Maziko a Ulamuliro wa America

Kugawa kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma la boma ndi maboma kuli maziko a dongosolo la ndale zadziko la United States. Mabungwe ameneŵa, odziŵika monga aunistism, analinganizidwa mwadala ndi Abambo Owakhazikitsa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro ndi kulola maulamuliro a kumaloko olinganizidwa ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa milingo iŵiri imeneyi ya boma nkofunika kuti munthu adziŵe malamulo, malamulo, ndi mautumiki a anthu onse mu United States.

Kodi Boma la Federal Nchiyani?

Boma la boma ndilo ulamuliro wa dziko la United States, likuchita maulamuliro operekedwa kwa ilo ndi Constitution ya U.S. Lili ndi ulamuliro pa dziko lonse ndipo lili ndi thayo la nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse, monga lamulo lachilendo, chitetezo cha dziko, malonda a mayiko, ndi dongosolo la ndalama. Malamulo a boma amagawidwa m'nthambi zitatu zolingana:

  • Nthambi ya Chilamulo: Yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Oimira (mogwirizana, Congress), nthambi imeneyi iri ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo a boma, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira madera a dziko ndi malonda akunja, ndi kulamulira malamulo a msonkho ndi owononga ndalama.
  • Nthambi yotsatizana: Yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, nthambi imeneyi imasungitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, imachita maunansi achilendo, imalamulira magulu ankhondo, ndi kuika nduna za boma (zogonjera ku kutsimikiziridwa kwa Khoti).
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Kutsutsa khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba a boma, nthambi imeneyi imamasulira malamulo a boma, imapenda malamulo awo alamulo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza malamulo a boma kapena malamulo a boma.

Maulamuliro a boma la boma aŵerengedwa kwakukulukulu m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Malamulo, chimene chimandandalika maulamuliro akutiakuti onga kuumba ndalama, kukhazikitsa maofisala a positi ofesi, ndi kulamulira malonda pakati pa maboma.

Kodi Boma Nchiyani?

Maboma amagwira ntchito m'magawo makumi asanu alionse. Iwo ali ndi malamulo awoawo, amene amatsanzira dongosolo la boma ndi mkulu (maboma), bungwe lalamulo (kaŵirikaŵiri bimameral, kusiyapo Nebraska yomwe ili unidamal), ndi dongosolo la chiweruzo (makhoti aakulu). Boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani za kumalo ndi kulamulira kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kumene kumayambukira miyoyo ya nzikazo.

  • Malamulo a Chigawo: malamulo a boma pankhani zonga ngati maphunziro, thanzi la anthu, zoyendera, chiweruzo cha upandu, ndi malamulo a katundu. Nyumba zambiri za boma zimakhala nyumba yaing'ono (kaŵiri kaŵiri yotchedwa Nyumba ya Oimira kapena Msonkhano) ndi nyumba yapamwamba (Sanita).
  • Governor: Mkulu wa boma, amene ali ndi thayo la kusaina kapena kutumiza malamulo a boma, kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma, ndi kulamulira boma la National Guard (osaitanidwa ku utumiki wa boma).
  • Makhoti adziko: Asamalira milandu yambiri ya khoti ku U.S., kuphatikizapo mikangano ya pangano, kudandaula za kuvulaza munthu, malamulo a banja, ndi milandu yambiri ya upandu (kusiyapo ija yokhudza milandu ya boma).

Maboma apeza ulamuliro wawo ku malamulo a boma ndi ku malamulo a boma osungidwa a U.S. Amaperekanso ulamuliro wa apolisi . "ayenera kutetezera thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe a nzika zawo. Mphamvu ya polisi imeneyi imapatsa ufulu waukulu m'kuyang'anira madera onga ntchito zomangira, kukhazikitsa malamulo omanga, ndi kuika malire a msinkhu wa kumwa moŵa.

Maziko a Malamulo a Boma

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma wafotokozedwa ndi Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2) wa Malamulo a U.S., amene amanena kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dziko. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma asemphana, lamulo la boma limakhalapo . Komabe, Demendment imagwira ntchito monga chitetezo cha boma: ̴ Maulamuliro amene saperekedwa ndi United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi boma, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kusungidwa kwa anthu. ̶

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kumasulira kwa mawu ameneŵa kwasintha. Chigwirizano cha boma chakhala chodalira ku maufumu aŵiri, njira imene maboma a boma ndi maboma anagwirira ntchito m’madera osiyanasiyana. Lerolino, U.S. ikugwira ntchito pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma wogwirizana, kumene milingo iŵiri ya boma imagawana mathayo ndi kugwirizana pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo . Makamaka mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za boma. Landmark Supreme Court yonga [FLD:0] Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (18) anatsimikizira ukulu wa malamulo a boma ndi kukhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu zosonyezedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti [FOLD:2] United States v [FFFFF].[FFF]

Kusiyana Kokulirapo Pakati pa Maboma Aunyinji ndi Boma

Kuzindikira kusiyana kothandiza pakati pa milingo iŵiri imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chimene malamulo ena amasiyanirana m’zigawo zina ndi chifukwa chimene nkhani zina zimakambitsidwira ku Washington pamene zina zikusamaliridwa kumaloko.

Mbali ya Ulamuliro

Boma la boma limalamulira dziko lonse mondandalitsidwa bwino m'Malamulo kapena moyenerera kuchokera ku maulamuliro amenewo. Mosiyana, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wambiri wa kufalikira kwa nkhani za dziko. Chinsinsi chothandiza: ngati vuto la kudutsa malire a dziko kapena kuphatikiza mitundu ina, lingakhale lolamulira; ngati latsekeredwa m'boma limodzi la ̱ malire, ndi malonda a boma.

Kupanga Malamulo ndi Kuumirira

Malamulo a boma amagwira ntchito mofanana m'mayiko onse ndi magawo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma monga Clean Air Act amakhazikitsa miyezo yocheperapo m'dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuti maboma angatenge malamulo okhwima. Malamulo a boma, kumbali ina, amagwira ntchito kokha m'malire a bomalo. Ichi nchifukwa chake kuyendetsa galimoto, nyengo ya ukwati, ndi malamulo a zaudokotala amasiyana kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Kuwonjezera apo, boma lingapereke maupandu amene amachitikira pa chuma cha boma kapena amene amaphatikizapo mbali za boma (m. g., malonda a mankhwala osokoneza mankhwala osokoneza kudutsa mizera ya boma), pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yambiri ya boma imasamaliridwa ndi makhoti a boma.

Msonkho

Maboma a boma ndi a boma abwereketsa misonkho, koma pazifuno zosiyanasiyana ndi nyumba zosiyana. Boma la boma limadalira kwambiri misonkho ya ndalama (zonse ziŵiri munthu ndi kampani) kuti lipereke ndalama zotetezera dziko, Social Security, Medicare, ndi chiwongola dzanja pa ngongole ya dziko. Boma limasonkhanitsa misonkho ya ndalama, misonkho ya malonda, misonkho ya katundu, ndi kukonza misonkho kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira maphunziro, misewu, misewu, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo. Maboma a m'dziko (zigawo, mabwinja, zigawo za sukulu) angaperekenso misonkhoma ndi kulingaliridwa kukhala mabungwe a boma achiŵiri.

Kudziimira pa Malamulo

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, omwe ali chikalata chalamulo chachikulu kwambiri m'bomalo (mogonjera ku malamulo a boma). Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala aatali ndi atsatanetsatane kuposa Konsichushoni ya boma, akumalankhula za mbali zina za malamulo monga kuthandizira maphunziro, kuchepetsa msonkho, ndiponso ngakhale kuyenera kwa kusaka kapena kupha nsomba. Zimaperekanso ufulu umene umaposa chitetezo cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma amatsimikizira bwino ufulu wa malo okhalako kapena ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi.

Mbali za Udindo: Kunyonyotsoka Kokwanira

Kugawa kwa maudindo pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma si mndandanda wovuta wotsatira.

Udindo wa Oyang’anira Oyang’anira

  • National Defense and Foreign Affairs: Kusunga usilikali, kuyendetsa mapangano, ndi kuyendetsa malonda achilendo.
  • Interstate Commerce and Economic Policy: malonda olinganiza pakati pa maiko, kukhazikitsa malamulo a za ndalama kupyolera mwa Federal Reserve, ndi kuyang'anira kulephera kwa ndalama ndi chuma.
  • Kusintha ndi Kusintha: Kukhazikitsa malamulo oloŵera, kukhala nzika, ndi kuthamangitsidwa (maiko ali ndi mbali ina m'kusungitsa kusamuka kupyolera mwa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma).
  • Upo ndi Maofesi a Post: Kugulitsa ndalama, kusindikiza, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Makalata a U.S.
  • Chivolichi cha Kutetezera Ufulu Wachibadwidwe: Kukhazikitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe wa boma, monga ngati Chilamulo cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha 1964 ndi Chikalata cha Zopereka Zokomera ufulu wa anthu.

Maudindo a Boma

  • Kuphunzitsa: Kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro, kuchirikiza masukulu a boma, ndi mayunivesite a ntchito a boma (Ngakhale kuti lamulo la boma limalamulira ziyeneretso zina monga mautumiki apadera a maphunziro).
  • Kukonza ndi Malamulo: Kumanga ndi kukonza misewu ya boma, milatho, madoko, ndi mabwalo a ndege (ndi ndalama zazikulu za boma kupyolera m'maprogramu onga Interstate Highway System).
  • Public Safety and Law Enictment :[FLT ] Apolisi a boma, madipatimenti a boma, ndi malo owongolera. Malamulo ambiri aupandu ndi malamulo a boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Health ndi Welfare: [[FLT: 1] Adding Medicaid, Childreṉs Health Inshuwalansis Program (CHIP), Kanthaŵi Kathandiza pa Mabanja Osoŵa (TANF), ndi kuyang'anira malo a zaumoyo m’boma.
  • Zisankho: Kuchititsa makampani, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko, kuphatikizapo kulembetsa wovota, mapulani opangira, ndi kuyang'anira malo oonera (ogonjera ku malamulo a ufulu wa boma).

Mphamvu Zogwirizana ndi Maulamuliro Onse Aŵiri

Maulamuliro ena amagwiritsiridwa ntchito panthaŵi imodzi ndi maboma a boma ndi boma. Maulamuliro a panthaŵi imodzi ameneŵa amaphatikizapo kukhoza kwa kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, mabanki a tchata, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Pamene mabwalo onse aŵiri achita mbali imodzi, lamulo la boma limakhala lapamwamba pansi pa Supremacy Claus. Komabe, maboma angapereke zofunika zowonjezereka malinga ngati satsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Mwachitsanzo, onse aŵiri boma ndi maboma angatsutse maupandu a malo okhala, koma kulamula kwa boma kungachotse kachitidwe ka boma m’mikhalidwe ina.

Kugwirizana kwa Mabanja

Kulamulira kwamakono kwa America kumadziŵika ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma. Chigwirizano chimenechi chimawonekera kwambiri m’mbali za malamulo pamene boma la boma limakhazikitsa zonulirapo zazikulu koma nthumwi zikukwaniritsa ku mabomawo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwakugwiritsira ntchito zisonkhezero za ndalama.

Grants-in-Aid

Boma la boma limapereka mazana mabiliyoni a madola chaka chilichonse kuti alamulire ndi maboma a kumalo kupyolera mwa ndalama. Izi zimabwera m'mitundu iŵiri yaikulu: mfundo zoperekedwa ku maprogramu akutiakuti monga kumanga misewu kapena maprogramu a chakudya chamasana) ndi zopereka zopinga (kuchirikiza ndalama zambiri kaamba ka zifuno za onse, monga ngati kukula kwa chitaganya). Maboma ayenera kugwirizana ndi mikhalidwe ya boma kuti alandire ndalama zimenezi, zimene zingayambitse kusagwirizana ndi maboma pamene asemphana ndi zofunika za boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma lagwiritsira ntchito chiwopsezo cha kuchotsa ndalama za misewu kulimbikitsa maboma kukweza zaka za kumwera kwalamulo kuti afike pa zaka 21.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

Malamulo ambiri a boma amadalira kotheratu pa mabungwe a boma kuti asungitse. The Cealor Air Act imafuna maboma kutumiza maprogramu a Boma Okwaniritsa Makonzedwe (SIP) osonyeza mmene adzafikire miyezo ya nyukiliya ya boma. Mofananamo, Affordcable Care Act inafutukula Medicaid (programu ya boma yogwirizana) ndi kupangidwa kwa inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalola kusintha, monga momwe maboma angalinganizire maprogramu a boma ku mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, komanso kungatsogolere ku zotulukapo za mtundu pamene maboma asankha maprogramu a programu.

Kulimbana ndi Mikangano m’Federal - State Relations

Mosasamala kanthu za lingaliro la kugwirizana, mikangano pakati pa maboma a boma ndi maboma njofala. Oyang’anira zinthu anayembekezera chipwirikiti chimenechi ndi kupereka njira zonga chiganizo cha ulamuliro ndi makhoti a boma kuthetsa mikangano. Zina za nkhani za mkangano m’ndale zadziko la America lerolino zimakhudza malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Chitsanzo chachikulu cha kutsutsana kwa boma ndi lamulo la chidani cha boma. Pa 2025, maboma ambiri alola kuloledwa ndi chamba kuti agwiritsire ntchito zamankhwala kapena zosangalatsa, komabe boma lolamulira Substances Act limaika mbanje monga Sedynal I, kuupangitsa kukhala wosaloledwa pansi pa lamulo la boma. Boma la boma lasankha kwambiri kusakakamiza lamulo lotsutsana ndi oseŵera a boma, chifukwa cha malamulo onga Cole Metrindandum (ngakhale kuti zimenezi zakhala zikusintha). Kusintha kumeneku kumagogomezera mavuto othandiza a kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma m’madera kumene maboma atenga njira yosiyana.

Kupititsidwa M’dziko Lina

Pamene kuli kwakuti kusamuka kuli thayo la boma, maboma nthaŵi zina akhala akufunafuna kuchita mbali. Malamulo onga Arizona ’ SB 1070 (2070) anayesa kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma kuti lione za kusamuka panthaŵi ya kulekeka kwa mwambo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malamulo angapo a lamulolo, kutsimikiziranso kuti lamulo la kutumiza alendo ndi lolamulira. Komabe, maboma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kupanga zosankha zokhudza anthu osakhala a chivomezi kupyolera mwa malamulo awo, kupereka chilolezo cha ku kutula ophunzira olembedwa kukhala osalembetsedwa kapena kugamula kwa maulamuliro a boma ochirikiza kusamuka.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Mayiko onga California alimbikitsa kwambiri za kulimba kwa malo okhala kuposa boma la boma. Pansi pa Cearar Act, California ali ndi chida chapadera chopangira miyezo yake yotulutsa mchira, imene maboma ena angasankhe. Zimenezi zachititsa muyezo wadziko wa kutulutsa galimoto, kusonyeza mmene kachitidwe ka boma kangayambukire malamulo a boma. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene boma libweza malamulo a malo okhala, likulamula kuti lisavomereze kuti litseke kusintha kapena kutengera malamulo awo audindo.

Mfundo Zothandiza kwa Nzika

Kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro kwa boma kumayambukira pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kuwonedwa. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Driver ’ laisensi imaperekedwa ndi maboma, koma ayenera kufikitsa miyezo ya boma yodziŵikitsa imene idzagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka ndege zobwereka pa malo okwera (Ulamulo la ID).
  • Malamulo a ukwati [[FLT :1] ndi ofotokozedwa ndi boma, koma Khoti Lalikulu mu [FT:2]bergefell v. Hodges (2015] (20) adafuna kuti maboma onse adziŵe maukwati auchiŵanda pansi pa ufulu walamulo kuulingana.
  • Kuyankha kwa 'FLT] kumayamba kwenikweni pamlingo wa dziko lakwawo ndi boma, koma pamene tsoka liposa mphamvu ya boma, bwanamkubwa angapemphe chilengezo cha tsoka la boma, kutsegula zinthu za FEMA ndi ndalama.
  • TSC secull imafunikira zonse ziŵiri kubwerera kwa boma (Form 1040) ndi boma kubwerera (ngati boma lilibe msonkho wa malipiro, monga Florida kapena Texas).

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma ndi mbali yaikulu ya demokrase ya Amereka ya demokrase. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani za dziko ndi nkhani za dziko, maboma ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu pa nkhani za dzikolo ndipo amatumikira monga malaboratoria a demokrase . Kugwirizana ndi malamulo amene angayambike pamlingo wa dziko. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa milingo iŵiri imeneyi ya boma nkofunika kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika zoikizira. Kumawunikira chifukwa chake mikangano yambiri mu United States imazungulira mafunso a kuyang'anira malamulo ndi mautumiki ovuta omwe amaumba moyo wa ku America. Kaamba ka kupitiriza kuŵerenga, kufufuza malo a Websitepeto a U. Boma. [FLFF:]