Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pa Yokha ndi Ufulu Woyenerera Womwe Muli Nawo Lerolino

Chikalata cha ufulu wa kudziimira pa dziko lapansi, chomwe chinavomerezedwa ndi bungwe la Continental Congress pa July 4, 1776, chimaimira chimodzi cha zikalata zandale zotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga chake chinali kulungamitsa kulekana kwa maiko a ku America ndi ulamuliro wa Briteni, Chikalatacho chinatchula mfundo zachikhalidwe chapadziko lonse zokhudza ufulu wa munthu ndi mbali yoyenera ya boma imene ikupitirizabe kuumba malo alamulo a United States ndi kusonkhezera magulu a ufulu padziko lonse. Kuposa kukhala chotsekedwa kumbuyo kwa malo osungirako zinthu za m'mabwinja, malingaliro aakulu a Chikalatacho ponena za ufulu wosapatuka ndi boma mwa kuvomereza mphamvu yamoyo imene imachirikiza ufulu ndi chitetezo umene mumachita tsiku lililonse.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza nzeru za maziko a Chikalata, ikusonyeza mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino amenewo analembedwera ku Malamulo ndi Bill of Rights, ndipo ikufufuza zoyenera za Aamereka zimene zili ndi ufulu wamakono kuchokera ku masomphenya a kusintha kwa chikalatacho. Kumvetsa mzera wa makolo kumatithandiza kuzindikira osati kumene ufulu wathu umachokera komanso chifukwa chake umakhala wofunika kuuteteza.

Maziko a Chilengezocho

Olemba ake, makamaka Thomas Jefferson, anakhudza kwambiri malingaliro a anthu anzeru openyetseka monga John Locke, amene anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa umene ulipo asanabadwe ndi kusakhala ndi boma lililonse. Zimene chikalatacho chinapanga zinali kupereka malamulo anthanthi amphamvu, andale.

Ufulu wa Zachilengedwe ndi Kugwirizana kwa Kakhalidwe ka Anthu

Chilengezocho chimanena mfundo ziŵiri zazikulu kwambiri. Choyamba, ufulu superekedwa ndi maboma kapena mafumu; iwo amabadwa mwa munthu. Chachiŵiri, chifukwa chakuti ufulu umenewu ndi woyenerera [[FLT: 0] wosalandirika.

Ndime imeneyi imakhazikitsanso pangano la kakhalidwe limene limakhazikitsa lamulo lachimereka la America. Maboma amakhazikitsidwa pakati pa anthu kwa kuyenera kwa kusinthika kapena kuchotsedwa. Izi sizinali chabe kutembenuza kwa kuukira boma; zinalingaliridwa bwino lomwe kuti kuyenera kwa boma kumadalira pa kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Cholinga cha Boma

Chikalatachi chimapangitsa kusintha kugwirizana kwa mwambo pakati pa boma ndi munthu. M'mikhalidwe yakale ya ulamuliro, nkhani zaudindo zinali ndi thayo lokhulupirika kwa mfumu, imene ingakhalenso ndi maudindo ena. Chilengezocho chimafuna kuti boma likhalepo kutumikira anthu, osati njira ina. Lamulo limeneli — lakuti boma ndi chiŵiya chotetezera ufulu, osati gwero la ufulu weniweni — ndilo maziko a malingaliro a ndale zadziko za ku America ndipo latchulidwa ndi magulu osaŵerengeka ofuna kuchititsa boma kukhala ndi mlandu ku chifuno chake chotchulidwa.

Mukhoza kuŵerenga zonse zolembedwa m'Chilengezo cha Kudziimira pawebusaiti ya National Archives .

Kuchokera pa Chikalata Choperekedwa Kufikira ku Lamulo: Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo

Malamulo a Chikalatacho anali olakalaka, osakhala ovomerezeka mwalamulo. Sanakakamizidwa m'khoti la lamulo. Ntchito yotembenuza malamulo amenewo kukhala chitetezo chovomerezeka mwalamulo inaperekedwa ku malamulo a boma, inalembedwa mu 1787, ndipo Bill of Rights, inavomerezedwa mu 1791. Kusintha kumeneku kuchokera ku chikhumbo cha filosofi kupita ku lamulo la malamulo ndiko kumachititsa malingaliro a Chikalatacho kukhala otsimikizirika, ogwira ntchito pamoyo wanu lerolino.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Zowongolera khumi zoyambirira ku Malamulo, zodziŵika monga Bill of Rights, zinakhala ndi cholinga chotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umene Chikalatacho chinalengeza. James Madison, poyamba amene anakayikira za lamulo la ufulu, anaona kuti n’kofunika kukwaniritsa pangano la Chikalata. Malamulo Oyamba Owonjezera amateteza ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera — zonse zofunika kuti munthu apeze chimwemwe ndi kuti boma lidziikire mlandu. Olamulira a 4 adatsendereza kuti asafunefune ndi kudwala, amateteza ufulu wa kukhala paokha. Malamulo achisanu ndi asanu ndi chimodzi amatsimikizira kuti lamulo ndi aupandu a chilungamo, akuonetsa nkhaŵa ya chikalatacho ndi mphamvu za boma zodzilamulira.

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti Bill of Rights poyamba inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma, osati ku maboma.

Kusintha kwa 14 kwa M’chigwirizano

Demendment ya 14 , yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1868, inali maziko achiŵiri amene anasintha kwambiri unansi pakati pa malamulo a Chikalata ndi lamulo la America. Ilo Serget Process Clause . . Palibe Boma limene lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda dongosolo la lamulo — ndi ALCIS DE DE DE DE DE DE DEC . M’ZAKAZIKHUDZA, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito Coption 14 kuti ligwiritsire ntchito, kapena kuphatikiza, mbali yaikulu ya Bill of Rights .

Kuphatikiza nzika ku California kunkatanthauza kuti munthu angapereke chitetezo chofanana ndi chikalata chotetezera boma ku boma la New York, kuti lisamasunthidwe ndi boma. Chikalatachi chinapanga ufulu woyenerera wapadziko lonse, wosalandidwa pang’onopang’ono kuzungulira dziko lonse. Masiku ano, pafupifupi ufulu uliwonse wa m’buku la Bill of Rights umagwira ntchito ku boma ndi boma limodzi ndi boma la boma, nyumba yalamulo yomwe imayendera mwachindunji kuchokera ku mfundo zachikalatacho.

Ufulu Wamakono Unakhazikitsidwa m’Chikalatacho

Ufulu wotsatirawu umene mumachita pa moyo wanu wa tsiku ndi tsiku, sikuti ndi mwayi chabe umene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathetse ngati akufuna.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Mawu

First Amendment imaletsa Congress kukhazikitsa lamulo lirilonse loletsa ufulu wa kulankhula. Chitetezero chimenechi chimaposa kwambiri mawu olankhulidwa ku mawu olembedwa, ntchito zaluso, ntchito zophiphiritsira zonga kutentha mbendera, ndi ngakhale mitundu ina ya ndawala (monga mmene Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lapamwamba la ]] Citamiezns United v. FEC). Chikalatacho chimagogomezera ufulu wa anthu wosintha boma mwanzeru chimafuna ufulu wotsutsa bomalo poyera. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lakhulupirira kuti ngakhale kulankhula mawu onyoza kapena osasangalatsa n’komwe n’ngotetezeka, chifukwa chakuti boma silingadaliridwe ndi chosankha kuti malingaliro ovomerezeka.

Kuyenera kumeneku kwagwiritsidwa ntchito potsutsa mabomawo kudzera pa Demetrition ya 14 kuyambira Getlow v. New York (1925). Lerolino, muli ndi ufulu wotsutsa akuluakulu a boma, wochirikiza kusintha kwa ndale, wosonyeza malingaliro osatchuka, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’nkhani zapoyera popanda kusanthula boma, kumangotengera ku kusonkhezera chiwawa, kuipitsa, ndi kuipitsa. Kumira kwambiri kuloŵa m'malamulo otetezera, [[FLT:] zinthu zolankhulira zaulere zaulere

Kuyenera Kukhala Wekha

Liwu lakuti "privacy" silikuwoneka mu Malamulo. Komabe Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kubisa chinsinsi kumene kumatuluka kuchokera ku pulogalamu yoŵerengeka, kuphatikizapo yachitatu, yachitatu, yachinayi, ndi ya Ninth. Mu Grislold v. Connecticut . [65] [65], Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kulera, kuteteza malo a ufulu amene boma lingaloŵere. [FLT:] [FLT] v.[FLT] [FFFFF:3]])) Komabe, likuwonjezera chigamu chakumanja cha mkazi kuti athere mimba, ngakhale kuti lamulolo linagwedetsedwa [FBB:]

Demendment yachinayi imateteza ufulu wanu wodzitetezera ku kufufuza ndi kudwala. Apolisi amafunikira lamulo lokhudza nyumba yanu kapena zipangizo zanu zamagetsi. Mumayembekezera kukhala nokha, katundu wanu, ndi chidziŵitso chanu. Chikalatacho chimafuna kuti boma lilemekeze ufulu wa anthu paokha kuti atetezedwe ndi malungo. Ngati ufulu wanu uli wosalandirika, mphamvu ya boma yowaloŵerera iyenera kukhala yopereŵera ndi yolungamitsidwa.

Kuyenera kwa Kusintha Ndale

Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha ufulu wa olamulidwa chimatanthauza kuyenera kwa kugawana ndi olamulira. Malamulo poyamba anasiya kuyenera kwa kuvota kwakukulukulu ku mayiko, koma kukonza kotsatizana kwawonjezera franse . Chikalata cha 15 cha Amendment (1870) chinaletsa kusankhana mitundu posankha. Lamulo la 19 la Demendment (1920) linawonjezera kuvota kwa akazi. Lamulo la 24 la Kommergamya (1964) linaletsa kusanthula misonkho. Mtezo wa 26 (61) wa zaka za kupeputsa chivoti upapa (1961) wa zaka za kulowa pa 18. Act of Voting Rights Rights Act (1970) inapereka njira zosungira lamulo lotetezera ufulu wa kuvota.

Lerolino, nzika iliyonse ya zaka zoposa 18 ili ndi ufulu wa lamulo wosankha, kugonjera kokha ku malamulo osagamulapo, monga ngati zifuno zoyenerera zolembetsera ndi malamulo okhalira . Kuyenera kumeneku ndi njira yothandiza imene chilengezo cha boma mwa chivomerezo chimagwira ntchito. Popanda chivoti, kuyenera kwa kusintha kapena kuchotsa boma lowononga kukakhala lonjezo lopanda pake. Kuteteza kuyeneraku kumakhala kulimbana kopitirizabe, monga momwe kutsutsana pa malamulo a ovota, gerrydering, ndi kupezeka kwa malo opangira mavoti a voti kukusonyeza.

Chitetezo Cholingana cha m’Chilamulo

Chikalata cha Chikalatacho chimanena kuti anthu onse analengedwa mofanana ndi lamulo ndi bungwe la 14 la Amereka lotchedwa Aumetert Protection Claus. Mawu ameneŵa amaletsa kukana munthu aliyense kutetezeredwa mofanana ndi malamulo. Khoti Lalikulu lamasulira zimenezi kuti lifune malamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda tsankho ndi kuti masankho ena — makamaka fuko, chipembedzo, ndi chiyambi cha dziko — ayenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa, kutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chomveka cha tsankho lililonse ndipo liyenera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zochepetsera zinthu zopezeka.

Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli lakhala maziko alamulo kaamba ka [[FLT: 0] . . . . . . .

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ] kutha kwa lamulo la kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a anthu onse, kugwetsa chiphunzitso chosiyana koma cholingana.
  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964 inaletsa tsankho pantchito, pogona anthu onse, ndi maprogramu ochirikizidwa ndi boma.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015 imatsimikizira okwatirana a kugonana omwewo kuyenera kwa kukwatira m'dziko lonse, akumasunga kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli ufulu wofunika pansi pa Komboleshoni ya 14.
  • Title IX of the Education Amendments ya 1972 inaletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana m’maprogramu amaphunziro kulandira ndalama za boma.

Lamulo lachisungiko lolingana la chitetezo limatanthauza kuti malamulo ayenera kugwira ntchito kwa aliyense mofanana, ndipo boma liyenera kukhala ndi chilungamitso champhamvu cha kuchitira anthu mosiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi amene ali. Imeneyi ndi njira yachindunji ya chilengezo champhamvu cha Chikalatacho yonena kuti palibe munthu amene ali wogonjera kwa wina.

Ufulu wa Chipembedzo

First Amendment ili ndi zitetezero ziŵiri zosiyana za chipembedzo: Chikalata cha kukhazikitsa Claus, chimene chimaletsa boma kukhazikitsa chipembedzo chalamulo kapena kuyanja chipembedzo china kuposa china, ndi Free Execle Claus, chimene chimatetezera kuyenera kwanu kwa kuchita chipembedzo chanu popanda kuloŵerera kwa boma. Makalata aŵiriwa amasonyeza kuzindikira kwa chikalatacho kuti ufulu wina uli wosalandirika chifukwa chakuti ali ndi Mlengi — kutanthauza kuti chikhulupiriro ndi chikumbumtima chachipembedzo n’zosatheka kuufikira boma.

Inu muli ndi kuyenera kwa kulambira mogwirizana ndi chikumbumtima chanu, kusintha chipembedzo chanu, kulongosola poyera zikhulupiriro zanu zachipembedzo, ndi kumasuka ku kukakamiza kwa boma pankhani za chikhulupiriro. The Religious Freedom Reformation Act (1993) imalimbikitsanso zitetezero zimenezi mwa kufuna kuti ngakhale malamulo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwachisawawa ayenera kukwaniritsa ntchito yachipembedzo kusiyapo ngati boma lingasonyeze chikondwerero chokakamiza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsa kwambiri. Malamulo ameneŵa amatetezera osati zipembedzo zazikulu zokha komanso zikhulupiriro zochepera, kukwaniritsa lonjezo la ufulu wofanana kwa onse.

Ufulu wa Zachuma ndi Zachuma

Chikalatachi chinaphatikizapo "kuyenera" m'ndandanda wake wa ufulu wosasamutsidwa Jefferson asanalowe mmalo "kufunafuna Chimwemwe". Komabe, ufulu wa katundu wakhazikika m'dongosolo la malamulo. Mpando wachisanu uletsa boma kutenga katundu waumwini kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu popanda kulipira. Mtengo wa AST Proces Claus wa Commun ndi 14 Demendments umateteza ufulu wanu wakugwiritsira ntchito ndi kusangalala ndi chuma chanu popanda kuloŵerera m'boma.

Ufulu wanu wakukhala ndi katundu, kuloŵa m'mapangano, kulondola ntchito, ndi kusunga zipatso za ntchito yanu zonsezo zazikidwa pa masomphenya a Chikalata cha ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuyenera kwakukulu kwa kukhala ndi moyo popanda ziletso za boma zopanda nzeru, ngakhale kuti malamulo a zachuma amapendedwa pansi pa muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa malamulo okhudza ufulu waukulu. Kulimbana pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa zachuma kumakhala nkhani ya moyo m’lamulo la America, ndi malamulo amakhalidwe a chikalatacho operekedwa kumbali zonse ziŵiri za mkanganowo.

Chikalatacho Chimakhudza Ufulu wa Anthu Padziko Lonse

Chisonkhezero cha Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha chimafutukukira kutali kwambiri malire a U.S. Chinenero chake ndi malamulo ake zinasonkhezera mwachindunji Chilengezo chachifrenchi cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika [1] [1] [m’zaka za zana la 20, anthu onse amabadwa mwaufulu ndi ufulu wolingana ndi ufulu ndi ufulu." Izi ndizo mawu enieni a choonadi cha Jefferborf cha kudziimira.

Chikalatacho chimanena kuti ufulu uli wachibadwa ndiponso wapadziko lonse, osati wodalira pa unzika kapena chilolezo cha boma, chapereka dongosolo la makhalidwe ndi lamulo la ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse. Chatchulidwa ndi magulu otsutsa ufulu wa anthu, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, ochirikiza demokalase, ndi otetezera ufulu wa anthu m'madera onse a dziko lapansi. Pamene kuli kwakuti United States si nthaŵi zonse imakhala mogwirizana ndi zolinga zake zokhazikitsidwa, malingalirowo akhalapodi ndi kutumizidwa kunja.

Mungathe kuyerekezera Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights ndi Website ya Mitundu Yogwirizana .

Kusintha kwa Chisinthiko Kumabweretsa Mavuto

Ufulu umene muli nawo lerolino suli wokhazikika. Ndiwo chotulukapo cha zaka mazana a kulimbana, kumasulira, ndi kufutukuka. Malamulo a Chilengezo agwiritsiridwa ntchito kutokosa ukapolo, kukakamiza akazi kusungidwa kwa ntchito, kutetezera alendo ndi othaŵa kwawo, ndi kupititsa patsogolo utomereko wa ukwati. Komabe malamulo amakhalidwe ofananawo agwiritsiridwanso ntchito kutetezera kusalingana kwa chuma, zoyenera za chuma ku malamulo, ndi ufulu wa aliyense wotsutsana ndi malamulo aumoyo wa anthu.

Makambitsirano angapo opitirizabe amasonyeza mmene choloŵa cha Chikalatacho chilili:

  • Ukulu wa malo achinsinsi m’nyengo ya manambala: Kodi zitetezero zachinayi za Programme zimagwira ntchito motani ku zolembedwa zosungidwa m’mtambo, metam metam zosonkhanitsidwa ndi mabungwe a luntha, kapena kuyang’anira za sayansi ya kachitidwe ka zinthu?
  • Kulankhula kwaufulu pa wailesi ndi manyuzipepala: Kodi Lamulo Loyamba likufuna mapulatifomu kuti anthu alankhule, kapena kodi makampani achinsinsi ali ndi ufulu wa kumvetsera zimene ali nazo moyenerera?
  • Chitetezero chachikulu ndi kulingana kwa malo: Kodi Chitetezo cha Alingana chimafunikira kulingana kwalamulo, kapena kodi chimafuna njira zosonkhezera kuthetsa tsankho la m'mbiri?
  • Zoyenera ndi malamulo a malo okhala: Kodi muyezo wa pakati pa malamulo alamulo a kugwiritsira ntchito malo ndi kulanda katundu kwaumwini uli kuti?

Mafunso amenewa si amaphunziro chabe. Makhoti, mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo, ndi nzika akupitiriza kulimbana nawo, ndipo ufulu wanu udzasonkhezeredwa ndi mayankho. Kumvetsetsa malamulo a Chikalatacho kumakupatsani ziŵiya zanzeru kuti mulowe m’mikangano imeneyi ndi kuumirira kuti ntchito iliyonse ya boma ilungamidwe ndi kugwirizana koonekera bwino ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense.

Zovuta Zothandiza: Zimene Ufulu Woyenererawu Umatanthauza kwa Inu Lerolino

Kudziwa zoyenera n’kofunika kuti muzizigwiritsa ntchito bwino.

  • Muli ndi ufulu wa kumasuka ku ndende za boma. Malamulo a kachitidwe koyenera amatanthauza kuti boma silingakutsekereni popanda njira yolungama yalamulo. Ngati mugwidwa, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kudziŵa milandu, kukhala chete, ndi kukhala ndi loya.
  • Mukhoza kusuliza boma popanda kuopa kubwezera. Mpambo Woyamba wa Lamulo utetezera kuyenera kwanu kwa kutsutsa, kuchonderera, ndi kulankhula motsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma. Imeneyi ndi njira yolunjika kwambiri ya chilengezocho yonena kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wa kusintha boma lawo.
  • Ndinu woyenerera kuchitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, kugonana, chipembedzo, kapena mtundu liri lopanda lamulo. Ngati mukhulupirira kuti mwamanidwa chitetezo chofanana, muli ndi njira yalamulo yopezera chithandizo.
  • Nyumba yanu ndi chidziŵitso chanu zatetezeredwa ku kufufuza kosayenera. Lamulo Lachinayi limafuna kuti apolisi apeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera asanafufuze katundu wanu, popanda kusanthula katundu wanu. Kutetezedwa kumeneku kumafikira ku zipangizo zambiri zamagetsi ndi zolembera za manambala.
  • Inu muli ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota ndi kutengamo mbali m'dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo osati kungoponya pepala komanso kuthamangira ku ofesi, oyembekezera kuchirikiza, ndi kulinganiza ndi ena kuchirikiza kusintha kwa ndale zadziko.

Masomphenya a Chikalatacho si chitsimikizo chakuti ufulu umenewu sudzawopsezedwa. Ndi muyezo umene boma liyenera kuonera ndi kupempha kuti mukhale maso kwa mbadwo uliwonse. Ufulu umene muli nawo lerolino unasungidwa ndi anthu amene analabadira mawu a Chikalatacho ndipo anakakamiza kuti boma lawo likhale mogwirizana ndi iwo.

Kumaliza

Chilengezo cha Kudziimira paokha si chikalata cha mbiri yakale. Ndi nthanthi yamoyo ya ndale zadziko imene ikupitiriza kulongosola unansi pakati pa munthu ndi boma mu United States. Kutsimikiza kwake kwa kuyenera kosasinthika, boma mwa chivomerezo, ndi kuyenera kwa anthu kusintha kapena kuchotsa boma lowononga lidakali maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Kuchokera ku ufulu wa kulankhula ku kuyenera kwanu kwa kukhala omasuka ku ku kufunafuna kosayenera, kuchokera ku chitsimikizo cha chitetezo chofanana ndi mphamvu yanu ya voti, zoyenera zimene mumagwiritsira ntchito lerolino zikulunjikitsa mawu a malamulo amakhalidwe olengezedwa mu 1776.

Kuzindikira mzera wa makolo umenewu si ntchito yamaphunziro chabe. Kumakukonzekeretsani kuzindikira ziwopsezo ku ufulu wanu, kuchirikiza kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu kwa awo amene amaukana, ndi kupangitsa boma lanu likhale ndi mlandu ku chifuno chake. Chikalatacho chimapereka kuti ufulu wanu suchokera ku bomalo. Ndiwe wachibadwa. Ntchito yowasunga ndi kuwakwaniritsa imagwera ku mbadwo uliwonse, kuphatikizapo wanu.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mmene malamulo a Chikalatacho atembenuzidwira ndi Khoti Lalikulu ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'malamulo amakono, Cornell Legin Information Institute imapereka choloŵa chabwino koposa pa lamulo la malamulo.