Chiyambi cha United States Constitution si chiyambi chamwambo ayi; ndi mawu ogwirizana a chifuno cha dziko amene achititsa kuti dziko la America likhale ndi dzina la boma kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. M'mawu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri okha, Oyambitsa anayala maluso anthanthi a dzikolo: chilungamo, mtendere wa m’banja, chitetezo, ubwino wa anthu, ndi ufulu. Komabe mawu oyambawo si mawu amodzi okha. Chinenero chake — makamaka mawu oyamba akuti “Ife Anthu" — agwiritsidwa ntchito m’nkhondo yaikulu iliyonse pa “Anthu a" ndi chimene chimatanthauza kupanga “Umodzi wa Anzake wangwiro. Kumvetsa chifukwa chake Pregeageing ikupitirizabe kudziŵika kwa Amereka, mawu ake aakulu, ndi ntchito yake yotchuka m’malamulo, ndi moyo wa anthu.

Zimene Mbiri Imasonyeza Pachiyambi pa Nkhaniyi

Pregge adalembedwa kumapeto kwa chilimwe cha 1787 ndi Komiti ya Style, yotsogozedwa ndi Gouverneur Morris, amene anali ndi thayo la mawu omalizira. Siinali mbali ya mikangano yoyambirira pa Constitution; mmalo mwake, inatulukira monga njira yofikira prophexplain ulamuliro wa Malamulo ndi cholinga cha anthu okayikira. Nkhani za Confederation zinalephera chifukwa chakuti zinali zopanda ulamuliro waukulu. Preggeedi inathetsa zimenezi mwa kukhazikitsa boma latsopano m'malo amodzi: anthu enieniwo.

Oyambitsawo anatengera kwambiri nzeru zandale za Kutseguka, makamaka John Locke wa ulamuliro wotchuka ndi Montesquieu malingaliro a James Madison onena za kupatukana kwa maulamuliro. Analemba mu Federalist No. 45 kuti boma latsopanolo linatenga mphamvu zake “kwa anthu” ndipo linali“ kutumikira ndi anthu okhala ndi maofesi awo m’nthaŵi yachisangalalo, kwa nyengo yochepa, kapena mkati mwa makhalidwe abwino. . Malamulowo sanatchule mfundo imodzi pakati pa maboma koma ntchito ya “Anthu a United States. Uku kunali kuchoka kwakukulu kwa nkhani, kumene kunayamba ndi “Ife oikidwa pansi pa nthu za United States."

Mndandanda wa zifuno zisanu ndi chimodzi — “kupanga Chigwirizano changwiro kwambiri, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo cha m'nyumba, kupereka chitetezo chofala, kuchirikiza Chitukuko, ndi kutetezera Madalitso a Ufulu” — sizinali zongopeka. Mawu alionse anasonyeza kulephera kwapadera kwa Nkhani za Malamulo: kusoŵeka kwa mtundu wogwirizana, kulephera kuthetsa mikangano ya m’mayiko, chiwopsezo chosatha cha kuukira boma (Monga Kupanduka kwa Shays), ndi kusoŵa kwa gulu lankhondo kapena dongosolo la ndalama.

Chofunika kwambiri nchakuti, poyambirapo anapeka mosamala kuti apeŵe kutchula maulamuliro ena. Chimene chinasiyidwa ku bungwe la Malamulo. M’malo mwake, mawu oyambitsidwawo amapereka lens imene pepala lonselo liyenera kumasulira. Monga momwe Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analembera pambuyo pake mu [FLT: 0] Mclulloch v. Maryland [1] (1819), Preggeing “ndiye mfungulo wothandiza kwambiri pa zolinga za opanga." Ntchito imeneyi yamasulira yakhala mbali yaikulu ya ntchito ya Preggeing.

“ Ife Anthu a United States, Mogwirizana kupanga Chigwirizano changwiro chokulirapo, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kutetezeredwa kwa banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kupititsa patsogolo Ubwino wa Onse, ndi kusungitsa Madalitso a Ufulu wathu, kuika ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a United States of America. ( National Archives )

Malemba Ofunika ndi Mmene Amakhudzira Masiku Ano

“ Anthufe”

Palibe mawu a m'moyo wa ndale zadziko wa ku America amene ali ndi mphamvu yoposa “Ife Anthu.” Ndiwo kutsimikizira kozikidwa pa ulamuliro wotchuka: kuti ulamuliro wonse wa boma umachokera kwa nzika, osati kwa mfumu kapena kwa apamwamba akutali. Koma amene amaonedwa kukhala “Anthu” atsutsidwa mwamphamvu m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka. Malamulo oyambirira sanaphatikizepo akazi, Aafirika ogwidwa ukapolo, kapena Eni America m’nyengo imeneyo — komabe chinenero cha Preginggee chinapanga muyezo wa makhalidwe ndi njira yodziwirira imene magulu a pambuyo pake akagwiritsira ntchito kufunsira kuphatikizidwa.

Oletsa, olembetsa, ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe onse anachonderera kwa “Ife Anthu” monga lonjezo loyenera kukwaniritsidwa. Frederick Douglas, m’mawu ake 1852 akuti “Kodi kapolo ndi uti Wachinayi?” Anafuula kuti Malamulo anali“ chikalata cha ufulu waulemerero” chifukwa chakuti chiyambi chake sichinatchule fuko — ndipo chifukwa chake anthu angadziŵikitsidwenso kuti adzaphatikiza anthu onse. Mtengo wa 14, umene umatsimikizira kuti ndi wotetezeredwa ndi kukhala nzika yalamulo, womwe pomalizira pake umagwirizanitsa bungwe la malamulo ndi lonjezo la Pregatoria. Lerolino, “Anthufe tikufuna kulengezanso kuchirikiza ufulu wa anthu osamukira dziko lina, ufulu wosankha ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wa fuko.

“ Kuti apange Chigwirizano changwiro chowonjezereka”

Mawu akuti “Union yangwiro kwambiri” imavomereza kuti bungwe la Union lopangidwa mu 1787 linali lopanda ungwiro — ndi kuti silingakhale langwiro. Oyambitsawo anagwiritsira ntchito “kulondola kwambiri” monga kuyerekezera, osati kukwaniritsa. Liwu limodzi limeneli linapanga ntchito yopitiriza kwa mtunduwo: kuyesayesa nthaŵi zonse kukonza zinenero zabwino. Nkhondo ya Civil, Reconstanton, New Deal, ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndizo machaputala onse poyesayesa kupangitsa Union kukhala yangwiro.

M'nkhani yamakono, “Union woposapo wangwiro” amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mapresidenti ndi oweruza. Nkhani ya Barack Obama ya 2008 pa fuko inali ndi mutu umenewo. Khoti Lapamwamba latchula mawu m'milandu yophatikizapo university, monga ngati United States v. Lopez [19595] [[FLT]] ndi [FLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius [20202], kumasulira malo a mphamvu ya boma. Kuyendetsa galimoto za “Umodzi kwangwiro kwa United Union . Kukhazikitsanso mikangano yapachisankho, kukonzanso kwachiweruzo kwaupandu, ndi kusagwirizana kwa milandu, ndi kusagwirizana kwautsa.

“ Pezani Madalitso a Ufulu”

Liberty mu Faredge si ufulu wotheratu koma ufulu wolamulidwa ndi lamulo ndipo wosungidwa kaamba ka “ife ndi Chipulumutso chathu. [1] Chinenero choyang’anira kutsogolochi chimagwiritsa ntchito mbadwo uliwonse kusunga ndi kufutukula ufulu wa anthu amtsogolo. Mawu a Pregage yagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhani za ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro [1954] [1954] [[FLT] ndi 0 . Hodges [FLT:⁠] (20) (20). (20) Mu nkhani yomaliza, Justicembricey Confy Kenneedy linakopa lingaliro lapamwamba kutsutsa kuti pangano la ufulu wa anthu la ufulu wa chitaganya.

Ndiponso, “kusunga Madalitso a Ufulu” kuli malo otsutsana ndi makonzedwe a chisungiko cha dziko. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu ndi chisungiko kwakhala mutu wobwerezabwereza m'mbiri ya America, kuyambira pa Alien ndi Sedition Acts mpaka Patriot Act. Pregage sumathetsa vutolo; ilo limapereka maziko a kukambitsiranako.

Kubwereranso

Lerolino, mawu oyamba adakali maziko a kutsutsana pafupifupi pa nkhani iliyonse yaikulu ya boma. Chifukwa chakuti amalongosola zolinga za boma — chilungamo, bata, chitetezo, ufulu, ufulu — amapereka muyezo umene umachitira kuweruza malamulo ndi malamulo. Pamene Nyumba za malamulo a zaumoyo zisintha, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kapena kusamukira m'dziko, ikukufunsa kuti: Kodi zimenezi zimachirikiza ubwino wa anthu onse? Kodi zimasungitsa ufulu?

Khoti lachitanso mbali m'milandu yaposachedwapa ya Khoti Lalikulu. Pamsonkhano wa Homeland Security v. Regents wa University of California (2020), Khotilo linalingalira za kuvomereza kwa Trump kwa DACA. Pamene chigamulocho chinazikidwa pa bungwe la Homest Procedure Act, malingaliro otsutsana ndi kudzipereka kwa Preggeriot kwa “kuchotsa ufulu” ndi“ ubwino wa Trump. Panthaŵiyi, mlandu wa gegerrymerman, kuvota, ndi ndawala ya za ndawala ya za kufunsa ngati boma likuchitadidi za“ Ife anthu.

Chisonkhezero cha Predge chimafalikira kupyola makhoti. Ndilo mfundo yofala m'nkhani zandale, boma la maadiresi a mgwirizano, ndipo ngakhale zizindikiro zotsutsa. Mawu akuti “Ife Anthu” timawonekera pa nyumba za boma ndi pa madzoma achilengedwe. National Constitution Center’s chiŵiya cha Pregzed chothandizira ogwiritsira ntchito kusanthula mawu alionse mozama, kusonyeza mmene Pregeing imaphunzitsidwira ndi kumvedwa monga chikalata chamoyo.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Maphunziro ndi Mitengo

Mawu oyamba ndi limodzi la malemba oyambirira amene amaphunzitsidwa m’makalasi a ku America. Ophunzira amaloweza, kupenda tanthauzo lake, ndi kuligwirizanitsa ndi zochitika zamakono. Mkhala pakati pa Phunziro la Civic ndi limodzi la mawu oyamba a “Anthu" m'masukulu ake, amene agwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ophunzira mamiliyoni ambiri. Kutchula mawu otsatsa mawuwo pamaso pa gulu la anthu kapena msonkhano wa sukulu kumalimbikitsa kudzipereka limodzi kwa dziko lonse pokhazikitsa mfundo zake.

Mapwando a kumanga malo osungirako zinthu zachibadwa amapemphedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kuwerenga ilo mokweza, kapena amaŵerengedwa kwa iwo ndi woweruza. mwambo umenewu ukugogomezera kuti kukhala wa ku America kumatanthauza kuvomereza osati kokha ufulu komanso mathayo osonyezedwa ndi zifuno za kuyambika kwa. Mabungwe a Chigawo ndi Kusintha kwa Dziko a U.S. amaphatikizapo kuyambitsa mayeso ake a kuyesa kwa chilengedwe.

Maboma ndi mabungwe a kumaloko nthaŵi zina amachita “kuŵerenga koyambirira” pa Tsiku la Malamulo (September 17). Zochitika zimenezi zimagwirizanitsa anthu amisinkhu yonse kuti atsimikizirenso zolinga za dzikolo. M'nyengo ya kumadera akutali, Pregedge imapanga maziko osoŵa: ponse paŵiri ololera ndi osasintha zinthu angapeze chinenero chimene chimatsimikizira kuti iwo amaona dziko la America.

Kumasulira Chiweruzo ndi Ulamuliro wa Chiyambi

Ngakhale kuti poyambirapo samapereka mphamvu kapena ufulu uliwonse, makhoti akhala akuugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali monga chitsogozo chomasulira. Pankhani yoyambirira, Chahisolm . Georgia (1793), Bwalo Lapamwamba linatchula za Chiyambi kuchirikiza lingaliro lakuti Malamulo anali kachitidwe ka anthu, osati kachigawo ka maboma. Woweruza James Wilson analemba kuti: “Kuyamba kumayambitsa kuti Malamulo anakhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi anthu a United States. Anthu, kenaka, ndiwo achifumu enieni a dzikolo.

Nkhani zina zinawongolera ntchito ya Pregedge. Jacoboson v. Massachusetts . (05), khoti linachirikiza malamulo a katemera okakamiza, likuwona kuti “ubwino wa banja” mu Pregedge imalola malamulo kulamulira kaamba ka ubwino wa anthu onse. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (193], Jastice Sutherland analozapo mawu a Preggeedious monga umboni wakuti boma lili ndi mphamvu zolamulira m'nkhani zachilendo. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amatsutsa kuti Pregtion akupereka dongosolo la kugamula kwa lamulo, ngakhale kuti lingaliro limeneli nlo likutsutsana.

Mosasamala kanthu za kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kwa kanthaŵi, kutsegula sikotheka kuchitidwa mwa iko kokha. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba linanenera mu Jacobson , “choyambiracho sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito, kupanga mphamvu imene siingaperekedwe. Komabe mphamvu yake yosafuna yankho njaikali. Pamene woweruza kapena wopanga malamulo akutchula kuti “Ife anthu” kapena“ Chigwirizano changwiro, [1] iwo akutsatira malamulo apamwamba a ku America.

Mawu Oyambirira Monga Mphamvu Yogwirizanitsa m’Nyengo Yogaŵanika

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chitaganya cha America chakhala chikugawanika kwambiri. Kukhulupirira mabungwe kwatha, ndipo mikangano ya pa tanthauzo la Malamulo yakula. Komabe mawu oyambawo adakali mfundo yachilendo yogwirizana. Malinga ndi Pew Research Center kufufuza pa chidziŵitso cha lamulo, anthu ambiri a ku America angadziŵe kuti “Ife Anthu” ndi mawu oyamba a Malamulo, ndipo ambiri amasonyeza kuvomereza mwamphamvu kwa mfundo zotchulidwa m'Chilamulo.

Mphamvu ya Pregedge yogwirizanitsa iri m’kugwirizana kwake. Siimapereka malamulo apadera; imakhazikitsa zonulirapo zimene pafupifupi Aamereka onse amavomereza: chilungamo, mtendere, kudzitetezera, ubwino, ufulu. Ndithudi, anthu sagwirizana pa mmene angakwaniritsire zonulirapo zimenezo, koma Pregedge imakumbutsa nzika kuti iwo ali ndi phande limodzi. Ichi nchifukwa chake kuwunikira kaŵirikaŵiri kumaŵerengedwa pa zochitika za bipartishan, zonga ngati kutsegulira kwa pulezidenti ndi miyambo yachilengedwe. Imagwira ntchito monga chiphunzitso cha boma — mawu achidule, osaiŵalitsa a zimene mtunduwo umakhumba kukhala.

Ndiponso, mawu a Chingelezi a mibadwo (“kwa ife ndi kwa ife ndi kutsata kwathu”) amalimbikitsa kaonedwe ka zinthu kanthaŵi. M'chikhalidwe chosumikidwa pa zotulukapo zapanthaŵi yomweyo, Pregedge akupempha Aamereka kulingalira choloŵa chimene adzasiyira mibadwo yamtsogolo. Udindo wapakati umenewu ndiwo wofunika kwambiri kutsutsana za kusintha kwa nyengo, ngongole ya dziko, ndi kusintha kwa maphunziro.

Kumaliza

Chiyambi cha Malamulo a ku United States si kungofuna kudziŵa mbiri yakale; ndi mawu enieni a chifuno cha dziko. Kuchokera ku nkhondo yake ya kuchotsapo Nkhani za Chigwirizano ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwake kwamakono m’makhoti, m’makalasi, ndi m’malo oonekera, Pregedge yapereka chinenero chimodzi cholankhulirana chokambirana chimene Amereka ayenera kukhala. Mawu ake aakulu — “Ife Anthu,” Chigwirizano changwiro,”“ kutetezera Madalitso a Ufulu” — agwiriridwa ndi a Jevitarianism, suffragies, a m’ligies, atsogoleri a ufulu wa anthu, ndi nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku zimene zimafuna kuti mtundu ukhale mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake.

Pamene Aamereka apitirizabe kulimbana ndi mafunso a chizindikiritso, chilungamo, ndi kukhala anthu, Progee imapereka maziko okhalitsa. Siimapereka mayankho osavuta, koma imakhazikitsa mipatuko yeniyeniyo ya kukambitsirana. M'nyengo ya magaŵano, Predge imatikumbutsa kuti tidakali “Anthu” — ndi kuti ntchito yathu ndiyo kuyesayesa kaamba ka Chigwirizano changwiro kwambiri. Nchifukwa chake, mazana aŵiri pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwake, Pregeing ikupitirizabe kuumba chizindikiritso cha Amereka lerolino.