M'chitaganya cha demokrase, lamulo la kupima ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza ndilo malo otetezera amene amaletsa nthambi iliyonse ya boma kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zosaletsedwa. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira dongosolo lino nlofunika kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kutsimikizira kuŵerengera, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’ulamuliro. Pamene nzika zidziŵa mmene mphamvu imagawidwira ndi kutsenderezedwa, zingasungire bwinopo atsogoleri awo, ndi kutsutsa auchigawenga. Nkhaniyi imafufuza chiyambi, mamembala, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi kwa kuyang'anira, ndi kulongosola chifukwa chake munthu aliyense ayenera kukhala wokhoza kutetezera lamulo limeneli.

Maziko a Machenjera ndi Malingaliro

Macheke ndi malinganiziridwe si opangidwa posachedwapa. Lingalirolo limabwereranso kwa olingalira Ounikiridwa monga Montesquieu, amene Amakhala ndi mphamvu za Malamulo adatsutsa kuti ufulu umasungidwa bwino kwambiri pamene maulamuliro a boma alekanitsidwa ndi kupangidwa. Oyambitsa a America amafufuza filosofi imeneyi m'Malamulo, kulenga dongosolo limene nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi mphamvu zoletsa zina. James Madison, kulemba mu Fideralist. Ayi. [FLT:], anatchuka: “Chidziŵitso chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chikhumbo chapamwamba. Chilengedwe chimenechi chimasonyeza mphamvu ya munthu . Chilengedwechimapanga mphamvu yaumunthu kuti chisaletse.

Sinjira yodzipangira yokha; m’malo mwake, imakakamiza anthu kuganiza, kulolera, ndi kulingalira mosamalitsa.

Nthambi Zitatu ndi Maulamuliro Ake

Kuti mumvetsetse mayeso ndi kulinganiza, choyamba muyenera kuzindikira mathayo aakulu a nthambi iliyonse. Malamulo a United States amatchula za kulekana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi za malamulo, zoyang’anira, ndi zoweruza, koma amapanganso ulamuliro wogwirizana umene umafuna kugwirizana / / / ndipo umatheketsa otsutsa.

Nthambi Yolamulira Malamulo

Mfundo I ya Malamulo imapereka malamulo onse m'Malamulo: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Congress ikulemba, makambitsirano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Koma mphamvu yake imaposa pa malamulo. Nyumba ya malamulo imalamulira chikwama cha boma / "na ndalama zimene zingapangidwe kuchokera ku Tribitala popanda lamulo lokhudza malamulo. Imalengeza nkhondo, kukweza magulu ankhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa malonda a mayiko. Nyumba ya malamulo imakhazikitsa mapangano a pulezidenti ndi kuvomereza mavoti aŵiri. Congress ilinso ndi mphamvu yofufuza ntchito za nthambi ya boma kudzera mwa mayeso ndi masupena, ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo preziden wa boma, kaamba ka “malamulo aakulu ndi mapangano olakwika.

Kwa nzika, kumvetsetsa Nyumba ya Malamulo kumatanthauza kudziŵa amene akuimira iwo ndi mmene oimira ovotawo alili nthambi yapafupi kwambiri ndi anthu. Nthambi ya malamulo imachitidwa pa zaka ziŵiri zilizonse za Nyumbayo.

Nthambi Yotsogolera

Mfundo yachiŵiri ikupanga nthambi yaudindo, yotsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti, amene amakhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress. Pulezidentiyo amalamula asilikali, kuchita malamulo a dziko lina, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kupereka chikhululukiro. Pulezidenti amaikanso oweruza a boma, alembi a kabungwe, ndi akazembe, ogonjera ku malamulo a bungwe. Mwa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi kukhazikitsa ulamuliro, pulezidenti angapange mmene malamulo akugwiritsidwira ntchito.

Maulamuliro ameneŵa ndi ofunika, koma amapimidwa. Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuchotsapo mawu a dala ndi ma statinala aŵiri apamwamba. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingakane kutsimikizira kuti ndi apamwamba. Oweruza angakane machitidwe a maulamulirowo monga osagwirizana ndi lamulo kapena otsutsana ndi lamulo. Ndipo Nyumba za Malamulo zingachotse pulezidenti. Kuwonjezera apo, pulezidentiyo sangalengeze nkhondo kapena anthu a msonkho popanda kutchulapo nkomwe.

Nthambi Yoweruza

Articus III ikhazikitsa judiary ya boma, yotsogozedwa ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba. Chigamulo cha jaji chimamasulira malamulo ndi Konsichushoni, ndi kupenda [[FLT: 0] kwa lamulo . Mphamvu ya kulengeza machitidwe a Congress kapena a mkulu wamkulu. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka Marbury v. Madison [183]]. Oweruza amatumikira ntchito za moyo wonse, kuchotsapo kutsendereza kwa andale zadziko. Iwo sangachotsedwepo kokha mwa kusamvera.

Makhoti amafufuza nthambi zina mwa kuswa malamulo amene amaswa ufulu walamulo kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Brown ndi. Bungwe la Maphunziro [[FLT: 1] linagonjetsa masukulu opatulidwa mwaufuko, kutsogolera ponse paŵiri boma ndi boma losachitapo kanthu. Posachedwapa, Khoti labwereza malamulo a akuluakulu a za kusamuka, malamulo a malo, ndi malamulo aumoyo wa anthu.

Bungwe lachiweruzo lafufuza: Nyumba ya Malamulo imasankha ukulu ndi ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma, ndipo pulezidenti amaika oweruza ndi chitsimikizo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Mmene Dongosololi Limagwirira Ntchito

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi kumathandiza nzikazo kutsatira mikangano ya ndale ndipo zikaphonya nthambi imodzi, zimazindikira kuti ndizo zimene zimapanga zinthu.

Veto ndi Kubisa

Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kuletsa kuti likhale lamulo pokhapokha ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo isonkhanitsa mavoti awiri atatu m'zipinda zonse ziwiri. Izi zingachititse kukambirana pakati pa nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Pulezidenti angaopseze chivomezi kuti achotse ufulu, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke ndalama ndi makampani akuluakulu ngati chichirikizo cha anthu chili champhamvu.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti amamasulira Malamulo ndipo angachotse malamulo kapena zochita za maulamuliro zimene zimatsutsana nawo. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi njira yamphamvu yofufuzira malamulo ndi mabwana, koma njochepetsedwa ndi lamulo lakuti mlandu kapena mkangano uyenera kukhalapo . Mabwalo sangapereke malingaliro otsutsa. Kuwonjezerapo, akuluakulu osankhidwa angachepetse malamulo a khoti mwa kulembedwanso kapena kulamulira kochepa.

Kufunitsitsa ndi Kusudzulidwa

Nyumba ya Oimira ili ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha ya kutsutsa (kubweretsa milandu pa) akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo pulezidenti, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndi oweruza. Nyumba ya Malamulo imayesa mlanduwo, ndipo voti ya chitatu imafunika kuti ivomereze ndi kuchotsa. Kusankha kuli chida chopanda pake, koma nthaŵi zonse chikuonekera. M'mbiri ya America, mapresidenti atatu adafunsidwa: Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump (kunyansi). Palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu, koma njirayo inavumbula kusaona bwino ndi kuyang'anira anthu.

Uphungu ndi Kuvomerezana

Nyumba ya malamulo imalangiza ndi kuvomereza kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (mamembala a kabinet, oweruza a boma, akazembe) ndi mapangano. Zimenezi zimapatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa kupangidwa kwa nthambi za akuluakulu ndi zachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti sangakhale wokhoza kukwaniritsa malo a Bwalo Lapamwamba ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo ikakana kutsimikizira kuti ndi woimira, monga momwe zinachitika mu 2016 ndi kugaŵidwa kwa Merrick Garland.

Maulamuliro a Nkhondo ndi Kulamulira Ndalama

Pamene kuli kwakuti pulezidenti ndi mkulu, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha imene ingayambitse nkhondo. Pankhondo ya pa 1973, pulezidenti afuna kuti adziŵitse Nyumba ya Malamulo pasanathe maola 48 kuchokera pamene anakachita nkhondo ku mayiko ena ndi kutha pambuyo pa masiku 60 pokhapokha ngati bungwe lilola kupitiriza. Mofananamo, Nyumba ya Malamulo imayang'anira bajeti; mabungwe akuluakulu sangawononge ndalama popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Mphamvu imeneyi ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutse kapena kuchepetsa njira za pulezidenti.

Zitsanzo Zakale ndi Zamakono

Zinthu zenizeni zimene zikuchitika padziko lapansi zikusonyeza mphamvu ya kupima ndi kulinganizika.

Watergate Scampal (1972-1974) ndi chitsanzo cha buku lophunziridwa. Pamene Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anayesa kubisa kuswa ku likulu la Democratic National Committee, jadiary ndi Congress inabwerera. Khoti Lapamwamba linakakamiza Nixon kutulutsa vidiyo ya White House , ndi House Jadicary Committee kuti alembetse. Kuyang'anizana ndi chigamulo china m'Komiti ya Boma, Nixon. Dongo logwira ntchito: Kazembeyo anali ndi mlandu wa kuyang'anira ndi kachitidwe kaungwe kaungwe ka .

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) inasonyeza kukakamiza kwa achiweruzo ndi nthambi zaudindo kuyang'anira kuyang'anira kusiyanitsa mafuko. Khoti linalengeza malamulo oletsa sukulu popanda kugamula, otsogolera m'maiko ambiri ndi kukakamiza boma. Chigamulochi chinatsogolera ku Chikalata cha Chisungiko cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 ndi Chilegi cha Zoyenera za Ufulu wa 1965-legislation chimene chinasintha chitaganya cha America.

[[FLT : 0] Clinton Impeachment (1998-19999). Pulezidenti Bill Clinton anauzidwa ndi Nyumba kaamba ka kulakwa ndi kutsekereza chilungamo chokhudza Monica Lewinsky. Nyumba ya malamulo inammasula. Pamene kuli kwakuti zotsatirapo zinasonyeza kuti palibe pulezidenti ali pamwamba pa lamulo , ngakhalenso otchuka angafufuzidwe ndi kuyesedwa.

Trump Impeachments (209, 2021]. Pulezidenti Donald Trump anauzidwa kaŵiri: choyamba chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kutsekereza Congress (nkhani ya Ukraine), ndi yachiŵiri yosonkhezera kuukira pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa January 6 Capitol. Nyumba ya malamulo inamasula nthaŵi zonse, koma ntchito za Nyumba ndi makutu otsatira zinauzidwa ndi kuikidwa kwa chitsanzo cha zimene ziri zosayenerera.

[[FLT: 0] Khoti Lalikulu Laposachedwapa Ligamula [[FLT: 1]. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti lafufuza ponse paŵiri Congress ndi bwanamkubwa. NFIB v. Sebelius , linachirikiza lamulo la Afford Care Act Act , koma mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Commercial Claus. [[FLD]] [FLT:]] M'AMENE YA . New York [[FLT:] (20:9]), Khoti linatseka kuyesa kwa Trump kuwonjezera unzikaundula kwa anthu, kupeza mawu oyenerera. [FL:] Mu [v6]

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti maselo a maselowa sasinthasintha chifukwa cha machitidwe, mavuto, ndi kutomerana kwapoyera.

Chifukwa Chake Zimenezi Zili Zofunika kwa Nzika Zonse

Kumvetsa mayeso ndi kulinganiza zinthu kumayambukira moyo wanu. Pamene nthambi yaikulu ipereka lamulo lotsutsana, podziŵa kuti khoti lalikulu lingalithetse, ndi kuti bungwe la Congress lingakhomereze kapena kuchepetsa ntchito yake. Mukalingalira za malamulo andale. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo iona kuti lamulo loletsa kulankhula mwaufulu, mungadziŵe kuti makhoti adzanena. Pamene khoti Lapamwamba lisintha malamulo, mumazindikira kuti chigamulocho chingasinthidwe ndi mapangano a khoti a m’tsogolo kapena kubwezedwa kwa malamulo.

Nazi zifukwa zachindunji zimene nzika iliyonse iyenera kudziŵira nkhani imeneyi:

  • Mphamvu: [[FLT :1] Chidziŵitso cha mmene mphamvu imayendera chimakupatsani mphamvu. Mukudziŵa amene angasonkhezere lamulo , woimira boma lanu, wopanga malamulo, wopereka ndemanga Woyera Nyumba. Mungathenso kudziŵa pamene nthambi imachenjerera ndi kulinganiza kutsutsa.
  • Kuchinjiriza Ufulu Waufulu : Zoyenera za lamulo zambiri , njira yoyenerera, kuyenera kwa kuvota / imadalira pa mayeso ndi ziyeneretso za kusungitsa. Ngati Congress ipereka lamulo loletsa kulankhula, makhoti angaletse. Ngati pulezidenti akakana kukakamiza lamulo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasunge kapena kukana ndalama. Nzika imene imamvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi ingatetezere bwino lomwe ufulu wawo.
  • Kusintha kwa kampani:[FLT :1] Zosankha za pulezidenti, Congress, ndipo ngakhale malumbilo a boma zimapanga kulinganizika kwa ulamuliro. Kudziŵa mmene nthambi iliyonse imapimira ina imathandizira inu kugamulapo kuti ndi ati amene adzafunikira kusungitsa kulinganizika kumeneko. Mwachitsanzo, wosankha woyang'anira wamkulu wochitapo kanthu angaike patsogolo kusankhidwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo yofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa udindo wake.
  • Kutsutsa Disformation : Atolankhani andale kaŵirikaŵiri amapotoza kusiyanitsa maulamuliro kaamba ka phindu la otsata. pulezidenti anganene kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wakunyalanyaza subpoena; woimira boma anganene kuti chigamulo cha khoti ndicho “silamulo la dzikolo. [1] Nzika zokhala ndi chidziŵitso cholongosoka zingawone kupyolera ndi kumamatira ku malamulo a malamulo a malamulo.
  • Udindo wa Chikalata: Lipabuliki yathanzi laumoyo imafuna nzika yotomerana. Oyambitsa anaganiza kuti anthu akakhala olondola pa boma /kupyolera pa masankho, zopempha, ndi, ngati kuli kofunika, kutsutsa. Simungachite monga kupenda kodalirika ngati simukumvetsetsa dongosolo limene mukuyesa kutetezera.

Mmene Nzika Zingachitire Zinthu ndi Nzika

Kumvetsa ndi chinthu choyamba chimene munthu angachite kuti adziwe zimene akufuna.

  • Kudziwitsa m'masankho alionse [1] makamaka magawo apakati ndi masankho akwanuko, amene amasankha kupanga maboma a Congress ndi maboma amenenso ali ndi madongosolo a mphamvu.
  • Kukumana ndi oimira anu pankhani za nkhani. Imbani maofesi awo, lemberani makalata, pezekani m’maholo a tauni. Akuluakulu a boma akuvomereza ku chitsenderezo, ndipo mawu anu ali chenje.
  • Atsatiri makhoti [1]. Kuminkhani yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu ndi kumvetsetsa mphamvu zake. Mabuku onga SCOTUSblog ndi Constitution Annoted (.gov) amapereka malongosoledwe ofikirika.
  • Kuphunzitsa ena . Kugaŵana chidziŵitso chimenechi ndi banja, mabwenzi, ndi anansi. Maphunziro a CBICO adachepa, ndipo kuphunzira kwa mabwenzi kuli mankhwala ogwira mtima.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kugwirizana ndi boma lakwanuko[FLT :1]. Mabungwe a mzinda, makomiti a sukulu, ndi malumbiro a boma apanganso mphamvu zogaŵana. Kumvetsetsa mmene ntchito ya kumaloko imapangira chizoloŵezi cha kusamala kwambiri chimene chimadalira pa mlingo wa boma.
  • Mabungwe a port amene amatetezera ulamuliro wa malamulo a boma . Magulu onga American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Brennan Center ya Chilungamo, ndi Federalist Society amapereka chuma cha maphunziro ndi kuyang'anira kwalamulo.

Kumaliza

Macheke ndi malinganizo saali chiphunzitso chamwambo chamwambo . Ndizo njira yamoyo imene imatetezera ufulu wanu tsiku lililonse. Kuyambira pa maveto a pulezidenti mpaka kuyang'anira zaudindo, njira zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limene lili ndi mphamvu zonse. Kumvetsetsa kumasintha kuchoka pa nkhani yaulesi kukhala woyang'anira demokrase wokangalika. Pamene kuyesa kwa ku America kukupitirizabe mpaka zaka za zana lachitatu, chitetezo chachikulu kwambiri pa ulamuliro wankhanza chimakhalabe chodziŵidwa ndi kuikiziridwa ndi nzika. Phunzirani dongosolo, mphamvu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mawu anu kuchititsa nthambi iliyonse kukhala ndi mlandu. Pamapeto pake, kupenda kofunika kwambiri sikulembedwa m'chitetezo cha demo la anthu.

Kuŵerenga kobwerezabwereza: Kuzindikira: Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro . ○ USA.gov: Ma nthambi a Boma [1] Khoma la Malo: U.S Thupilo la Malemba Onse