu, kuyesa, ndi zokambirana za mndandanda.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo

Kusamalira zaumoyo kumapereka chitsanzo cha kutsata maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma. Boma la boma la Medica ndi lokhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kudzera m'mabungwe onga Malo a Thanzi ndi Mautumiki a Anthu. Maboma amakhazikitsa ntchito za Medicaid, kuika kulimba ndi mapindu m'zitsogozo za boma. Malamulo a Affordable Care Act anafutukula mwa kupanga misika ya inshuwalansi ndi kufukula Mdid, ngakhale kuti maboma ena anasankhidwa pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Supreme Court. Izi zimapanga kusintha kwa njira zaumoyo , mwakuti Midid wawonjezera mitengo yosatsimikizirika kuposa imene sinatero. MED adawonjezedwa ndi mliri wamphamvu yowonjezereka, pamene boma linayang'anira kugaŵira boma la boma lachigawa ndi kugaŵira kwaungwe launyiri.

Miyezo ya Zachilengedwe

Malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kusagwirizana pakati pa boma ndi boma. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa njira za mpweya ndi zamadzi pansi pa malamulo onga Clean Air Act . Komabe, maboma angapereke malamulo okhwima, monga momwe California amachitira ndi miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto kupyolera ku EPA. Njira ziŵirizi zimalola maboma kuthetsa mavuto a dziko, koma zingatsogolere kukangana pamene malamulo a boma asintha. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa malamulo aposachedwapa, malamulo a boma otulutsa mpweya atsutsidwa ndi maboma kutetezera kopambana. Ntchito ya malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo amalonda imatanthauza ndalama zovomerezeka kuyang'anizana ndi malo osiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo, kusonkhezera zosankha pa kumene malamulo a boma angayendetsedwe.

Chilungamo cha Anthu Onse ndi Chiwawa

Malamulo aupandu ndiwo kwakukulukulu, amachotsa upandu wochuluka wonga kuba ndi kuukira. Boma limasamalira milandu ya boma, monga kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi kukakamiza kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Magawawawawa angayambitse kugaŵana; mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amaika chamba kukhala mankhwala a Sedyuli I, pamene maboma ambiri alola kuti chisanguluke. Mabomawa amadzutsa mafunso okhudza malire a boma, monga mabungwe a boma ndi a boma ayenera kusankha ngati angagwirizanitse kapena kusungitsa. Malamulo ndi kutumiza ndalama zimasiyananso kwambiri pakati pa maboma, kusonyeza zosankha zosiyanasiyana pa kugamula, kusintha, ndi uyang'anira. Boma limalimbikitsa chigamulo cha milandu ya boma kuweruza kupyolera ku maprogramungwe, monga mamakina a polisi.

Kufufuza Nkhani m’Kulimbana kwa Boma

Kupenda nkhani zenizeni kumavumbula mmene kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro kumagwirira ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsogolera ku nkhondo za zamalamulo ndi kufufuza malamulo. Nazi zitsanzo zingapo zodziŵika zimene zikusonyeza kukambitsirana kopitirizabe kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma a boma.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Chiyambire 1996, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maiko a m’dziko la California chalola chida cha mankhwala ndi zosangulutsa, mosasamala kanthu za chiletso cha boma pansi pa Chilamulo cha Substances Act . Ichi chachititsa malo alamulo kumene makampani a boma olembedwa ndi boma amagwira ntchito popanda kugonjera kwa boma, kuimbidwa mlandu. Chikalata cha Cole Mengerrandum pansi pa oyang'anira odetsedwa osungidwa ndi osungidwa, koma magawo otsatirapo anawona kubwerera ku malamulo okhwima. Kulimbanako kumasonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ndi bungwe la boma, ndi Congressmondration thing thing thingsssssssss irrut irnas irrurected of democracy , kufalitsa chidziŵitso cha lamulo la lamulo pa upandu, zaumoyo, ndi msonkho umene ukudziŵitsa mapangano a dziko.

Kuvomereza Ufulu

Kuyenera kwa khoti lalikulu kwakhala nkhondo pakati pa maboma ndi boma. Malamulo a Court Rights a 1965 adakhazikitsidwa kuti atetezere tsankho la fuko m'mayiko ndi mbiri ya machitachita otero. Komabe, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu cha Selby County . Shelby . Hamer . (2013]) adachotsa njira yodziŵira kuti ndi ati maboma amene afunikira kutsegulidwa, kulola maboma kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano opangira kuvota. Zimenezi zachititsa ntchito yogwirizana ndi malamulo, ndi zikalata zopititsa patsogolo, zotetezera ndi kutulukira koyamba, pamene ena akutsutsa malamulo ameneŵa kuchotsa chisankho. Kusintha ndi malamulo ofanana ndi malamulo a anthu olinganizidwa kulinganiza. Kulinganiza kwa Malamulowo kuwonjezera, chuma chakuphatikiza pa K. [FF2]

Lamulo Lotumiza Anthu ku Dziko Lina

Kusintha kuli thayo la boma, koma maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa kusonkhezera malamulo amene amayambukira moyo wa osamukira kudziko. Mwachitsanzo, SB 1070 mu 2010 adafuna apolisi kuyang'anira malo a kusamuka panthaŵi ya kuima, kutsogolera ku mlandu wa Supreme Court kumene anakambidwa chifukwa cha kutsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Maboma amasiyananso popereka zilolezo za oyendetsa galimoto ku anthu osamukira m’dziko popanda malamulo. Maboma ena adzilengeza okha kuti "anzaluntha," kugawa ndi akuluakulu a boma lolamulira za kampani yotumiza alendo, kumene kwabutsa mikangano yalamulo ndi ndale. Ntchito zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene maboma angalinganizire kusungitsa kuyendetsa ntchito za boma m'dziko, makamaka m'malo ngati malo a kudalirana ntchito ndi mapindu a anthu.

Kuletsa Mfuti

Lamulo la zida zankhondo limasonyeza mbali ina ya chipwirikiti cha boma. Lamulo lachiŵiri latembenuzidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba, koma maboma ali ndi ufulu waukulu wokhazikitsa malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, California amakhazikitsa nyengo zoyembekezera ndi ziletso za zida zoukira, pamene kuli kwakuti anansi ake onga Utah ali ndi malamulo olekerera. Lamulo la Federal limakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera yopimira kumbuyo kudzera m'National Point Criminal Vicked System (NICS), koma maboma ali ndi ufulu wokulitsa ziyenerezo zimenezi. Kusintha kumeneku kumatsogolera kusiyanasiyana kwa chiwawa ndi mikangano ya kuyendetsa kwa dziko. Kusoweka kwa lamulo la boma lachikhalidwe lapamwamba kwasintha kukhala opanga magome m'kambitsirano m'kulamulira mfuti, ndi malamulo ena opatula "autsa zifuko zankhondo zapaka kwa kanthaŵi kotchedwa kuti anthu adziteteze.

Kumaliza

Kugaŵira mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma sikuli kakonzedwe kokhazikika koma njira yolimba yopangidwa ndi mbiri, ndale, ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo. Kwa nzika, kumvetsa kakonzedwe kameneka nkofunika kuti zikhale ndi phande logwira ntchito bwino mu demokrase . Kumalongosola bwino lomwe amene ali ndi thayo la zimene malamulo akusiyana ndi chifukwa chake amasiyana m'mayiko ena. Kuchokera pa maphunziro ndi kusamala zaumoyo ndi ufulu wosankha, ulamuliro wa boma ukupitirizabe kusonkhezera moyo wa Amereka m’njira zazikulu. Pamene mavuto akusintha, kugwirizana pakati pa umodzi wa dziko ndi kulolera kwa dziko lonse lapansi kudzakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro. Mwa kuzindikira magawo a boma lililonse, anthu angachirikize bwino mapangano amene amasonyeza mapindu awo ndi ufulu wosankha ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu ponse paŵiri.