Kusintha kwa ufulu wa anthu ku United States ndi nkhani yovuta ndiponso yogwira mtima kwambiri yomwe yakhalapo zaka mazana ambiri. Kuyambira kumayambiriro a dziko la Republic mpaka pano, kumvetsetsa ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kwasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha magulu a anthu, zigamulo za khoti, malamulo, ndi kusintha kwa maganizo a anthu. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza ulendowo, kupenda mfundo zofunika, malemba a maziko, nkhani zosonyeza zochitika, ndi mavuto amakono amene akupitirizabe kulongosola ukulu ndi tanthauzo la ufulu wa anthu ku America lerolino.

Maziko a Atsamunda ndi Chisinthiko

Maziko a ufulu wa anthu a ku America ali m'malamulo a ku England ndi nthanthi ya kuunika. Magna Carta [1] (1215) adakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti palibe aliyense, kuphatikizapo mfumu, ali pamwamba pa lamulo, ndi kuyambitsa kuyenera kwa kulinganiza. Chingelezi Bill of Rights [1689]) ndi kukhazikitsanso ufulu wachifumu ndi kutsimikizira ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo kuchonderera, kulankhula mwaufulu m’Palamente, ndi kutetezera ku chilango chankhanza. Clobulian, monga Dis Virginia Lait of 1606 ndi Massachusetts of Liberas (1664), kaŵirikaŵiri, kukhazikitsa mapulinsikiti ena a zipembedzo zina ndi ufulu wachipembedzo.

Anzeru ounikira monga John Locke . [FLT :1] anasonkhezera kwambiri mbadwo wokhalidwa. Malingaliro a Locke a ufulu wachibadwa . moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu . ndi lingaliro lakuti boma limapeza ulamuliro wake kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwawo linayanjidwa mu Declaration of Independence. Chokumana nachocho, makamaka kutsutsa kwa machitidwe a Briteni onga Stamp Act ndi writ ya chithandizo, chinapanganso kugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi ufulu waumwini, msonkhano, ndi kutetezera ku ku kufunafuna kosalingalira.

Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malamulo a Ufulu Wawo

Atapata ufulu, okonza mafomuwo analembetsa Bukhu la Malamulo la United States mu 1787. Chikalata choyambirira chinali ndi zitetezero zochepa za ufulu wa munthu, mmalo mwake chinasumika maganizo pa kapangidwe ka boma la boma . Ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu pambuyo pa kulephera kwa Nkhani za Confederation. Kusiya kumeneku kunayambitsa mkangano woopsa pa nthaŵi ya kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothandizira anthu. Anti-Fedalist, monga Patrick Henry ndi George Mason, ananena kuti boma lalikulu linaopseza ndi kulamula ufulu. Oyang'anira boma monga Alexander Hamilton anatsutsa kuti chilolezo chimenechi chinali chosafunika chifukwa chakuti boma la dziko likanapereka mphamvu zokha.

Kulolera kunali lonjezo la kuwonjezera ziwonjezeko. James Madison , poyamba wokayikira, anasonkhanitsa mpambo wa malingaliro ozikidwa pa zofunikiritsa za msonkhano wa boma ndi zilengezo za boma lakale za ufulu. Chotulukapo chinali Bill of Rights [, yovomerezedwa mu 1791] monga ngati zitetezero khumi zoyambirira.

  • Mpambo Woyamba: [[[FLT: 1] Congress siidzapanga lamulo lililonse lokhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzocho mwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzipepala; kapena ufulu wa anthu wosonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kupempha Boma kuti libwezere milandu.
  • [[MFUNDO:0] Demendiliza: Ufulu wa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida.
  • [[MMWIRI:0] Demetrimenti Yachisanu: Chitetezero ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri.
  • [[FL:0] Fith Amendment: [[FL:1] Kuyenerera, kutetezeredwa ku kudzivulaza, ndi kulipirira kulanda.
  • Mpambo wa Thupi: Kuyenera ku kuzenga mlandu kofulumira ndi kwapoyera, juli yopanda tsankho, ndi chithandizo cha uphungu.
  • [[MFUNDO: 0] Kusintha kwa Malamulo: [[FL:1] Chitetezero ku belo lopambanitsa, faindi, ndi zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo.

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito poyamba kokha ku boma la boma, osati maboma. Kuletsa kumeneku kukaumba nkhondo ya zaka za zana lotsatira pa ufulu wa anthu, makamaka ponena za ukapolo ndi ufulu wa nzika za boma. Kupenda mozama mbiri yokonza, onani Zikalata za Malo Osungiramo Ufulu Waufulu Wadziko [Malo] patsamba pa Bill of Rights .

Kuopsa Koyambirira ndi Kuopa Anthu ndi Kuchotsa Malo

Pafupifupi mwamsanga pambuyo pa kutsutsidwa kwa kuchitidwa, boma laboma linayesa malire a First Amendment. Malamulo ameneŵa anayambitsa chitsutso choopsa, chotsogolera ku Virginia ndi Kentucky (analembedwa ndi Madison ndi Jefferson ) amene analongosola bwino lomwe chiphunzitso cha bungwe la Almos panthaŵi ya mavuto a ku France, kutsutsa boma ndi kuchititsa kuti likhale losavuta kuchotsa anthu osamukira m’dzikolo. Malamulo ameneŵa anapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsa kwambiri Virginia ndi Kentucky Revolution (olembedwa ndi Madison ndi Jefferson) omwe anakhazikitsabe mfundo yonena kuti kuli ndi ufulu wa kuchotsa ntchito zosayenera za boma. Zochita za boma zinatha kale kapena zinakhala zotha 1802, koma zinakhazikitsa lamulo lokhalitsa: kutsutsa kutsutsa ndaletsa ndale ya ndale zadziko. Chikalata chopereka chikalata cha kuchenjeza chikalata cha ku

Lamulo la 14 la Kukonzanso Zinthu ndi Chiphunzitso Chosagwirizana ndi Malamulo

Kusintha kwakukulu koposa kwa kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ku lamulo kunabwera pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni. [[FLT: 0] Kusinthanso kwa Fourteenth (168) cholinga chinali kusungitsa ufulu wa Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano mwa kupereka:

  • Classic : Anthu onse obadwa kapena ozoloŵereka ku United States ali nzika za dziko ndi za boma limene iwo amakhala.
  • Priviges kapena Immunitunies Claus: Palibe boma limene lidzapanga kapena kusungitsa lamulo lirilonse limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena katemera wa nzika za United States.
  • Sergent Process Claus:[[FLT :] Palibe boma limene lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo loyenerera la lamulo.
  • .Cqual Protection Claus:[[FLT ] Palibe boma limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo.

Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu lakale linamasulira mawu ameneŵa mopepuka. M'makalata Cases-Nyumba (1873], Bwalo Lamilandu linavomereza kuti mwaŵi kapena Immunitaice anangotetezera ufulu waufupi wa mtundu, osati ufulu wa anthu. Zimenezi zinaletsa kutha kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense wotetezera ufulu wa boma kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Pambuyo pake, mu United States v. Cruikshank [1] (18:3]), Bwangwelo linagamula kuti Bill wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kuletsa kuletsa ufulu wa boma.

[FFN:] Chiphunzitso chamakono cha [FFF: [F1] [F1] [10], chisankho cha [1] [FF:] chinatulukira pang’onopang’ono m'zaka za zana la 20. Chosinthira chinali [[FLT:] Getlow v. New York[FL:] (125], kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linalingalira kuti ufulu wa kulankhula unatetezeredwa ndi mkhalidwe wa kupyola mchitidwe wa Kayendedwe a 149. [FFN] [10] (muludzu wa , FN, Consolation:], (muyekhanu). [F3]

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, [[FLT: 0] Demendment yachiwiri (1865) inachotsa ukapolo, Firenteenti Reformment (168]) inatsimikizira unziko ndi chitetezo chofanana, ndi Fitentententh [Grandments [[FL:] [5] [18] [1870]] kuletsa tsankho la mafuko. Komabe lonjezo la mamenti a mamentimenti adachotsedwa kwakukulukulu ndi mapeto a Reconstantion mu 187. Malamulo a chigamu chachimo chachiapo [FLT:] [FL:] ndi kuwonjezera chivomezimezo chimodzi chachimo, ndipo chigamu chachimodzi. [Flansi]

Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri adaona kupangidwa kwa magulu opatulidwa kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu, makamaka National Association for the Advanced People (NAACP) okhazikitsidwa mu 1909. Malamulo a NAACP, otsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Charles Hamilton ndi Thir Goodshall, anatsutsa kudutsa m'makhoti, kumaliza chigamulo chapadera Brown v. Board of Education , zimene zinakhulupirira kuti malo ophunzitsa osiyana ali osalingana.

Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo ndi Kumayambiriro kwa Zana la 20

Pambuyo pa chiweruzo cha fuko, Nyengo Yopita Patsogolo (pafupifupi 1890-1920) inawonjezedwa kwambiri ndi nkhaŵa za ufulu wa anthu. Kuyendetsa kwa akazi kwa makampani odzisankhira , pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuchita zisudzo, kukhoza ndi [[FLT:] Neteenth Reformation [[FLD] [1920], zimene zinatsimikizira akazi kuyenera kwa kuvota. Zoyenera za ntchito zinakhalanso nkhani za ufulu wa anthu, ndi antchito olinganiza mikhalidwe yabwino, kukambirana, ndi ufulu wa kudyerera. Poyamba Khoti Lapamwamba linakamenya malamulo ambiri a ntchito (G. g., [FL.4]] L.v.v.[FFFFFF: 1,1], pogwirizana ndi pangano la ufulu, monga momwe “mayenderemu, pomathandizira pambuyo pake, .

Mkati ndi pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko I, ufulu wa kulankhula unayang'anizana ndi ziyeso zowopsa. Act ya 1917 ndi Chikalata] cha 1918 Kusokonezeka kwa kusokonezeka kwa madract ndi “kusakhulupirika”. [Mu] scheck v. United States [FLT:] (19) (19), Jasitisiti , Jasitising Holmes Blackss motchuka "kuyesa“ ndi tsopano kuyesa kwapasayeso kwa kulola zikhulupiriro za kutsutsa pepala loletsa ntchito zapasanja. Komabe, Holme ndi Brangeassssssssssss mu [Foption: Fruev]. [197], kuwonjezera kuyesa kwa m'zankhunkhunkhuli yamakono. [Foption, "3]

“ Kuleka Kusamala Kofiira” ndi Mlandu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Red Scare (1919191920) inagwidwa ndi kuthamangitsidwa kwa anthu ambiri osamukira kumaiko ena amene analingaliridwa kukhala osinthasintha. Palmer Raids , yolinganizidwa ndi Attorney A. Mitchell Palmer, inaswa chitetezo cha Fourmer Reconsolence ndi njira zofunikira. Zimenezi zinasonkhezera kulengedwa kwa American Civil Liberites Union (ACLU) mu 1920, imene yakhala ndi mbali yofunika potetezera ufulu wa anthu kupyola pa ufulu wa anthu, kufalitsa, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe la Civil Rights Commun Rights Komiti ya ufulu wa anthu inali nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya America.

  • Brown v. Board of Educa of Topeka [FLT :1] (1954) ndi “liŵiro lonse ladala” logwiritsa ntchito Brown II [ [19555].
  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964, imene inaletsa tsankho m'nyumba za anthu onse, ntchito, ndi maprogramu ochirikizidwa ndi boma.
  • Kuvota Ufulu wa Ufulu wa mu 1965 , umene unachotsa mayeso a kulemba ndi zopinga zina zopatula ndizo kuyankha mwachindunji kwa Selma ku ulendo wa Montgomery.
  • Loveng v. Virginia [1] (1967), imene inathetsa ziletso za boma pa ukwati wa mafuko osiyanasiyana.

Bungwe la Civil Rights Movement likupitiriza kudziŵitsa anthu kuti nkhondo za ufulu wachibadwidwe zikugwirizana, kuphatikizapo kuvomereza, kuchotsa sukulu ndi kuvota, komanso kulanda ufulu wochita zinthu.

Mavuto a Chiŵeniŵeni Amakono

Masiku ano, ufulu wa anthu ukusokonezeka m’madera osiyanasiyana, chifukwa chakuti zinthu zasintha pa zaumisiri, anthu akuda nkhawa ndi zinthu zina, ndiponso anthu akusinthasinthasintha.

Kusunga Chitetezo kwa Dziko Lonse

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, 2001, Act [FT:1] Act ya boma yofutukulidwa mphamvu zoyang'anira, kuphatikizapo makompyuta oyendayenda, kupezeka ku mafaelo a malonda (kuphatikizapo laibulale ndi zolembedwa za za mankhwala), ndi ulamuliro wa kuchititsa chinsinsi kufufuza /Layibulale yachinayi ndi nkhani zofunika. Kutsutsananso kozungulira [FLT:] National Security Agement (NSA) (NSA) kuchuluka kwa makompyuta [FLT: FT], kovumbulidwa ndi Edward Snowden mu 2013. Khoti la Supreme Lachisanu lakufunikira kumangidwa [FL: FUF: 4, NW]. [kupezeka kwa , .] Khoti ya . United States: KLLLL.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

Malo a pa Intaneti ndi a zachikhalidwe apanga mapulogalamu aakulu osonyezera mawu ndi mavuto atsopano: kuda mawu, kunyoza, ndi ntchito ya makampani achinsinsi okhutitsidwa. Chisinthiko choyamba chimateteza ngakhale mawu audani kumbali zonse za ndale. Khoti Lalikulu laletsa kuukira, ziwopsezo zenizeni, kapena kuvutitsa. Chigawo 230 cha Communications Decency Act (1996) kuteteza zinsinsi za munthu amene ali nazo, kuwatheketsa kukhala oyenera popanda kukhala ofalitsa chinjirizo kwa mbali zonse zandale. Khoti Lali lachititsa malamulo oletsa mavidiyo achiwawa ([FL.BBN] Association . Alters Association . Alterstionstionstions , 2011) ndi kutetezera kuyankhula losadziŵika (MFT. [2] Option: [2] Commotion: Ectic , 1995] Commotion: "3] protom / "3] protom / "3] programmentssocial Befectals protoletion,tion,tion

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Kudzitetezera Koipa

Zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, khotilo lakhala ndi chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha ufulu wa anthu kwa LGBTQ+ anthu. Mu [FLT: 0] Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Khoti linazemba malamulo a sodoma, kutsimikizira kuyenera kwa khalidwe la anthu. [FLT:] "OGON] hafell v. Hodges [20] (2011]) kukhazikitsa kuyenera kwa ukwati wofanana, chigamulo choikidwira m’mbali zonse ziŵiri za , ndi chitetezo chofanana. [FFFLT:4], kuwonjezera chitetezero cha . [kudalira pa , kuwonjezera chikalata cha .]

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kupeza

Selby County v. Hoker . (2013) chigamulo chinathetsa njira ya kudziŵikitsidwa kwa lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe wa 1965, kutsogolera ku funde la malamulo atsopano odziwitsa boma, kusanthula malo, ndi ziletso zina. Miyezo imeneyi imayambukira kwambiri anthu ochepa, kuyambitsa mikangano yokhudza zimene zili dongosolo losanthula ndi lofikirika. Kwa anthu Act ndi [FLT:] John akuyang'anira Kupitira Kupitira Kutsogolo [FL:] Kachitidwe Kachitidwe Kanthu [FLD] ]

Kumaliza

Chisinthiko cha ufulu wa anthu ku United States si nkhani yomaliza. Mbadwo uliwonse unayenera kumasulira ndi kutetezeranso ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha poyang'anizana ndi zinthu zatsopano za anthu, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndi mphamvu zosinthasintha. Malamulo ndi kusintha kwake kumapereka maziko, koma chitetezo chenicheni chimafunikira kutengamo mbali mokangalika . Mwa pangano la boma, kuvomereza mwalamulo, ndi kudzipereka kwakukulu ku lamulo lakuti ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Monga aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira chisinthiko nkofunika kuchirikiza chikhalidwe cha ulemu ndi ufulu wa anthu mtsogolo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, Center ya Unyinji wa Unyinji wa Dziko Lonse ya Malamulo Ogwirizanitsa imapereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa kusintha kulikonse ndi mbiri kumbuyo kwake.