M'ndale za ku America, zigawo ziŵiri zazikulu . . . . . . . . pagulu lachitatu pali United States. Magulu apadera [[FLT:] ndi [FLT] party Party . "Republican Party [1] [1] Pulogate , state ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti magawo achitatu, United States agwira ntchito monga [[FLT:] magawo aŵiri] njira pambiri ya mbiri yake. Koma nchifukwa ninji kuli mlandu, ndi chiyani wayesera kapena kulinganiza? Kulimbikira kwa nyumba imeneyi kumachokera ku maluso aakulu, ngozi za m'mbiri, ndi zisonkhezero zamphamvu zimene zimaletsa kupikisana. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi sikuli kofunika chabe kwa mbiri ya U. .

Chifukwa Chake U.S. Uli ndi Dongosolo la Mbali Ziŵiri

Malamulo a malamulo aŵiriwo salamula kuti apange malamulo; m’malo mwake, amatuluka kuchokera ku msanganizo wa masankho osankhika, malamulo, ndi kudalira kwa mbiri yakale. Asayansi andale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri amaloza ku Chilamulo cha Duverger, chimene chimachirikiza kukwera kwa mbali imodzi ya dziko ndi kuvota kutulutsa madongosolo aŵiri. Ku United States, mbali iriyonse imachirikiza mphamvu imeneyi.

Kusankha

Chisankho cha U.S. chochuluka chimachita yoyamba-mbuyo-kumbuyo dongosolo, kumene wofunsira wokhala ndi mavoti ochuluka apambana / ngakhale popanda unyinji. Zimenezi zimaletsa mavoti aang'ono, kuyambira pamene mavoti awo satembenuzira m'mipando. Gulu lachitatu limene limapambana 10 peresenti ya voti lingapambane malo ochitira voti, pamene gulu lalikulu la anthu opata 51 peresenti mu chigawo limakhala loimira. Chiyambukiro chimenechi, chodziŵika monga “chosankha, chotumizira anthu aŵiri owopa kutaya malo awo.

2. Electoral College

Electoral College mu chisankho cha pulezidenti imalimbitsa mbali ziŵiri. Chifukwa chakuti ambiri amatchula mavoti osankhidwa pa maziko onse opambana, oyembekezera kutenga gawo lachitatu akulimbana kuti apeze thautio. Kuyesayesa kwachitatu kumene kumapambana 20 peresenti ya voti yotchuka kungalandire mosavuta mavoti a voti ngati alephera kukwera 50 peresenti m'dziko limodzi. Kuposa kwamakono kokha kwa George Wallace mu 1968 (monga George Wallace) kunachokera kwa oyembekezera kulanda maiko onse. Electoral College ipanga chitsekoso chachikulu cha kulowa mpikisano wa dziko lonse.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale

Kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni, magulu opangana masomphenya opikisana a mtunduwo: Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists mu 1790. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, kakonzedwe kaŵiri kameneka kanakhala kofala. Dongosolo loyamba (Federalist vs. Democracy-Republicans) linagwa, koma kuloŵedwa m’malo ndi Democrates vs. M'mbiri ya anthu ku Democrates, ndipo kenako ndi lero, Democrates v. Republican. Kusintha kulikonse kunasunga mpikisano wa aŵiri chifukwa cha dongosolo lapamwamba la chisankhole silinasintha. Ngakhale kukwera kwachidule kwa gulu lomasintha mu 191262 ndi Reformations mu 1990 kulephera kuswa kwa njira ya mbiri yakale imene imafuna kuti asinthe, kungosintha kwachitatu.

4. Kupeza Malamulo a Ballot ndi Malamulo Otsutsana

Malamulo a boma ndi makhonsati aunyinji a dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kwa oyembekezera kukhala oyenerera magawo achitatu kapena kukhala ndi phande m'kutsutsana kwakukulu, kulimbikitsa kulamulira kwa zipani ziŵiri zazikulu. Malamulo a Ballot akuloŵa amasiyana mopambanitsa: m'maiko ena, gulu latsopano liyenera kusonkhanitsa masaini zikwi zambiri kuyambira 1992, pamene magulu aakuluwo amayenerera . Bungwe la Pulezidenti pa Democratic ndi Republican, limakhazikitsa chitseko cha 15 peresenti cha kufunsira kaamba ka kuloŵetsedwa kwa [1] aŵa siitiki yachitatu yokha ya chisankhomo. Ziletso zalamulo zimenezi siziri zamwayikitsa; zinakonzedwa ndi kusungidwa ndi magulu aakulu aŵiri kuti atulukire mpikisano.

5. Mabuku Osiyanasiyana

Onse aŵiri Alpablicans ndi Democrates amasonkhanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana pansi pa “umbrals,” kuchepetsa malo kaamba ka zipani zowonjezereka za mtundu kuti zifutukuke. Chigwirizano cha Democratic chimaphatikizapo magawo opita patsogolo, maukwati a antchito, ovota ochepa, ndi ochepetsa; mgwirizano wa Republican umaphatikizapo alaliki, osunga malamulo a zachipembedzo, ndi atsamunda. Mwa kutengera malingaliro otsalira, magulu aakulu amaletsa kupangidwa kwa masuntchala a munthu mmodzi yekha. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito chifukwa chakuti dongosolo la votaltal system system imagata: gulu lopatuka lakunja lolira linkagawa mavoti a Ddemocratic ndi masantala, chotero otsutsa amakhala m’kati mwa hema.

Zotsatirapo za Madongosolo Aŵiri

Malo aŵiriwo ali ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa kulamulira, kuimira, ndi nkhani yapoyera.

  • Kusasintha: [[FLT :1] Chiŵerengero chochepa cha magawo amapanga masankho olondola ndi otsogola kwambiri. Mapangano amapangidwa asanasaruze, zimene zingapeputse chilango cha pa chipani ndi ndandanda ya malamulo. Kwa ovota ambiri, kusankha kwa aŵiri kumachepetsa kusokonezeka m'bokosi la bolot.
  • Kusintha: [[FLT :1] ndi zosankha zazikulu ziŵiri, mikangano ya ndale zadziko kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala yotchuka. Chipani chirichonse chimaima monga chosiyana ndi china, kusonkhezera ndawala yotsutsa ndi chiyero cha malingaliro. Malo apakati amachepa, pamene onse aŵiriwo akupikisana kukhazikitsa malo awo mmalo mwa kuwakopa kukafika pakati.
  • Kuimira koikidwa: Mawu okhala ndi malingaliro kunja kwa mbali ziŵiri za anthu angamve kukhala osasonyezedwa. Wovota amene amayanja ufulu wa mfuti ndi khoka lachisungiko lolimba, kapena amene ali wosasintha koma womasuka kwa anthu, samapeza nyumba yachilengedwe. “Mpata wa kugaŵikana ” umachepetsa pangano la boma ndi kudalirana kwa mabungwe.
  • Strategic Votion: Anthu ambiri amavotera “chopanda cholakwika cha zinthu ziŵiri” mmalo mwa wosankhidwa wawo wosankhidwa kupeŵa kuwononga voti yawo. Zimenezi zimapanga kayendedwe kamene magulu achitatu sangapeze mphamvu yofunikira kupyola. 2016 ndi 2020 masankho anawona mamiliyoni a ovoti akuponya maboloti kwa osankha aakulu amene anatsutsa, kungotseka mbali ina.
  • Gridlock ndi Legislative Obblication: Madongosolo aŵiri angatsogolere ku mphamvu za malamulo, makamaka pamene ulamuliro wa boma wagaŵikana. Magawo angaike patsogolo mbali ina pa kutseka malamulo, kutsogolera ku kuletsa boma, kuchedwetsa bajeti, ndi kuchedwa kuyankha mavuto.

Zotsatira zake n’zosapeŵeka m’madongosolo aŵiri a nyumba ya malamulo. Zigamulo zimenezi zimachita mapulogalamu awiri owonjezera a ku United States. Koma masankho akuluakulu ndiponso manyuzipepala oulutsa nkhani, zimachepetsa mavuto.

Njira Zina Zoloŵa M’dongosolo la Magawo Aŵiri

Otsutsa dongosolo la United States kwa nthaŵi yaitali apereka masinthidwe a nyumba amene angatsegule njira yoloŵera m’zipani zambiri.

Malo Osiyanasiyana

M'maiko onga Germany ndi U.K., kuimira kwa ndandanda kumalola anthu ambiri kugawana ulamuliro. Ngati zipani zazing'ono zitengera zimenezi, zigawo zang'onozing'ono zikhoza kukhala ndi mipando mu Congress mogwirizana ndi mbali yawo ya voti. Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira yophatikizana pakati pa theka la Bundestag mwa kusankhidwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ndi magawo angapo, kutsimikizira kuti magulu aang'ono ngati Greens kapena Maler Party apeza mipando. Ufumu wa United ukali kugwiritsira ntchitobe malo oyamba apamwamba osungirapo mfundo koma uli ndi malo apadera ambiri chifukwa cha magulu a zigawo (SP, Pyleat Cyru) ndi devodved parmes . Kusintha kwa dziko kuti aimirire m'dziko ku U.S. Nyumba ya nyumba ya United States ingachititsenso kukhazikitsa zipani, ndi maboma ambiri.

2. Kutulutsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi kachipangizo kaja

Kutchedwanso kutsekereza kuvota , dongosololi limalola ovota kusanthula osankhidwa mwapadera. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene apambana, mavoti achotsedwa ndi kuvota kufikira wina atalandira ambiri. Zimenezi zimachepetsa “chiyambukiro cha kuvota kwapadera. Maine ndi Alaska angalimbikitse mamembala ambiri. Akanakhala osakhoza kale kugwiritsira ntchito mavoti apamwamba a mavoti a boma. M'ma 20222 comgateo, kusankhidwa kwapadera kwa Alaska, kuloledwa kupambana pa dziko laling'ono ndi kuwonjezereka kwa Democrat . [FT.FT:]

Kutulutsa Mafuta

Maboma ena amalola oyembekezera kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu angapo. Zimenezi zimapatsa mamembala aang'ono njira yosonkhezera masankho popanda kugawavota. Mwachitsanzo, ku New York, gulu la Working Families Party likhoza kudutsa Democrat , kulola ovota kuvota mzera wa WFP pamene adakali kuchirikizabe wobatizidwa mmodzi. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kagulu kang'onoka kutsekera malo aakulu a gululo. Fusion inali yofala m'zaka za zana la 19 koma inaletsedwa m'mayiko ambiri pambuyo poti Chipani cha Populiti cha Populiti anagwiritsira ntchito bwino. Kuphatikizana kwa ofufuza kwa dziko kukhoza kuyambitsanso chisonkhezero chaching'ono m’magawo aŵiri omwe alipo.

4. Zosankha za Panorparta

M'masankho ena a kumaloko, oyembekezera kulowa m'mapangano opanda chipani. Kukulitsa njira imeneyi kungasinthe kudziŵika kwa chipani ndi malo alamulo. Mzinda wa Minneapolis umagwiritsira ntchito kuvota koyenera m'mapwando a bungwe la aupotiko, ndipo maboma ambiri amachita masankho audindo achiweruzo. Malamulo a boma, kutembenukira ku maboloti osakhala apartisan, ku likachepetsa phindu la gululo ndi kulola odziimira paokha ndi odzipereka achitatu kupikisana pamipikisano yolingana. Komabe, kusintha koteroko kungafunikire kubwezedwa kwa lamulo m'malo ambiri.

Kusintha Koyenera

Malamulo onga kufutukula Nyumba ya Oimira, kusintha mmene Electoral College imagwirira ntchito, kapena kutengera kulinganiza kungachepetse onsewo kulamulira kwa zigawo ziŵiri. Nyumbayo yaikidwa pa 435 ziŵalo kuyambira 1929, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kufutukula Nyumbayo kukafika ku 600 kapena 700 kungachepetse ukulu wa chigawo ndi kutsitsa chopinga cha oyembekezera. Electoral College ingathe kukonzedwanso kudzera mwa National Popular Vote Tortstative Communing, zimene zingathetse bwino kupambana kwa dziko lonse-by-kugalamuliridwa. [FLT:] Otchuka ndi otchuka Vote . [FLT:] adapitirira kale m'mawu 15 atengwa. CC, chifukwa cha 195, kuvota kwa chivoti cha chivoti cha Jenero cha Jesselti.

Zitsanzo za Mapwando Achitatu m’Mbiri ya United States

Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la mbali ziŵirilo lalamulira, mbali yachitatu yakhala ndi njira yosinthira nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kukakamiza mbali zazikulu kutsatira malingaliro awo.

  • Gulu lopita patsogolo (“Bull Moose”) Gulu lotsogozedwa ndi Theodore Roosevelt mu 1912, limene linapambana mbali yaikulu ya voti yotchuka (27% ya mavoti osankhidwa ndi 88 osankhidwa) ndi kusonkhezera kusungitsa ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe pambali za dziko.
  • Chipani cha Populist cha ma 1890, amene anachirikiza alimi ndi antchito, anachirikiza siliva waulere, ndi kusonkhezera pulatifomu ya Chipani cha Democratic pansi pa William Jennings Bryan.
  • Chipani cha Socialist cha America [1], chimene chinapata mavoti oposa 900,000 mu 1912 ndi kusankha akuluakulu ambiri a boma, chinayambitsa malingaliro onga inshuwalansi ya ulova ndi ndalama za penshoni zachikale zimene pambuyo pake zinakhala zotchuka.
  • Chipani cha Libertarian ndi Chipani cha Udzuwu , chimene chikupitirizabe kutsogolera anthu a m'dziko. Gulu la Libertrian Party linapanga pepala lapamwamba kwambiri mu 2016, pamene kuli kwakuti gulu la Green Party’s Jill Stein linapambana 1% mu 2016, kujambula mawu otsutsa mfundo zofunika kwa Donald Trump.
  • Ross Perot’s Reform Party , imene inasonkhezera mikangano m'ma 1990 ponena za malonda ndi malamulo a zamalonda. Perot anapambana 19% ya voti yotchuka mu 1992 . Chigawo chachitatu chabwino koposa kuyambira Roosevelt . Koma mavoti a voti. Nkhani zake (NAFTA, kupereŵera kwa bajeti) zinavomerezedwa ndi magulu aakulu aŵiriwo pambuyo pake.
  • Chipani cha Malamulo ndi zipani zina zazing'ono nthaŵi zina zimapata maofesi a boma, koma mphamvu yawo ya dziko idakali yochepa chifukwa cha zopinga za kumanga.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti mbali zachitatu zingayambitse mkangano ngakhale ngati sizipambana m’masankho.

Njira Zili Patsogolo: Mmene Kusintha Kukanachitikira

Kusintha kwa Electoral ku United States n’kovuta kwambiri chifukwa zipani ziwiri zikuluzikulu zimalamulira malamulo a masewerawo. Komabe kusintha kungabwere kuchokera ku njira za boma, kuyendetsa udzu, ndi kukonza malamulo.

Masinthidwe ameneŵa samachititsa kuti pakhale magawo ambiri, koma amapanga ming'alu m'magawo aŵiri a mbali ziŵiri. Ngakhale kuvota kwapamwamba kapena kuvota kophatikizana kungachititse kuti anthu achitatu akhale ndi moyo wotchuka kwambiri m’malo mwa owononga.

Zimene Anthu Opanga Zopanga Zinthu Angachite Tsopano Lino

Ngakhale kuti kusintha kwa nyumba kumatenga nthaŵi, wosankha aliyense payekha angachitepo kanthu kuti achirikize chikhalidwe chandale zosiyanasiyana:

  • Anthu amene amagwirizana ndi gulu la anthu amene akonzanso masankho, ngakhale kuti ndi a chipani chachikulu.
  • Kusankha anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu kumakhala ndi mavoti ochepa, ndipo kuchititsa ovotawo kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chosonkhezera.
  • Ankagwirizana ndi magulu a anthu ongotsatira malamulo a boma amene amalimbikitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa zinthu, nyumba zotseguka, ndi za ndawala.
  • Kumvetsetsa madongosolo ovota kungayambitse nyonga ya kusintha kwa zinthu.

Pomalizira pake, dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri siliri lamulo la chilengedwe ndizo zopangidwa ndi malamulo opangidwa ndi anthu, ndipo anthu angasinthe malamulo amenewo.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo aŵiri apadera mu United States ali chifukwa cha mbiri, malamulo osankhidwa, ndi zopinga za mabungwe. Pamene kuli kwakuti akhazikitsa kukhazikika, amachepetsanso kuimira ndi kusankha. Madongosolo ena . onga kusanthula kapena kuimira kwapadera kwa magawo aŵiri. Njira yosinthira ndi mawu imakhala yochedwa ndi yopikisana, koma kusakhutira ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa nthaka, malo, ndi zotulukapo za kuimira kulinganiza kwapoyera kumakhaladi. Konso, kumvetsetsa mizu ya dongosolo la kapangidwe kaŵiri ka zinthu ndi zinthu zina zopendeka. Mtsogolo wa ndale zadziko za America sungafune kukhala anthu aŵiri, ndipo ukhoza kudalira dongosolo losiyana, ingathe kukhala nthaŵi yonse, ingathe kusinthika.